建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献

建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献PAGEPAGE1建筑消防安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：AbstractIndoorpedestrianstreetsinChinadevelopedrapidlyinrecentyears.Thecurrentnationalfiresafetystandardsdonotgiveclearrequirementsonfireprotectiondesign.Firesafetydesigndepartmentshavedifficultiesincontrollingthedesign,sotherearemanyproblemsinthefireprotectiondesigntobesolved.Basedonstructurecharacteristicsandapplicationstatusoflarge-scalecommercialbuildings,focusingonvariousexistingdifficultiesintheindoorpedestrianstreetsfireprotectiondesignprocess,thisthesisdefinesindoorpedestrianstreetsfiredesignideas,andputsforwardfiresafetymeasuresthatshouldbetakenintheinteriorpedestrianstreetsinthelayout,fireseparation,firefacilities,etc.Keywords:large-scalecommercialbuildings;indoorpedestrianstreets;firesafetymeasures1.IntroductionWiththediversificationofmarketdemandsanddiversityofbusinessmodes,thetraditionalcommercialbuildingsforshoppingonlyaregraduallytransformedintomultifunctionallargecommercialbuildingsinvariousforms,whichintegratehopping,dining,entertainment,culture,artsandotherconsumerfunctions.Whiletheindoorpedestrianstreetscannotonlyimproveenvironmentapplicationconditionsandclimateadaptability,butalsointegratethespaceandfunctionsofconnectedcommercialbuildings,whichgreatlyimprovesspaceefficiency.IndoorpedestrianstreetsisshowninFig.1.However,itsuniquefunctionandstructurebringsmanyproblemsinfirezoneseparation,evacuation,smokeexhaustandotheraspectsinfireprotectiondesign.Nowthereisnodomesticspecificregulationforindoorpedestrianstreetsdesign.Itisnotonlyatheoreticaltopicofacademicresearch,butalsoanurgentpracticalproblemtosolvethathowtoavoidtheblindnessinfiredesignofindoorpedestrianstreets,properhandlingandsolvingalltheprocess,andensuringfiresafetyofindoorpedestrianstreets.Combiningtheproblemsencounteredinengineeringpractice,Imakeanalysisonfiredesignofindoorpedestrianstreetsandputforwardfirepreventionmeasuresthatshouldbetaken.Fig.1.IndoorPedestrianstreets2.DifficultiesinfiredesignofindoorpedestrianstreetsAsthereareentrancessetinshopsonbothsidesofindoorpedestrianstreets,thecustomerscanflowintheshopsthroughthepedestrianstreets.Inaddition,thecommercialbuildingsonbothsidesofindoorpedestrianstreetsvaryinforms,withnotonlysmallshopsintightrows,butalsolargesupermarketsandmainshops,bothenclosedspace,andopenorsemi-opencirculatedspace.Therefore,thefiresafetydesigndifficultiesmainlyexistinthefollowingaspects:Inaccordancewithcurrentfiredesignspecifications,indoorpedestrianstreetsasalimitedinteriorspace,theclosedspacesurroundedbybuildingsshouldcomplywiththerelevantprovisionsoftheatrium,andfirecompartmentareashouldbecalculatedbyoverlyingtheconnectedareasofupperandlowerfloors.Ifusingrollershuttersorwallstoseparatefirecompartments,itwillundoubtedlyunderminetheeffectofarchitecturaldesign,butnotseparatingwillresultinover-largecompartmentarea,exceedingregulatoryrequirements.Evacuationdistancefromindooroutdoorpedestrianstreetstoasafeoutdoorplaceoftenexceedsthespecifiedsafeevacuationdistance.Fireescapesoftheshopsaresetinthepedestrianstreets,andevacuationmustbedonethroughtheindoorpedestrianstreets.Thesmokedesignofcurrentnationalfiresafetydesignspecificationsisnotapplicableforindoorpedestrianstreets.Designersoftendesignnaturalsmokeexhaustbyreferringtospecificationsontherequirementsofatriumnaturalsmokeexhaust,buttherearesomeproblemswhichcannotbeoverlooked:first,dueto"laminarization"phenomenon,fortheceilingwithclearanceheightgreaterthan12m,whethernaturalsmokeexhaustwindowscanproducerealeffects;second,inmanycases,indoorpedestrianstreetsalsoburdenssafeevacuationoftheshops,whichmeetsatriumsmokeexhaustdesignrequirementsofcurrentfireprotectionstandards.Whetheritcanensuretheevacuationsafetyofpeopleinindoorpedestrianstreets.Althoughtheindoorpedestrianstreetsisusedforpeoplepassage,someproblemsmayappearintheoperationofcommercialbuildings:first,varioustemporaryboothsorstandssetintheindoorpedestrianstreetswillnotonlyincreasethefireload,butalsoaffectthesafeevacuation;second,toprotecttheshoppingenvironmentfromtheoutdoorweatherconditions,inthecourseofbusinessoperationsomecommercialbuildingsopenthesmokeexhaustoutletsandsetdoorsandwindowsattheentrancesandonthetopoftheindoorpedestrianstreets,whichchangestheconditionsofsafeevacuationandsmokeexhaust,posingafirehazard.IndoorpedestrianstreetsfiredesignideasThebiggestdifferenceofindoorpedestrianstreetsfromtheoutdooroneliesintheroof,soitdoesnothaveequalsafetyofoutdoorstreet.Thepeopleevacuatedfromtheshopsonbothsideshavetopassthepedestrianstreetsbeforereachingasafelocationoutdoors.Sopedestrianstreetsisatransitionareaandanadditionalpartoftheevacuationpassage.Ideally,thepeopleinanindoorpedestrianstreetscanenjoyequalsafetyconditionsofoutdoorsduringevacuation.Therefore,thequestionwhetherindoorpedestrianstreetscanserveasanevacuationsafezone,willdirectlyaffectthebusinesslayoutandbuildingfiresafetydesign.Forthispurpose,Iputforwardthefollowingdesignideas:Controlthefirewithintheshops,toavoiditspreadingtotheindoorpedestrianstreetsWhenfireoccursinshopsontheside,trytocontrolthefireinasmallrangeaspossible,inparticular,toavoidfireandsmokespreadingtotheindoorpedestrianstreets.Usuallythiscanbedonebytakingactiveandpassivefireprotectionmeasures.Separatefirecompartmentreasonably.Separatetheshopsthatfacethepedestrianstreetsusingcertainfire-resistantdividerstoseparatethefire,tolimitthespreadoffirewithintheshop.Intheshops,automaticfirealarmsystem,smokeexhaustsystemandautomaticsprinklersystemsshallbeinstalledtotimelydetectthefire,controlearlyfireandsmokespread,andlimitthespreadoffirefromtheshopsintothepedestrianstreets.Indoorpedestrianstreetssshouldhavesufficientwidth,toensurethateventhoughthefirespreadsoutoftheshops,itwillnotreachtheothersideofthepedestrianstreets.(2)AvoidthepedestrianstreetsfrombeingtherouteoffirespreadInordertoavoidindoorpedestrianstreetssfrombeingtherouteoffirespread,ensurethatthefloor,wall,andceilingmaterialwillnotleadtothespreadofthefire.Non-combustiblematerialcanbeconsidered;load-bearingstructureshouldhavesufficientfireresistancetoensurethesafetyofevacuationandfirefightingandrescue.Measuresshouldbetakentolimitthespreadofsmokeinthepedestrianstreets.Theidealconditionofsmokecontrolisthat,thesmokeexhaustsystemsintheshopscanstartintimeandexhaustthesmokeeffectively,topreventthesmokefromspreadingintothepedestrianstreets.However,consideringthatthefireintheshopsmaygooutofcontrol,orthesmokeexhaustsystemsintheshopsdonotstartintimeorstarteffectively,orthefireuncontrolledbythefireextinguishingsystemwillsoonnullifytheindoorexhaustsystem,etc.therearepossibilitiesthatthesmokeintheshopsspreadstothepedestrianstreets.Andsometimesunavoidablytherearesmallamountsofcombustiblethatcanproducesmokewhenfireoccurs,soitisnecessarytoinstallsmokeexhaustsysteminthepedestrianstreets.Topreventmovablecombustibleinthepedestrianstreets,suchasholidaydecorations,temporarystands,etc.fromcausingfire,itshouldbeconsideredtoinstallautomaticsprinklersystemorautomaticscanningandpositioningfireextinguishingsysteminthecorridorandlargeratriumoftheindoorpedestrianstreets.(3)EnsurethatpeoplewithintheindoorpedestrianstreetscanbequicklyevacuatedtotheoutsideThepeopledetainedintheshopsandpedestrianstreetsmaynotbefamiliarwithbuildingandevacuationroutes.Evenifthebuildingprovidesrelativelysafeevacuationroutesandfireexitsindependentofthepedestrianstreets,itshouldalsobeconsideredduetounfamiliaritypeoplemayevacuatethroughthepedestrianstreets,resultinginextendedtimeofevacuation.Indoorpedestrianstreets,afterall,doesnothavetheequalsafetyofoutdoors,someasuresshouldbetakeninfavorofquickevacuation.Thepedestrianstreetsshouldnotbeusedforpurposesotherthanhumanpassage.Thereshouldbenoarrangementoffixedcommercialstallsorobstaclesimpedingtheevacuation,andadequatewidthshouldbemaintainedtomeettheevacuationneedsandtoavoidbeingovercrowded,whichwillaffectthespeedofevacuation.Iftheexitofshopconnectsdirectlytotheindoorpedestrianstreets,andextendstoasafeplaceoutsideviathepedestrianstreets,thedistancefromtheexitofshoptotheexitofthepedestrianstreetsshouldbecontrolledwithoutbeingtoolong.Asamainchannelforsafeevacuation,thepedestrianstreetsshouldhavegoodemergencylightingandevacuationinstructionstoensuresmoothevacuationincaseoffire.Forindoorpedestrianstreetswithmorecomplexorlongerevacuationroutes,emergencylightingshouldbestrengthened,intelligentevacuationsignsshouldbeset,andfireemergencybroadcastsystemshouldbeallocated,toguidetheevacuationinorder.CreatefavorableconditionsforexternalfirefightingandrescueEvenifthepedestrianstreetsisequippedwithautomaticfireextinguishingsystem,itdoesnotruleoutthecaseforvariousreasonsfireoccursandspreads,whichwillneedfirefightingserviceandrescue.Basicfirefightingandrescuemeasuresare:Overallplanningandrationalsettingofcommercialbuilding’sfiretrackcreatefavorableexternalconditionsforthefirebrigadetoperformrescue,andfacilitatequickaccessforfireenginestotheinsideorfiresiteofcommercialbuilding.Iftheindoorpedestrianstreetsisrelativelylong,indoorpedestrianstreetsentrancesshouldbesetonthefirstflooratcertainintervalsforfirefighters’access.Firerescueoperationsiteshouldbesetonthesideofthebuildingmorethan24minheight,andwindowentranceforfirefightersshouldbesetoneachflooronthewallwherefireoperationisperformed.Fortheconvenienceofaccesstowater,inadditiontosettingthefirehydrantwithintheshops,thefirehydrantandhosereelshouldalsobesetupwithinthepedestrianstreetsIndoorpedestrianstreetsfireprotectionmeasuresEachlayerofindoorpedestrianstreets,throughtheatriumgalleryandescalatorareconnectedwitheachother,creatinganopen,transparentcontinuousinteriorspace.Thisopenandtransparentsettings,thecommercialbuildingshoppingpersonnelcaneasilyrecognizedirection,onemergencyevacuationisverybeneficial,butalsoinsightfulspaceindoorpedestrianstreetshasenoughsmokestoragespace,slowingthesmokesedimentationvelocity.Butbecausetheevacuationthroughindoorpedestrianstreetstoviastaircaseswereevacuated,soneedtoensureindoorpedestrianstreetsfiresafety.Combiningthestatedfiresafetydesignideas,Iproposethefollowingfireprotectionmeasures:4.1.LayoutRationaldesignofindoorpedestrianstreetslayouthasapositivesignificanceinreducingfirehazardstopeopleandproperty,reducingeconomiclossesandfacilitatingfirerescue.Toreducefirerisk,commercialbuildingsshouldnotoperateorstorecommoditieswithfireriskpropertiesclassifiedasAandB,andnofoodstandsshouldnotbesetonthepedestrianstreets.Topreventthefireintheshopsorinthepedestrianstreetsfromspreadingtooralongthepedestrianstreets,thepedestrianstreetswidthshallmeetrequirementsoffirepreventiondistance,8matleast.Thepedestrianstreetsshouldnotbelongerthan300m.Ifitislongerthan300m,openpassagewithwidthnotlessthan6mshouldbesetatplaceswithin300m,inordertofacilitatetheevacuation,andtodelayandpreventthespreadoffire,workingasafirebarrier.Theexitsofshopsonsidesshouldconnectdirectlytothepedestrianstreets,andtheexitsconnectingtheshopsandthepedestrianstreetscanbedesignedasfireescapes.Thedistancefromtheshopexittoanearestoutdoorplaceofsafetyshouldnotbegreaterthan60m,inordertofacilitatesafeevacuationLoopfireenginetrackshouldbesetaroundthecommercialbuildings.Iftherearedifficulties,fireenginetrackswithwidthnotlessthan6mshouldbesetontwolongsidesofthebuilding.Ifthelengthofthebuilding’souterboundaryisgreaterthan150morthetotallengthisgreaterthan220m,atrackthroughthebuildingshouldbeset.Tofacilitatefireengines’access,donotsetobstaclesattheentranceofthestreet,orsetseats,landscape,andotherfacilitiesinthestreet.Donotaffectfirefightingorthepassageoffireengines.Setfiretracksignsontheground,inwhichthereshouldbenoobstaclesoropendoors&windowsorsteps,etc.4.2.Fireseparation(1)Fornon-foodshops,shopbuildingareashouldnotexceed300m2,andthepedestrianstreetsandshopsshouldbeseparatedwith1.0hwindow-typespraycoolingsystemprotectivetemperedglassforfireseparation;ifthebuildingareaismorethan300m2,2.0htypeoneshouldbeused.(2)Theshopdoorthatopenstotheindoorpedestrianstreetsshouldbeabletoautomaticallyshutdownwhenfireoccurs,anditshouldbesealedwelltopreventthesmokeenteringintotheinteriorpedestrianstreets.Thedoorshouldmeetthefireresistanceofnotlessthan1.0h.Aspacenolessthan500mmshouldbeleftbetweenthetopofthedoorandtheceilingassmokeaccumulatingspace.Itisrecommendedtouseatwo-wayspringdoorwithelectromagneticabsorber,sothatthedoorsautomaticallycloseincaseofemergencypower-offduetofire.Andensurethatbothsidescanbeopenedandautomaticallyclosedafteropening.(3)Thefireresistanceofthewallsbetweentheshopswithbuildingarealessthan300m2shouldnotbelowerthan2.0h;forshopsgreaterthan300m2,usewallswithfireresistancenotlessthan3.0htoseparatetheadjacentshops;thewallsshouldbebuilttothebottomoftheupperfloor.Thehorizontaldistancebetweenthedoorandwindowopeningsonbothsidesofthewallsshouldbenolessthan2.0m.(4)Firedamperwhichcanbeautomaticallyclosedat70shouldbesetintheairconditionerandventilationpipethroughthefirewalloftheshop,andsmokedamperwhichcanbeautomaticallyclosedat280shouldbesetinthesmokeexhaustpipe.4.3.Firefightingfacilities(1)Fireextinguishingsystem:automaticsprinklersystemshouldbesetinthepedestrianstreetscorridor,andfastresponsesprinklersshouldbeused.Foratriumareafixedfiremonitorsystemshouldbeused.Firehydrantandhosereelshouldbesetatintervalsof50mintheindoorpedestrianstreets.(2)Firedetectionandalarmsystem:point-typesmokedetectorsshouldbesetinthepedestrianstreetscorridor;beamlinesmokedetectorscanbesetatthetopofthepedestrianstreets.(3)Smokesystem:naturaldraftsystemcanbeusedinthepedestrianstreets.Sufficientnaturaldraftwindowsshouldbearrangedintheceiling,exhaustingthesmokeinthestreettimelybyreliablelinkagestarting.Theareaofnaturaldraftwindowsshouldbenolessthan20%ofthepedestrianstreetssurface.(4)Theemergencylightingandevacuationsigns:centralizedpowerandcentralizedcontroltypeshouldbeused.Light-typeevacuationsignswhichcanmaintainavisualcontinuityshouldbesetonthegroundtheevacuationroutesofthepedestrianstreets.Theevacuationsignsshouldusesafevoltage,andtheintervalsofgroundevacuationsignsshouldbenogreaterthan5m.ConclusionIndoorpedestrianstreetsinChinadevelopedrapidlyinrecentyears.Thecurrentnationalfiresafetystandardsdonotgiveclearrequirementsonfireprotectiondesign.Firesafetydesigndepartmentshavedifficultiesincontrollingthedesign,sotherearemanyproblemsinthefireprotectiondesigntobesolved.Basically,theproposedfiresafetymeasuresareabletomeetthecurrentneedsofusingindoorpedestrianstreets,whicharealsorealisticandcanprovidenewideasforindoorpedestrianstreetsfiresafetydesign.Onlyreasonablemeasurescanreducefirerisk,toensurefiresafetyofindoorpedestrianstreets.Reference[1]GB50016-2006.Codeofdesignonbuildingfireprotectionandprevention.[2]FireBureauofMinistryofPublicSecurity,HandbookofFireProtection[M].ScienceandTechnologyPublishingofShanghai.2007.[3]HUORan,YUAN,HongYongPerformancebasedfirepreventionanalysisanddesignofbuildings[M].ScienceandTechnologyPublishingofAnhui,2003.[4]NFPALifeSafetyCode,NFPA(Fire)101,NationalFireProtean,Association,2005.译文：大型商业综合体室内步行街消防安全设计摘要近几年中国的室内步行街发展迅速。当前国家消防安全标准对消防设计的要求不明确，消防安全设计部门在设计控制上有困难，所以消防设计中存在的诸多问题亟待解决。基于大型商业建筑的结构特点及应用现状，针对室内步行街防火设计中存在的各种困难，本论文定义了室内步行街防火设计的思路，并提出了在室内步行街布局、消防设施等方面应采取的安全措施。关键词：大型商业建筑；室内步行街；消防安全措施1、引言随着市场需求的多样化和商业模式的多样化，传统的购物商场正朝着具备购物、餐饮、娱乐、文化、艺术等形式多样的多功能大型商业建筑转变。而室内步行街既能改善环境的应用条件和气候适应性，又能整合连接商业建筑的空间和功能，大大提高了空间效率。室内步行街如图1所示。然而其独特的功能和结构在防火分区中给消防设计疏散和排烟等方面带来了许多问题。目前国内对室内步行街的设计还没有具体的规定，这不仅是学术研究的一个理论课题，更是一个要如何避免室内步行街火灾设计的盲目性，如何正确处理和解决所有的过程，如何确保室内步行街的消防安全的现实问题。结合工程实践中遇到的问题，我对室内步行街的消防设计进行分析，并提出了应采取的防火措施。图1.室内步行街2、室内步行街消防设计中的难点如果有出口设置在室内步行街两侧的商店内，顾客可通过步行街道在商店内流动。另外，室内步行街两侧的商业建筑形式多样，不仅有密布的小商店，更有大型超市和主要商场，两个都采用封闭空间、开放或半开放流通空间。所以，主要存在以下几个方面的消防安全设计难点：根据现行消防设计规范，室内步行街作为一个有限的室内空间，被建筑围合的封闭空间应符合中庭的相关规定并且防火分隔区应按上下地面连通区域计算。如果使用卷帘门或墙壁来分隔防火分区，这无疑会破坏建筑的设计效果，但是不分将会造成大面积的分区面积，超过监管要求。从室内外步行街到一个安全出口的疏散距离往往超过指定的安全疏散距离。商店消防逃生通道要求设置在室内步行街上并且必须穿过室内步行街。现行国家消防安全设计规范中排烟设计已不适用于室内步行街道。设计师通常通过中庭的自然排烟要求来设计自然排烟，但这也存在一些不容忽视的问题：第一，由于“分层”现象，对于天花净空高度超过12m，是否自然排烟窗能产生实际的效果；第二，在很多情况下，室内步行街到也担负着商店人员的安全疏散，这必须符合现行防火规范中的中庭排烟设计要求，保证室内行人能否安全疏散。室内步行街是人们通行的通道，一些问题可能在商业楼宇的运作中出现：第一，室内的行人专用街道上设置的各种临时摊位或看台，不仅增加了火灾荷载，也影响到了安全疏散；第二，为了通过户外天气条件来改善购物环境，在商业运作过程中，一些商业建筑打开了排烟口以及在入口处与室内步行街顶部设置了门窗，这改变了安全疏散和排烟条件，构成了火灾隐患。室内步行街消防设计理念室内步行街与室外步行街的一个最大区别在于屋顶，所以它没有相同的户外安全街道。在到达户外安全点前，顾客要从街道两边的商店经过步行街道来进行疏散。所以，步行街是一个过渡区和部分额外的疏散通道。最理想的情况下，室内步行街上的行人可以在疏散期间享有同等安全的条件。所以，室内步行街是否可以作为疏散安全区，这将直接影响企业布局和建筑消防安全设计。为了这目的，我提出以下设计想法：通过控制店铺内火灾来避免蔓延到室内步行街道上当火灾发生在商店侧面，尽可能控制一小范围内的火势，尤其是为了避免火灾和烟雾蔓延到室内步行街道上。这通常可以通过主动和被动防火措施来完成。合理划分防火分区。单面面对步行街的商铺通过使用一定的防火分隔来控制火势，从而限制火势蔓延到店内。在商店里，安装火灾自动报警系统、排烟系统及自动喷水灭火系统能及时发现火灾，控制早起火势和烟雾蔓延，并限制火势蔓延到步行街道上。室内步行街道应有足够的宽度来保证即使火势蔓延到店内也不会蔓延到步行街道的另一侧。避免行人街道成为火势蔓延之路为了避免室内步行街成为火势蔓延的途径，需要确保地板、墙壁和天花板的材料不会促进火势蔓延，可考虑使用不燃性材料；承重结构应具有足够的耐火等级，以确保安全疏散和安全消防救援。应采取适当措施来限制烟雾在步行街道上的蔓延。烟雾控制的理想状态就是商店里的排烟系统能及时启动并有效排烟来防止蔓延到步行街上。然而，考虑到商店里的火势的不可控性、排烟系统不能及时有效排烟以及火势不受灭火系统的控制很快使排烟系统失效等等，这便有可能导致商店中的烟雾蔓延到步行街上，同时发生火灾时也会有少量可燃物会产生烟雾，所以，在步行街上安装排烟系统是有一定必要性的。为防止可燃物在步行街上移动，比如节日装饰品、临时支架等引起火灾，这需要在走廊或较大中庭的室内步行街安装自动喷水灭火系统或自动扫描定位灭火系统。确保室内步行街的人可以迅速撤离到外面被困在商店和步行街上的人可能不熟悉建筑和疏散路线，即使建筑提供独立于步行街的安全疏散通道和消防通道，这也会由于人对疏