2023年考研外语考前摸底试卷12

考研外语考前摸底试卷12

一、UseofEnglish

1、Almostexactlyayearago,inasmallvillageinNorthern

India,AndreaMillinerwasbittenonthelegbyadog."Itmust

have(1)yournicewhiteflesh”,jokedthedoctor(2)

hedressedthewound.AndreaandherhusbandNigelwere

determinednottoletit(3)theirholiday,andthought

nomore(4)thedog,whichhadmeanwhilequietly

disappeared(5)thevillage.

“Wedidn'trealizetherewas(6)wrongwithit,“saysNigel.

“Itwassuchasmall,(7)dogthatrabiesdidn't(8)

mymind”.But,sixweekslater,23-year-oldAndreawasdead.The

doghadbeenrabid.Noonehadthoughtitnecessaryto(9)

heranti-rabiestreatment.When,backhomeinEngland,she

begantoshowtheclassic(10)一unabletodrink,catching

herbreath一herowndoctorputit(11)tohysteria.Even

whenshewas(12)intoanambulance,hallucinating,

recoilingin(13)atthesightofwater,shewasdirected

(14)thenearestmentalhospital.

Butifhersymptoms(15)littleattentioninlife,indeath

(16)achievedapublicityclosetohysteria.Caseslike

Andreaare(17),butrabiesisstilloneofthemostfeared

diseasesknowntoman.Thediseaseis(18)byabiteof

alickfroman(19)animal.Itcan,inveryexceptional

circumstances,beinhaled一twoscientistsdiedofitafter

(20)batdunginacaveinTexas.

A.fancied

B.flashed

C.flopped

D.gasped

2、⑵

A.because

B.though

C.if

D.as

3、⑶

A.snap

B.spoil

C.stray

D.suit

4、(4)

A.to

B.from

C.about

D.for

5、(5)

A.at

B.in

C.to

D.from

6、(6)

A.nothing

B.everything

C.anything

D.something

7、(7)

A.likeable

B.likely

C.liking

D.likewise

8、(8)

A.change

B.enter

C.lose

D.set

9、(9)

A.infect

B.inject

C.save

D.give

10、(10)

A.symptoms

B.groans

C.goals

D.coughs

11、(11)

A.out

B.down

C.up

D.off

12、(12)

A.loafed

B.loaned

C.loaded

D.located

13、(13)

A.pain

B.worry

C.terror

D.cry

14、(14)

A.for

B.outof

C.from

D.to

15、(15)

A.paid

B.gave

C.turned

D.received

16、(16)

A.they

B.it

C.he

D.she

17、(17)

A.seldom

B.rare

C.scarce

D.less

18、(18)

A.transformed

B.transferred

C.transmitted

D.transported

19、(19)

A.injected

B.infected

C.injured

D.inserted

20、(20)

A.inhaling

B.inverting

C.inheriting

D.initiating

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Educationisnotanend,butameanstoanend.Inotherwords,

wedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.

Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;sois

education.Assoonaswerealizethefact,wewillunderstand

thatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation.

Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustries,theyhavefree

educationforall.Underthissystem,people,nomatterwhether

theyarerichorpoor,cleverorfoolish,haveachancetobe

educatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometime

thought,byfreeeducationforall,theycansolveallthe

problemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecan

alreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefind

insuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversity

degreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultof

theirdegrees,theyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.

Infact,toworkwithone'shandsisthoughttobedirtyand

shamefulinsuchcountries.

Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthatthework

ofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatof

aprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducation,butweshoulddie

ifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtook

therubbishawayfromourhouses,weshouldgetterrible

diseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeople,because

everyonewasashamedtodosuchwork,theprofessorswouldhave

towastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework.

Ontheotherhand,ifal1thefarmerswerecompletelyuneducated,

theirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrows

largerandlargerinthemodernworld,wewoulddieifwedid

nothaveenoughfood.

Infact,whenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselves

forlife,itmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstly,to

realizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrain

andability;secondly,tounderstandthatalljobsare

necessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone's

ownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse's;thirdly,tomaster

allthenecessaryknow-howtodoone'sjobwell.Onlysuch

educationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety.

Ourpurposeofeducatingchildrenisto.

A.accustomthemtovariedlife

B.chooseapropersystemofeducation

C.educatethemonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem

D.makethemintelligentcitizens

2、

Freeeducationforallisnotenoughbecause.

A.thesystemoffreeeducationfailstosolvealltheproblems

ofasociety

B.themoreeducationpeoplereceive,thefewerjobsthereare

C.peoplewithdegreesconsiderthemselvessuperiortothose

workingwiththeirhands

D.peoplewithdegreesrefusetodophysicalwork

3、

Theworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantas

aprofessorbecause

A.withouteducationallofuswouldliveamoremeaningless

life

B.withoutfarmerswewouldhavetogrowcropsourselves

C.withoutfarmersweshoulddieoffoodshortage

D.withoutfarmerswewouldhavetodohouseworkourselves

4、

Allofusmustbeeducatedtounderstandorrealizethat.

A.themorepeoplewithuniversitydegreeswehave,thebetter

lifewewillhave

B.wecouldn，tlivewithouteducation

C.everyoneshouldhaveachancetobeeducatedat

universitiesorcolleges

D.oneshouldchoosehisjobaccordingtohisability

5、

Educationshouldbevariousbecause.

A.peoplearerichorpoor,cleverorfoolish

B.freeeducationforalldoesn'twork

C.lifeisvaried

D.peoplehavedifferentprofessionalbackgrounds

6^Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeaboutto

return?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,theprice

ofcrudeoi1hasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromless

than$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescalls

upscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,

and1979-1980,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothprevious

shocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomic

decline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoom

thistime?

TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraq

suspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthe

sametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpush

thepricehigherstillintheshorttern.

Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequences

nowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthe

costofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareoftheprice

ofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccount

foruptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebig

changesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpump

pricesthaninthepast.

Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,

andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energy

conservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineinthe

importanceofheavy,energyintensiveindustrieshavereduced

oilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephones

usefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.Foreachdollar

ofGDP(inconstantprices),richeconomiesnowusenearly50%

lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomic

Outlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafull

year,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoil

importbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25〜0.5%ofGDP.That

islessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.

Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies一towhich

heavyindustryhasshifted一havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,

andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.

Onemorereason,nottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilprices

isthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurred

againstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationand

globalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonly

justemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist，scommodity

priceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973

commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.

Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.

A.globalinflation

B.reductioninsupply

C.fastgrowthineconomy

D.Iraq'ssuspensionofexports

7、Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailprice

ofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif.

A.priceofcruderises

B.commoditypricesrise

C.consumptionrises

D.oiltaxesrise

8、TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrich

countries.

A.heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive

B.incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoil

prices

C.manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed

D.oilpricechangeshavenosignificantimpactonGDP

9^Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.

0£

上12

A.oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow

B.inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks

C.energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices

D.thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavy

industry

10、Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

A.optimistic

B.sensitive

C.gloomy

D.scared

11、Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheach

other,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcerns

aboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroads

accountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.

Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfour

railroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmoved

bymajorrailcarders.

Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergers

willallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbetter

coordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,is

removedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshippers

complainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglong

distances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoo

costlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

Thevastconsolidationwithintherai1industrymeansthatmost

shippersareservedbyonlyoneRailCompany/Rai1roads

typicallychargesuch"captive“shippers20%to30%morethan

theydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.

Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherightto

appealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportation

Boardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,

time-consuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.

Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainst"captive”

shippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduces

everyone，scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesame

averagerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionof

switchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddo

so,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeeping

uptheline.It'satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,

butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionof

determiningwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.”

Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsand

wholosesinthemarketplace?”asksMartinBercovici,a

Washingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.

Many"captive“shippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwith

aroundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,

despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenough

tocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwith

itssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillions

toacquireoneanother,withWal1Streetcheeringthemon.

Considerthe$10.2billionhidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXto

acquireConrailthisyear.ConraiTsnetrailwayoperating

incomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthe

carryingcostsofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayforthe

restofthebill?Many"captive"shippersfearthattheywill,

asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,raiIwaymonopolyis

unlikelybecause.

A.costreductionisbasedoncompetition

B.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination

C.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist

D.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat

12、

Whatismanycaptiveshippers;attitudetowardsthe

consolidationintherailindustry?.

A.Indifferent

B.Supportive

C.Indignant

D.Apprehensive

13、

Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that.

A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad

B.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide

C.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief

D.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness

14、

Theword"arbiters”(Paragraph4)mostprobablyrefersto

those.

A.whoworkascoordinators

B.whofunctionasJudges

C.whosupervisetransactions

D.whodeterminetheprice

15、

Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustry

ismainlycausedby.

A.thecontinuingacquisition

B.thegrowingtraffic

C.thecheeringWallStreet

D.theshrinkingmarket

16、Canelectricitycausecancer?Inasocietythatliterally

runsonelectricpower,theveryideaseemspreposterous.But

formorethanadecade,agrowingbandofscientistsand

journalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposure

toelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaand

othermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettling,tosaythe

least,sinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfields,

whicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectrical,frompowerlines

andantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.

Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoften

contradictory,ithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernabout

thehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworst

kindofparanoia.

Nowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromthe

USEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.Intheexecutivesummary

ofanewscientificreview,releasedindraftform,latelast

week,theEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostserious

governmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludes

thatscientificevidence''suggestsacasuallink"between

extremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields—thosehaving

verylongwave-lengthsandleukemia,lymphomaandbraincancer.

WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsas

probablecarcinogens,itdoesidentifythecommon60-hertz

magneticfieldas"apossible,butnotproven,causeofcancer

inhumans.”

Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthere

isacancerrisk,itisasmallone.Theevidenceisstillso

controversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebate

withintheBushAdministration,andtheEPAreleaseditover

strongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.But

nownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyand

thatmuchmoreresearchisneeded.

Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understood

physicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthrough

awire,itgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexerts

forcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyears,scientists

dismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmful,

primarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELF

magneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlya

fewmilligauss,oraboutone-hundredththestrengthofthe

earth'sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundinga

powerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeter,butthe

correspondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout

1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfields

thatthecellsthemselvesgenerate.

Howcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdanger?The

consensususedtobethattheycouldnot,andfordecades

scientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiation,

likeX-rays,thatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsout

ofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such“Ionizing”

radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisks

andthereareregulationstocontrolemissions.

Butepidemiologicalstudies,whichfindstatistical

associationsbetweensetsofdata,donotprovecauseandeffect.

Thoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposure

toELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissues,

amechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerous

growthshasneverbeenfound.

ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33

critiqueoftheEPAreport,AirForcescientistschargeits

authorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument“towardproving

alink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestion

that(electromagneticfields)presentintheenvironment

induceorpromotecancer,“theAirForceconcludes,“Itis

astonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthis

report."ThePentagon'sconcernisunderstandable.Thereis

hardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependon

theheavyuseofsome

A.studiesonthecauseofcancer

B.controversialviewpointsinthecauseofcancer

C.therelationshipbetweenelectricityandcancer

D.differentideasabouttheeffectofelectricityoncancer

17、

TheviewpointoftheEPAis.

A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancer

B.electricityreallyaffectscancer

C.controversial

D.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseof

cancer

18、

WhydidthePentagonandWhiteHouseobjecttothereleaseof

thereport?Because.

A.itmaystiragreatdealofdebateamongtheBush

Administration

B.everyunitofthemodernmilitaryhasdependedontheheavy

useofsomekindofelectronicequipment

C.thePentagon，sconcernwasunderstandable

D.theyhaddifferentarguments

19、

Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon.

A.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldistooweaktobe

harmful

B.theforceoftheelectromagneticfieldisweakerthanthe

electricfieldthatthecellsgenerate

C.electromagneticfieldmayaffecthealth

D.onlymorepowerfulradiationcanknockelectronoutof

humanbody

20、

Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydofasterreadingthe

differentarguments?

A.Theyareindifferent

B.Theyareworriedverymuch

C.Theymayexerciseprudentavoidance

D.Theyareshocked

21、PartB(10points)

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.For

Questions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelist(A、

B、C、D、E、F>G...)tofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.

Thereareseveralextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthe

gaps.(10points)

InFrance,asinmanyEuropeancountries,friendsgenerallyare

ofthesamesex,andfriendshipisseenasbasicallya

relationshipbetweenmen.(41).

AndmanyFrenchpeopledoubtthepossibilityofafriendship

betweenamanandawoman.Thereisalsothekindofrelationship

withinagroup一menandwomenwhohaveworkedtogetherfora

longtime,whomaybeveryclose,sharinggreatloyaltyand

warmthoffeeling.Theymaycalloneanother—copains—aword

thatinEnglishbecomes“friends"buthasmorethefeelingof

"pals"or"buddies”.InFrencheyesthisisnotfriendship,

althoughtwomembersofsuchagroupmaywellbefriends.

FortheFrench,friendshipisone-to-onerelationshipthat

demandsakeenawarenessoftheotherperson'sintellect,

temperamentandparticularinterests.(42).

Yourpoliticalphilosophyassumesmoredepth,appreciationof

aplaybecomessharper,tasteinfoodorwineisenhanced,

enjoymentofasportisintensified.

AndFrenchfriendshipsaredividedintocategories.Amanmay

playchesswithafriendforthirtyyearswithoutknowinghis

politicalopinion,orhemaytalkpoliticswithhimforalong

timewithoutknowingabouthispersonallife.Differentfriends

filldifferentnichesineachperson，slife.(43).These

duties,alsoseriousandrequired,areprimarilyforrelatives.

Menwhoarefriendsmaymeetinacafe.Intellectualfriends

maymeetinlargegroupsforeveningsofconversation.Working

peoplemaymeetatthelittlebistrowheretheydrinkandtalk,

farfromthefamily.(44).

InthepastinFrance,friendshipsofthiskindseldomwereopen

toanybutintellectualwomen.(45).Thespecial

relationshipoffriendshipisbasedonwhattheFrenchvalue

mostonthemind,onhavingthesameoutlook,onvivida

awarenessofsomechosenareaoflife.

A.Thesefriendshipsarenotmadepartoffamilylife.Afriend

isnotexpectedtospendeveningsbeingnicetochildrenor

courteoustoadeafgrandmother.

B.AFrenchmanexplains,“IfIweretosaytoyouinFrance,

,Thisismygoodfriend',thatpersonwouldnotbeascloseto

meassomeoneaboutwhomIsaidonly,'Thisismyfriend.’Anyone

aboutwhomIhavetosaymoreisreallyless.”

C.Sincemostwomen,slivescenteredontheirhomes,their

warmestrelationswithotherwomenoftenwentbacktotheir

girlhood.

D.Marriagedoesnotaffectsuchfriendship;wivesdon'thave

tobetakenintoaccount.

E.Frenchwomenlaughattheideathat"womencan'tbefriends",

buttheyalsoadmitsometimesthatforwomen"itisadifferent

thing”.

F.BetweenFrenchfriends,whohavechoseneachotherforthe

similarityoftheirpointofview,livelydisagreementand

sharpnessofargumentarethebreathoflife.

G.Afriendissomeonewhodrawsoutyourownbestqualities,

withwhomyousparkleand