乡村旅游发展外文翻译参考文献

PAGE乡村旅游发展外文翻译参考文献乡村旅游发展外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：FactorsforsuccessinruraltourismtourismdevelopmentSincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandfarmcrisishavereducedruralcommunities'economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategieslessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesbecauseoftourism'sabilitytobringindollarsandtogeneratejobsandsupportretailgrowth.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoidentifyandexaminethosefactorsthathavehelpedruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.SeveralfocusgroupswereconductedwithlocalbusinesspersonsandleadersinsixruralIllinoiscommunities.Theresultsclearlydemonstratetheimportanceofthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandthatruraltourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurshipcannotworkwithouttheparticipationandcollaborationofbusinesspersonsdirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedintourism.Sincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandthefarmcrisishaveseverelyreducedruralcommunities’economicopportunities.Economicrestructuringhascausedalossofruralmanufacturingplantsandmanyjobs.The1980sfarmcrisisintheMidwestalsoledtoadeclineinthenumbersoffarmersandrestructuredfarmownership,forcingsomefarmfamiliestoaugmenttheirincomeswithoff-farmjobs,todepartfarming,ortodeclarebankruptcy.Thefarmcrisisandthelossofmanufacturingjobshadsubstantialrippleeffectsinruralcommunities.Asruraljoblessnessratesroseaboveurbanlevels,realincomegrowthstagnatedinruralareas(SearsandReid1992).Manystoresandagribusinessesdisappearedfromsmallruraltowns.Notsurprisingly,a1992statewidesurveyinIllinoisfoundthat39%ofruralresidentsperceivedtheireconomicprospectsasworsening(Walzer1993).Thesechangeslimitedruralcommunities’economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturinglessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunities(EdgellandHarbaugh1993;Luloffetal.1994).Ruralareashaveaspecialappealtotouristsbecauseofthemystiqueassociatedwithruralareasandtheirdistinctcultural,historic,ethnic,andgeographiccharacteristics(EdgellandHarbaugh1993).Ruraltourismalsoislesscostlyandeasiertoestablishthanotherruraleconomicdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopedlocallywithparticipationfromlocalgovernmentandsmallbusinesses,anditsdevelopmentisnotnecessarilydependentonoutsidefirmsorcompanies.Althoughtourismcanbeexpensivetodevelopincertaincases(e.g.,largeresortareas)orcaninvolvelargefirmsandchains,ruraltourismcanbedevelopedwithrelativelylittleinvestmentcredit,training,andcapital.Hence,ruraltourismcanbelesscostlytodevelopascomparedtoothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies;additionally,ruraltourismneednotinvolvedependencyonoutsidefirmsandtheirdecisionsonwhethertheywanttobeinanarea.Ruraltourismprovidesabaseforthesesmallbusinessesthatmightnototherwisebeinruralcommunitiesbecauseoftheirsmallpopulations.Tourismparticularlyhelpstwotypesofsmallbusinessesinruralareas—thosedirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,attractionsandhotels/motels)andthoseindirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,gasstationsandgrocerystores).Additionally,ruraltourismworkswellwithexistingruralenterprisessuchasfarms(e.g.,U-Pickfarms)andcangenerateimportantsecondaryincomeforfarmhouseholds(Oppermann1996).Nonetheless,ruraltourismremainsoneofthefewviableeconomicoptionsforruralcommunities.Likeothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies,ruraltourismrequiresseveralcomponentstobesuccessful.Tourismdevelopmentinvolves(1)attractions:thenaturalandmanmadefeaturesbothwithinandadjacenttoacommunity;(2)promotion:themarketingofacommunityanditstourismattractionstopotentialtourists;(3)tourisminfrastructure:accessfacilities(roads,airports,trains,andbuses),waterandpowerservices,parking,signs,andrecreationfacilities;(4)services:lodging,restaurants,andthevariousretailbusinessesneededtotakecareoftourists’needs;(5)hospitality:howtouristsaretreatedbybothcommunityresidentsandemployeesintourismbusinessesandattractions(Gunn1988).Leftoutofthislistaretourismentrepreneursandtheirroleinfosteringthesecomponents.Whiletheabovecomponentsandacommunity’sassetsareclearlyimportanttotourismdevelopment,onlythewidespreadparticipationandcontributionofruraltourismentrepreneurscanensureabroad-basedfoundationforsuccessfultourismdevelopment.Aresearchliteraturehasemergedonhowtobestfacilitatethedevelopmentoftourism.Oneview,drawingheavilyontheeconomicliterature,arguesthattourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesarebestdevelopedbyhelpingandcreatingindividualsbusinessesandthenlettingthemcompeteinthemarketplaceforareviewanddescriptionofthisview).Thisview,however,hasbeencritiquedbecause(1)itviewstourismandtourism-relatedbusinessesasisolatedfromthelargercommunityanditsissues;(2)itdoesnotrecognizetheinterdependenceofthevarioussectorsandactorsinvolvedintourism;and(3)mostsmalltourismbusiness,especiallythoseinruralareas,donothavetheindividualresourcestopromoteeitherthemselvesorthecommunityasatouristproduct(Gunn1988;Murphy1985;PalmerandBejou1995).Opposingthisviewisthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurship(Murphy1985).Asitsnameimplies,theapproacharguesthattourismisacommunityproductandthat,alongwithentrepreneurialskillsandthepresenceoftouristbusinesses,itisalsonecessarytohavethecommunityandlocalcapabilities(e.g.,localleadershipandformalandinformalnetworks)directlyinvolvedintourismdevelopmentandpromotioneffort(Murphy1985).Whilethecommunityapproachmaybeaneffectivewaytodevelopandpromotetourism,creatingthenecessaryintercommunitycooperationandcollaborationisacomplexanddifficultprocess.Businessesareaskedtoshareresourceswhilesimultaneouslycompeting.Localgovernmentsmayseecollaboratingtodeveloptourismasrisky,ortheymaybeworriedaboutlosingcontroloverlocaldecisionmaking(HuangandStewart1996;JamalandGetz1995).Becauseoftheseproblems,researchoncollaborationandthosefactorsthatallowforcommunitydevelopmentoftourismisneeded.Thepurposeofthepresentstudyistoidentifyandexaminethosefactorsthathelpruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.Thepresentstudymakesanadditionalcontributiontotheresearchliteraturebyincludingruraltourismentrepreneurs,anoverlookedgroupinruraltourismresearch(Stokowski1990).译文：乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE出版社20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。乡村旅游及其相关产业发展策略因其为社会带来的资金收入、增加就业机会及支持零售增长的功能而成为时下最流行的非传统农业发展策略之一。本研究的目的是确定和审查这些因素，帮助农村社区成功走上发展旅游业的创业道路。几个重点群体在伊利诺斯六个农村社区与当地商人和领导人进行了实验。结果清楚地表明重要的社区不是直接就是间接地参与到了乡村旅游的开发中。20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机的发生已严重阻碍了农村经济的发展，经济结构的调整导致了乡村农业生产力和就业岗位的减少。20世纪80年代在中西部发生的农业危机也导致了农民和重组制农场的减少，迫使一些农户为增加收入而参与非农工作，或离开农场，或宣布破产。农场的危机和制造工作的丢失对农村社区产生了重大的影响。随着农村失业率高于城市水平，实际的收入增长停滞在农村地区（希尔和瑞德1992）。许多商店和农业从农村小城镇消失，毫不奇怪，1992年伊利诺斯州的调查表明，39%的农村居民认为他们的经济前景将恶化（沃尔泽1993）。这些变化限制了农村社区的经济发展方案，使旧式的发展战略例如制造业的可行性降低，并迫使许多人寻找非传统的方式来维持生活。其中最流行的非传统的农村发展战略当属旅游及其相关的创业机会（艾基尔和哈博1993；鲁洛夫等人。1994）。农村地区因其神秘独特的文化，历史，民族和地理特征而对游客产生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基尔和哈博1993）。乡村旅游比起其他的农村经济发展战略例如制造业相对来说开发成本较低且建立较容易。乡村旅游的发展可以带动制造等的发展。乡村旅游可以与其所在地的地方政府和小型企业共同发展，但它的发展并不一定依赖于外部企业或公司。虽然旅游在某些中心地区的发展需要较大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和连锁企业，但是乡村旅游却可以在较少的信贷投资，人员培训和少量资本情况下得到发展。因此，乡村旅游相比较其他的经济发展策略可以在较少投入花费情况下得以发展。此外，乡村旅游不需要涉及依赖外部公司以及他们是否在同一区域的决定。乡村旅游为一些因人口少而可能无法留在农村社区的小公司提供了保障。旅游特别有助于两种类型的小型企业，在农村地区直接参与（例如，旅游景点和酒店、汽车旅馆）和间接参与旅游的企业（例如，加油站和杂货店）。此外，乡村旅游与现有的乡镇企业如农场（例如，采场）发展较好并且可以为家庭农场产生第二收入（奥普曼1996）。尽管有这些好处，其可行性作为一个经济发展战略，乡村旅游，在一些农村地区业有缺点（luloff等人。1994·1989）。如农