高三英语二轮复习外刊阅读热点话题培优练5：科技发明

外刊阅读热点话题培优练5科技发明Ⅰ.阅读理解Someday，youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(纳米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife－changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Thetooth－cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁铁).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart，”saidSteager.1.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater－proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.2.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus－killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.3.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain. B.Confident.C.Concerned. D.Surprised.4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth－CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape－ShiftingRoboticTooth－CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStartInastudyinthejournalScience，researchersatNorthwesternUniversityinIllinoisreportedthattheyhaddevelopedaneffectiveandinexpensivemethodforbreakingdownchemicalscalledper－andpolyfluoroalkylsubstances(PFAS).PFAS,firstcreatedinthe1930s,arechemicalcompounds(化合物).Theyareusedtomakeawiderangeofeverydayproducts,includingnonstickpans，carpeting,electronics,andfast－foodwrappers.Oncethechemicalsareintheenvironment,theyarealmostimpossibletoeliminatebecausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown.Researchershavelinkedregularlevelsofexposuretothesechemicalswithseveralhealthproblems,includingliverdamage,anincreasedriskofcancer,andreducedimmunity.ScientistshadpreviouslyfiguredouthowtoremovePFASfrompollutedwaterorsoilbuttherewasnosafeandeffectivewaytodestroythemoncetheywereremoved.ThestudyreportedthatwhentheteamboiledPFASmolecules(分子)withtwocommonsubstances,thePFASquicklybrokedownandbecameharmless.In2020,WilliamDichtel,achemistandprofessoratNorthwestern,readastudyinwhichchemistsattheUniversityofAlberta,inCanada,foundaneasywaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules.Heaskedagraduatestudent,BrittanyTrang,totrythemethodonPFASmolecules.TranghadspentmonthsinthelabunsuccessfullyattemptingtopullapartPFAS,andatfirstshethoughtDichtel’sideawastoosimpletowork.Butshetriedit,boilingPFASwithacommonsolvent(溶剂)calleddimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).TrangwasshockedwhentheprocessdestroyedthePFAS.ShelatermixedDMSOwithachemicalcalledsodiumhydroxideandbrokedownPFASevenmorequickly.ThescientistswillworkonwaystodestroyPFASoutsidethelabsolargeamountsofforeverchemicalscanbebrokendownatonce.“It’sahugechallenge,butit’sinourgrasp，”DichteltoldTheNewYorkTimes.ScientistsarealsocallingforadecreaseintheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintothenaturalworld.InJune,theUSgovernmentannouncednewplanstomonitorPFAS，decreasetheamountofPFASreleasedintotheenvironment,andaddresstheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealth.5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“eliminate”probablymeaninparagraph2?A.Identify. B.Destroy.C.Appear. D.Release.6.HowdidWilliamDichtelfindthewaytobreakdownchainsofmolecules?A.Hegotinformationfromastudyofothers.B.Heconductedtheexperimentsonhisown.C.Hisgraduatestudent,BrittanyTrang,toldhim.D.ChemistsattheUniversityofAlbertatoldhim.7.WhatcanwelearnaboutBrittanyTrang’sexperiment?A.ShetriedthemethodfromDichtelbutdidn’tsucceedatfirst.B.ShepulledapartPFASwithherownideaatherfirstattempt.C.ShedevelopedamoreeffectivemethodtobreakdownPFAS.D.ShethoughtDichtel’sideawastoosimple,soshedidn’ttryit.8.Whatdoscientistsadvocatethepublicdoing?A.AddressingtheeffectsofPFASonhumanhealthandenvironment.B.ReducingtheamountofPFASbeingreleasedintotheenvironment.C.FindingmoreeffectivewaystodestroyPFASinandoutsidethelab.D.StoppingtheuseofPFASineverydaylifetoavoidhealthproblems.Ⅱ.七选五Everyoneneedsfriendshiptosurvive.Howdowestrengthentheexistingfriendshipsinourlives?Heresomeexpertsofferthefollowingtips.Showyouraffectiontoyourfriends.Weoftenthinkofaffectionasasortofloveinromanticrelationships.__1__.It’saboutcommunicatingloveandappreciation.Therearemanywaysyoucanshowlovetoyourfriends.Tellthemhowmuchtheymeantoyou.__2__.Thesesimpleactsshowyougenuinelycareforthemandletthemknowit’ssafetoinvestinyourfriendship.Begeneroustoyourfriends.Thinkaboutwhatyourskillsandtalentsareandfindawaytoturnthemintoagenerousact.Sharingyourtime,attentionorresourceswiththemisaneasywaytodevelopyourfriendships.Peoplewanttostaywithfriendswhovaluethem,andgenerosityisawaytoexpressthat.Youcanshareactsofgenerositywithyourfriends.Ifyou’regreatwithkids,youmightoffertobabysitforyourfriendswhoareparents.__3__.__4__.Thinkabouthowgooditfeelstotellafriendyousecretlylikeatrashy(无聊的)TVshowandhearthemrespond“Metoo！”Wefeeladeeperconnectiontoourfriendswhenourvulnerability(脆弱)ismetwithsupport.Itmeanstheyacceptusforwhowereallyare,thegoodandthebad.Sodon’tbeafraidtoshareyourstruggleswithyourfriends.Itmaybringyoucloser.Faceconflictbravely.__5__.Butbeingabletodealwithconflictwithfriendsinahealthy,constructivewaycanstrengthenyourfriendships.Itmightbepainfulatfirst,butitshowsyouwanttomakeyourrelationshipbetter.A.ShareyourstrugglesandjoysB.It’shardtodealwithconflictinfriendshipsC.RemindthemyouaregratefultoknowthemD.Butit’smorethanholdinghandsandkissingE.Itismorelikelytobuilddeep,long－lastingfriendshipsF.StartbytellingyourfriendshowmuchyouvaluethemG.Ifyougetaraiseatwork，treatyourfriendstoafancydinnerⅢ.语法填空DuringthesummerholidayIhadthechancetovisitPingtangCounty,GuizhouProvinceinsouthwestChina.It’s1.____________experienceIwillneverforget.TravelingtoGuizhoubyhigh－speedrailfromBeijing,I2.____________(astonish)attherapidchangeinsceneryfromskyscraperstobeautifultree－filledmountains3.____________(rest)underaclearbluesky.Uponarrival,IvisitedthePingtangInternationalExperiencePlanetarium,whichdisplaysChina’s4.____________(remark)achievementsinscienceandspacetechnology.TheFive－hundred－meterApertureSphericalradioTelescope(FAST)thereisthelargestoneofitskindintheworld.TovisitFAST,visitorsarenotpermitted5.____________(bring)anyelectronicdevicesduetosecuritymeasures.Sotheymustrecordthisonce－in－a－lifetimemomentwiththeirheartsandminds.6.____________(truthful),myfavoritepartofthetripwasmypersonalinteractionwiththelocalcommunity.Followingtheinstructions,Iworkedontwocommunityfarms,wenthikingandswam7.______________afreshcommunityriveralongsidefish.IwaseducatedontheregionalhistoryoftheMiaopeople8.____________cultureisrichinfashion,food,potteryandmusic.Afterthisadventure,my9.____________(appreciate)forChineseculturehassnowballed.WhileIamcontentwithlivingandworkinginBeijing,PingtangCountyinGuizhouhasopenedmyeyestotheendlesspositive10.____________(possibility)Chinahastooffer.A篇Para.2：encounterv.偶然碰到；遭遇Para.3：gapn.开口；豁口；缺口motionn.运动；移动bonusn.意外收获Para.4：proofn.检验；证实B篇Para.1：inexpensiveadj.便宜的breakdown(使)分解；出故障；失败Para.2：exposuren.暴露，接触；曝光awiderangeof各种各样的bedesignedtodosth目的是做某事；为……而设计Para.3：substancen.物质，东西；主旨figureout算出；想出；弄明白Para.6：address常用义：n.地址文章义：v.处理，设法解决A篇译文：Steager，费城宾夕法尼亚大学的一个工程师，和HyunKoo，那里的一个发明家和牙科研究员，找到了一种方法，可以把纳米颗粒做成长而薄的刷毛，就像牙刷上的刷毛一样。参考答案Ⅰ.【语篇解读】本文是说明文，主要讲述了美国宾夕法尼亚大学的研究人员研发出了一款纳米洁牙机器人。1.B[细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Butthesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter”可知，尽管这些刷毛和普通牙刷的无异，但这些刷毛可以改变形状来适应它们碰到的任何表面，这是其特殊之处，故B项正确。water－proof“防水的”；transformable“可变形的；可转化的”。]2.A[段落大意题。本段第一句“Thetooth－cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁铁)”讲到了洁牙机器人是靠磁铁运转的，而下文中罗列的3个when引导的时间状语从句，if引导的条件状语从句和assoonas引导的时间状语从句则讲到了洁牙机器人在具体情况下的工作原理，因此，本段主要讲了洁牙机器人的工作原理。]3.B[推理判断题。根据最后一段中Steager所说的话“buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart”可知，凡事皆有开端。据此可以推断，Steager对洁牙机器人的前景很有信心。]4.C[标题归纳题。本文的体裁是科技说明文，这类文章的主旨大意一般为发明的主体。根据第一段中的“agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(纳米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou”，以及第二段中的“thesebristlesshape－shifttofitwhateversurface”可知，本文主要介绍了一款可以变形的纳米洁牙机器人，故C项适合作本文的标题。]【语篇解读】本文是说明文。伊利诺伊州西北大学的研究人员说他们已经开发出一种有效且廉价的方法来分解被称为PFAS的化学物质。本文重点介绍了这种降解方法。5.B[词义猜测题。根据画线词后的句子“becausetheyaredesignedtoavoidbreakingdown”可知，这是因为它们的设计是为了避免分解，据此可知，一旦这些化学物质进入环境，它们几乎不可能被消除。所以画线词的意思是“消除”，与destroy意思相近。]6.A[细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In2020...chainsofmolecules”可知，化学家兼教授WilliamDichtel阅读了一项研究，加拿大一所大学的化学家在该研究中发现了一种分解分子链的简单方法。据此可知，WilliamDichtel是从别人的研究中得到了信息以此找到分解分子链的方法的。]7.C[细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Butshetriedit...evenmorequickly”可知，她尝试用一种叫DMSO的普通溶剂煮沸PFAS，这种方法可以降解PFAS；此后她将DMSO与一种叫氢氧化钠的化学物质混合，更快地分解PFAS。据此可知，BrittanyTrang发现了一种更有效的方法来分解PFAS。]8.B[细节理解题。根据尾段中的“Scientistsarealsocalling...thenaturalworld”可知，科学家倡导公众减少释放到环境中的PFAS的数量。]Ⅱ.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。友谊对每一个人来说都至关重要。本文提供了一些维系友谊并使之焕发生机与活力的良方。1.D[空前一句提到了人们对“友情”的通常看法——它是浪漫关系中的一种爱。而空后一句提到了新的看法——它有关爱和感激的传达。根据“瞻前顾后”的原则，D项“但它不仅仅是牵手和亲吻”符合此处的语境，且起到承前启后的作用。]2.C[根据空前一句“Tellthemhowmuchtheymeantoyou.”和空后一句中的Thesesimpleacts可知，空处应属于Thesesimpleacts中的一种。分析选项可知，C项“提醒他们你很感激认识他们”符合语境。]3.G[本段围绕着generosity展开。G项“如果你在工作中加薪了，请朋友吃顿大餐吧”与空前的“Ifyou’regreatwithkids,youmightoffertobabysitforyourfriendswhoareparents.”都是慷慨之举。]4.A[分析文章结构及空处所在的位置可知，空处应是本段的小标题。根据其他小标题的句式特点，可确定答案在A项和F项中。根据本段中“Sodon’tbeafraidt