汽车专业英语课件：Basic Structure of Automobile -

汽车专业英语BasicStructureofAutomobile1.1Structuraldrawingandterminology1.frontwheel(前车轮)2.engine(发动机)3.clutch(离合器)4.transmission(变速器)5.steeringwheel(方向盘)6.body(车身)7.rearsuspension(后悬架)8.rearwheelarrester(后轮制动器)9.rearwheel(后轮)10.finaldriveanddifferent(主减速及差速器)11.transmissionshaft(传动轴)12.sub-frame(副车架)13.frontwheelarrester(前轮制动器)14.frontsuspension(前悬架)Fig.1-1Overallstructureofaclassiccar1.radiator(散热器)2.powersteering(动力转向器)3.lineshaft(传动轴)4.exhaustsystem(排气系统)5.differential(差速器)6.gastank(油箱)7.rearaxle(后轴)8.shockabsorber(减震器)9.tire(车轮)10.hydraulicconverter(液力变矩器)11.transmission(变速器)12.crankcase(曲轴箱)13.oilpan(油盘)14.mastercylinder(制动缸)Fig.1-2Structureofaclassiccar(viewfrombelow)1.2BasicStructureofautomotiveAnautomotiveisakindofroadvehicleusuallywithfourwheelswhichisdrivenbyanengine.In1886,aGermanyengineer,GottliebDaimler,inventedthefirstquadriccycleautomobile,whichmeansthatthecarindustrycameintobeing.Nowadaysthecarindustryaroundtheworldhasatremendousdevelopment,andithasbeenthemajorestate,especiallyindevelopedcountries,whicharefamousbyBMW,BenzandVolkswageninGerman,GM,FordandChryslerinAmerica,Toyota,Nissan,MitsubishiandHondainJapan.Withtherapiddevelopmentoftechnology,theautomobilehasbecomeanimportantsymbolofmodernscienceandtechnology.Automobilearethesameinstructure,althoughtheyarequitedifferentinthestyleanddesign.Inotherwords,anyautomobileiscomposedoffoursections,suchasengine,chassis,bodyandelectricalsystem.汽车是一种行驶在道路上，具有四个发动机驱动的轮子的交通工具。1886年，德国的一位工程师，戈特利布·戴姆勒，发明了二冲程汽车，意味着汽车工业的诞生。如今，汽车工业在世界各地，尤其是在发达国家，已经得到巨大的发展并成为主要产业，主要有德国的宝马、奔驰和大众；美国的通用、福特和克莱斯勒；日本的丰田、日产、三菱和本田。随着技术的飞速发展，汽车已经成为现代科学技术的重要象征。1.2.1EngineTheengineistheheartofanautomobile.Thefunctionofanautomotiveengineistoconvertfuelintoenergythatmovestheautomobile.Currentlytheeasiestwaytocreatemotionfromfuelistoburnthefuelinsideanengine.Therefore,anautomotiveengineisaninternalcombustionengine,whichburnsfuelwithinthecylindersandconvertstheexpandingforceofthecombustionintorotaryforceusedtodrivetheautomobile.Theenginesuppliesthepowertomovethevehicle.Thepowerisavailablefromtheenginecrankshaftafterafuel,usuallygasoline,isburnedintheenginecylinders.Mostautomotiveenginesarelocatedatthefrontofthevehicleanddriveeithertherearwheelsorthefrontwheelsthroughadrivetrainorpowertrainmadeupofgears,shafts,andothermechanicalandhydrauliccomponents.Mostautomotivevehiclesarepoweredbyaspark-ignitionfour-stroke-cycleinternalcombustionengine.Theinlinefour-cylinderengineandV-typesix-cylinderenginearethemostwidelyused,withV-8enginesalsocommon.Otherautomotiveengineshavethree,five,ten,andtwelvecylinders.Somepassengercarsandtruckshavedieselengines.Someautomotivespark-ignitionanddieselenginesareequippedwithasuperchargerorturbocharger.发动机能够提供驱动车辆的动力。燃料，通常是汽油，在发动机气缸内燃烧后驱动曲轴以获得动力。大多数汽车发动机位于车辆的前部，通过齿轮、轴以及其它机械和液压组件组成的传动系来驱动后轮或前轮。1.2.2ChassisThechassisconsistsofthepowertrainortransmissionsystem,thesuspensionsystem,thesteeringsystemandthebrakesystem.Thefunctionofthechassisisreceivingthepoweroftheengineandmakingthecarmovenormally.Inthetypicalfront-enginefront-drivevehicle,thepowertrainconsistsofaclutchandmanualtransaxle,oratorqueconverterandanautomatictransaxle.Thefinaldriveanddifferentialaredesignedintothetransaxle,anddrivethewheelsthroughhalf-shaftswithconstant-velocity(CV)universaljoints.Thetransmissionisthedeviceinthepowertrainthatprovidesdifferentforwardgearratiosbetweentheengineanddrivewheels,aswellasneutralandreverse.Thetwogeneralclassificationsoftransmissionaremanualtransmission,whichthedrivershiftsbyhand,andautomatictransmission,whichshiftsautomatically.Toshiftamanualtransmission,theclutchmustfirstbedisengaged.However,somevehicleshaveautomaticclutchdisengagementformanualtransmissions,whileothervehicleshavealimitedmanual-shiftcapabilityforautomatictransmissions.底盘由传动系统、悬架系统、转向系统和制动系统组成。底盘的作用是接受发动机的动力，使汽车正常运行。Inthepowertrain,thefinaldriveisthespeed-reductiongearsetthatdrivesthedifferential.Thefinaldriveismadeupofalargeringgeardrivenbyasmallerpinion,orpiniongear.Thisprovidesagearreductionofabout3:1;theexactvaluecanbetailoredtotheengine,transmission,weightofthevehicle,andperformanceorfueleconomydesired.Indriveaxles,thedifferentialisthegearassemblybetweenaxleshaftsthatpermitsonewheeltorotateataspeeddifferentfromthatoftheother(ifnecessary),whiletransmittingtorquefromthefinal-driveringgeartotheaxleshafts.Whenthevehicleiscorneringormakingaturn,thedifferentialallowstheoutsidewheeltotravelagreaterdistancethantheinsidewheel;otherwise,onewheelwouldskid,causingtirewearandpartiallossofcontrol.1.2.2Chassis1.2.3BodyThebodyisequippedonthechassis.Itserverstheobviouspurposeofholdingthedriver,passengersandgoods,providingshelter,comfortandprotectionfortheoccupants.Thebodyprovidesthree-quartersofthevehiclestotalrigidlyinbendingandintorsion.Inthecaseofcollision,itisintendedtoresistandminimizeintrusionsintotheoccupantspace.Thebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernappearanceforthevehicle.Theautomobilebodyistheassemblyofsheet-metal,fiberglass,plastic,orcomposite-materialpanelstogetherwithwindows,doors,seats,trimandupholstery,glass,andotherpartsthatformenclosuresforthepassenger,engine,andluggagecompartments.Theassembledbodystructuremayattachthroughrubbermountstoaseparateorfullframe(body-on-frameconstruction),orthebodyandframemaybeintegrated(unitized-bodyconstruction).Inthelattermethod,theframe,bodyparts,andfloorpanareweldedtogethertoformasingleunitthathasenergy-absorbingfrontandrearstructures,andanchorsfortheengine,suspension,steering,andpower-traincomponents.Athirdtypeofbodyconstructionisthespaceframewhichismadeofweldedsteelstampings.Similartothetubechassisandrollcagecombinationusedinrace-carconstruction,non-load-carryingplasticouterpanelsfastentothespaceframetoformthebody.Theframeisthemainstructuralmembertowhichallothermechanicalchassispartsandthebodyareassembledtomakeacompletevehicle.Inoldervehicledesigns,theframeisaseparaterigidstructure;newerpassenger-cardesignshavetheframeandbodystructurecombinedintoanintegralunit,orunitizedbody.Subframesandtheirassembledcomponentsattachtothesiderailsatthefrontandrearoftheunitizedbody.Thefrontsubframecarriestheengine,transmissionortransaxle,lowerfrontsuspension,andothermechanicalparts.Therearsubframe,ifused,carriestherearsuspensionandrearaxle.1.2.3Body1.2.4ElectricalEquipmentElectricalequipmentconsistsofpowerandelectricalequipment.Thepowerequipmentconsistsofbatteryandgenerator.Theelectricalequipmentconsistsofstartingsystem,ignitionsystem,hornsystem,instrumentation,airconditioner,audio,wiperandotherdevices.Theuseofsolid-stateelectronicdevicesintheautomobilebeganduringthe1960s,whentheelectromechanicalvoltageregulatorofthealternator,wasreplacedbyatransistorizedvoltageregulator.Thiswasfollowedinthe1970sbyelectronicignition,fuelinjection,andcruisecontrol.Sincethen,electronicdevicesandsystemsontheautomobilehaveproliferated.Theseincludeengineandpowertraincontrol,airbags,antilockbraking,tractioncontrol,suspensionandridecontrol,remotekeylessentry,memoryseats,driverinformationandnavigationsystems,cellulartelephoneandmobilecommunicationssystems,andonboarddiagnostics.Theself-diagnosticcapabilityofthevehiclecomputer,power-trainorenginecontrolmodule,orsystemcontrollermaybeaidedbyamemorythatstoresinformationaboutmalfunctionsthathaveoccurredandperhapstemporarilydisappeared.Whenrecalledfromthememory,thisinformationcanhelptheservicetechniciandiagnoseandrepairthevehiclemorequickly,accurately,andreliably.电气设备包括电源和电气设备。电源设备包括蓄电池和发电机，电气设备包括起动系统、点火系统、喇叭系统、仪器仪表、空调、音响、雨刮器和其他设备。1.3ThevehicleTechnicalParametersOnthevehicle,thereisanameplatetoshowthedateofmultifunctionaldisplays(MFD),theplant,theengine,thechassismodel,thetransaxle,themanufactureshownabove,thecolortrim,thegrossvehicleweightrating(GVWR),thevehiclecapacity,thesizeoftyre,thetyrepressureandsoon.Nowlet'slookatthediagramsofthisunit.1.approachangle(接近角)2.frontoverhang(汽车前悬)3.lengthofbody(车身长)4.heightofbody(车身高)5.groundclearance(离地间隙)6.wheelbase(轴距)7.overalllength(总长)8.rearoverhang(后悬架)9.departureangle(离去角)10.vehicleheight(车高)11.wheeltread(轮距)12.widthofbody(车身宽)13.vehiclewidth(车宽)Fig.1-3Thekeydimensiondataofavehicle1.3.1TheKeyDimensionDataofaVehicle1.crankshaft(曲轴)2.connectingrod(连杆)3.piston(活塞)4.intakevalve(进气门)5.exhaustvalve(排气门)6.TDC(上止点)7.BDC(下止点)8.cylinderdiameter(气缸直径)

9.pistonstroke(活塞冲程)10.clearancevolume(燃烧室容积)11.sweptvolume(活塞排量)Fig.1-4Engineterms1.3.2EngineTermsTopDeadCenter(TDC).Thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisfarthestawayfromthecrankshaft.上止点指的是活塞离曲轴最远时活塞顶所处的位置。BottomDeadCenter(BDC).Thepositionofthecrankandpistonwhenthepistonisnearestawayfromthecrankshaft.下止点指的是活塞离曲轴最近时活塞顶所处的位置。SweptVolume.ThevolumebetweenTDCandBDC.气缸工作容积是指上下止点间所包容的气缸容积。ClearanceVolume.ThevolumeofspaceabovethepositionwhenitisatTDC.燃烧室容积是指活塞位于上止点时，活塞顶面以上的空间容积。EngineCapacity.Thisisthesweptvolumeofallcylinders.Generallyspeaking,thelargertheenginecapacityis,thehighertheenginepoweris.发动机排量是指发动机所有气缸工作容积的总和，一般来说，排量越大，功率越大。CompressionRatio.Itmeansthatthepistoncompressesthegasmixturewhichismadefromairandfuel(sweptvol+clearancevol)/(clearancevol).压缩比是指气缸总容积（气缸工作容积+燃烧室容积）与燃烧室容积之比。1.crankshaft(曲轴)2.connectingrod(连杆)3.piston(活塞)4.intakevalve(进气门)5.exhaustvalve(排气门)6.TDC(上止点)7.BDC(下止点)8.cylinderdiameter(气缸直径)

9.pistonstroke(活塞冲程)10.clearancevolume(燃烧室容积)11.sweptvolume(活塞排量)Fig.1-4Engineterms1.3.2EngineTermsEngineTorque.Itmea