中国海洋大学 2001-2009年考博英语真题

中国海洋大学博士入学考试英语试题（2001）

PaperOne

PartIICLOZETEST(20minutes,15points)

Directions:Readthepassagethrough.Thengobackandchooseoneitemofsuitableword(s)markedA,B,C,

orDforeachblankinthepassage.Markthecorrespondingletteroftheword(s)youhavechosenwithasingle

baracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

Therearetwoimportantmeaningsoftheword"English."Theycanbe__16__bythefollowingstatements:

A.HeisEnglish.

B.HespeaksEnglish.

Nowofcoursewesay“IfA,thenB,”andthiswillnotbe__17__.Indeed,itwillstillbetrueifwereplace

“English”inAandBbyotherwordsthatcan__18__bothtonationalityandtolanguage“IfheisFrench,hespeaks

French,”andwemay__19__thisinturnwith“German,”“Spanish,”“Spanish,”andmanyothers.Butthisisnot

alwaystrue,andanattempt__20__theexperimentwillsoonhelpustorecognizethe__21__ofnationand

language,whichcausesagooddealoftroubleintheworld.One__22__exampleslikethese:

IfheisSwiss,hespeaks______________.

IfheisBelgian,hespeaks_______________.

__23__Englishisconcerned,thetruthof“IfA,thenB”simplypointsoutthefactthatinEnglandeverybody

speaksEnglish.But__24__Englishpeoplethetruthof“IfA,thenB”isunfortunatebecausetheytendto__25__

thenameofthelanguagewiththenameofoneofthepeoplesusingitandoftentothinkEnglishastheprivate

propertyoftheEnglish.Intheotherwords,thereisadangerin___26___theargumentto“IfB,thenA.”

Thedesiretouselanguageasa__27__ofnationalidentity(“IfB,thenA”)isaverynaturalone,and__28__

languagehasplayedalargepartinnationalmovement.Peoplehaveoftenfelttheneedtousetheirownlanguage

toshowthattheyare__29__.Somepatriotseven__30__thattheAmericansshouldadoptHebreworGreek!

16.A.shownB.illustratedC.understoodD.explained

17.A.identifiedB.provedC.mistakenD.denied

18.A.beB.meanC.referD.apply

19.A.goonB.goondoingC.goonwithD.goonwithdoing

20.A.ofcontinuingB.forcontinuingC.tocontinueD.tocontinuewith

21.A.characteristicsB.relationshipC.identificationD.meanings

22.A.comesupB.comesuptoC.comesupinD.comesupagainst

23.A.AsfarasB.SofarasC.WhenD.If

24.A.toB.ofC.forD.as

25.A.identifyB.changeC.replaceD.illustrate

26.A.switchingB.associatingC.connectingD.relating

27.A.signB.toolC.meansD.purpose

28.A.asaresultB.inadditionC.neverthelessD.intheend

29.A.differentfromothersB.thesamewithothers

C.similartoothersD.consistentwithothers

30.A.thoughtB.consideredC.suggestedD.hoped

PartIIIReadingComprehension(70minutes,35points)

Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassagesforyoutoread.Readeachpassagecarefully,and

thendothequestionsthatfollow.ChoosethebestanswerA,B,C,orD,andmarkthecorrespondingletterwitha

singlebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

PassageI

Philosophersandtheologianshaverepeatedlyanalyzedthecorrosiveeffectsofdeceitandcorruption

individualsandinturn,onsocieties.Morerecently,KennethArrow,ParthaDasguptaandothersocialscientisthave

studiedtheirstaggeringinstitutionalcosts.Oncesuchpracticesareexposed,distrustrenderseventhemostreliable

politiciansandorganizationsinthepubliceye.

Itisincreasinglyclearthatthemostdangerousofallthecostsofdeceitandcorruptionisonelessimmediately

apparenttoeverydayobservation:theircumulativeeffectontrustamongpeoplesandnations.Aclimateofatleast

minimal;trustisneededifnationsaretomeettheenvironmentalandotherchallengesthatnowconfrontthem

collectively.Meetingthesechallengescallsforunprecedentedlevelsofinternationalcooperationandinturn,fora

minimumofmutualtrust;yettrustispreciselywhatsuspectedordocumenteddeceitundermines.

Thesocialenvironmentinwhichallhumaninteractiontakesplacenowisasmuchatriskasournatural

environment.Wewitnessthecumulativetoeachfromcountlessdisparateactivities.Theconsensusisgrowingthat

nationsmustjoinincombatingthedamagetoournaturalenvironmentorfaceecologicaldisaster,itisequally

urgent,Isuggest,toreducethedamagetothesocialatmosphereandtopreservetheminimumoftrustthatisits

primeconstituent.Wehavetobegintoseetrustasthefragilesocialgoodthatitis,tobeprotectedjustasmuchas

theairwebreatheorthewaterwedrink,andequallyvulnerabletobeingcumulativelydamaged,pollutedandeven

poisoned.

31.Thepurposeofthispassageisto__________.

A.reducethedamagetothesocialatmosphere

B.exposethecorrosiveeffectsofdeceitandcorruption

C.callforinternationalcooperation

D.describethedamagetotheenvironment

32.Withwhichofthefollowingmighttheauthoragree?

A.Mostpeoplenowsuspectthepoliticians.

B.Deceitandcorruptionarealsoenvironmentalhazards.

C.Thereisalmostnotrustamongnations.

D.Deceitandcorruptionshouldbedoneawaywithasquicklyaspossible.

33.Accordingtothepassage,bothnaturalandsocialenvironmentarefacingthedangerofbeing_______.

A.exposedB.neglectedC.damagedD.preserved

34.Theword"undermine"inthesecondparagraphcanbestbereplacedby___________.

A.digB.secureC.supportD.impair

35.Theword“consensus”inthelastparagraphisasynonymto

A.generalagreementB.beliefC.opinionD.consistency

36.Itcouldbeinferredfromthepassagethatthepassagewaswrittenby

A.anovelistB.ajournalistC.aprofessorD.aphilosopher

PassageII

Althoughjobforecastingisadmittedlyariskyventure,mostexpertspredictthatthemajornewareasofgrowth

willbeinthefieldsofinformationandconservation.Informationincludesjobsincomputers,robotics,

biotechnology,andtransmissiontechnologies.Conservationincludesjobsinbothhumanandecologicalfields,

rangingfromhealthcaretosolarenergyandwastedisposal.AsAmericanslivelongerandbecomehealth-oriented,

expertsanticipateappreciablegrowthinsuchareasasoccupationalandphysicaltherapyandspeechpathology.But

moreconventionaljobswillalsoabound.Eventhoughrobotsmayreplacepeopleontheassemblyline,machines

areunlikelytoeliminatesuchbasicservicejobsajanitors,salesclerks,andwaiters.Andpeoplewithadministrative

andmanagerialskillwillstillbeneeded.

Inassessingcareeropportunities,youngpeoplewouldbewelladvisedtokeepinmindapointemphasizedby

JamesO'Toole,aprofessorofmanagementintheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia'sgraduateSchoolofBusiness

Administration.Henotesthatinadditiontoappraisingthegeneralopportunitieslikelytobeavailable,individuals

shouldconsidertwootherfactorsinmappingtheirworkfutures:whattheydoingandwhattheyaregoodat.

O'Tooleobservesthatevenajobasablacksmithisnotoutofthequestionifapersoniswillingtogowherethere

arehorses.Ifpeoplearewillingtodevotethemselvessingle-mindedlytoafield,andiftheydemonstrateconvincing

evidenceoftheirtalent,theycanoftensecureajob.

37.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

A.Howtoassesscareeropportunities

B.Howtogetinformationandconservenaturalresources

C.Howtoimproveone'smanagerialskills

D.Howtomapone'sfuturesofwork

38.Itisanticipatedthatmajornewareasofgrowthincludeallofthefollowingexcept.

A.biotechnologyB.transportationimprovement

C.solarenergyD.technologytransfer

39.Accordingtothepassage,theremaybegrowthinspeechpathologybecause.

A.moreandmorepeoplebecomericher

B.Itisdifficultforsomepeopletokeepfit

C.moreandmorepeopledifficultyinspeaking

D.itisdifficultforpeopletofindjobs

40.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatrobotscanreplacepeoplein.

A.workingonanassemblylineB.waitingonpeople

C.performingadministrativeworkD.sellinggoods

41.Theword"appraise"inthelastparagraphisclosesinmeaningto.

A.bargeB.gainC.conferD.judge

42.Accordingtothepassage,onecangetajobwhen.

A.dedicatinghimselfwhole-heartedlytoajob

B.appraisingthegeneralopportunitiesofworkthoroughly

C.consideringthereareenoughhorses

D.keepinginmindthatheiswillingtotaketherisk

PassageIII

Earthquakesmayrightlyberankedasoneofthemostdevastatingforcesknowntoman:sincerecordsbegan

tobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalitieshavenumberedinthemillions,andthat

earthquake-relateddestructionhasbeenbeyondcalculation.Thegreaterpartofsuchdamageandoflossoflifehas

beenduetocollapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,disease,tsunamis(giganticseawaves),

andotherphenomenaresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromthequakesthemselves.

Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.Onesuchareaencompassesthe

PacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndiestotheAtlasMountains,

includingtheHimalayas,Iran,Turkey,andtheAlpineregions.Itisthesetwogreatbeltsorzonesthatninety

percentofallearthquakestakeplace;theymay,however,happenanywhereatanytime.

Thiselementoftheunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedreadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,

butinrecenttimeshavebeenindicationsthatearthquakepredictionmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesin

animalbehavior,patternsofmovementsintheearth’scrust,variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth's

magneticfield,andthefrequencywithwhichminorearthtremorsareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasing

successinanticipatingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Asaresult,aworldwideearthquakewarning

networkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtopreparefor(andthuslessen)thevastdestructionthatmight

otherwisehavebeentotallyunexpected.

Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandeliminatetheirdestructivenessaltogether,

butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodeal

withtheirpotentialdevastationbeforeitoccurs.

43.Basedonwhatyouhavejustread,whichofthefollowingis/aretrue?

I.Earthquakesarehighlyfeared,butactuallyrelativelyharmless.

II.Thereisabsolutelynowaytopredictwhenorwhereearthquakesmightoccur.

III.Manisnowabletopredictwhenearthquakeswillhappen,butnotwhere.

IV.Manisnowabletopredictwhereearthquakeswillhappen,butnotwhen.

A.IandIII

B.onlyII

C.IIandIV

D.noneoftheabove

44.Tsunamis(paragraph1)are__________________.

A.theresultofearthquakesB.verydestructive

C.giganticseawavesD.alloftheabove

45.Whatistheprobablemeaningofcontiguous(paragraph2)?

A.underwaterB.ancientC.borderingD.huge

46.Whatdoesthiselementoftheunknown(paragraph3)referto?

A.thetwogreatearthquakezones

B.thefactthatearthquakescanhappenatanytimeorplace

C.thepercentageofearthquakes

D.theexactcauseofearthquakes

47.Whichofthefollowingdescribestheauthor'spurposeinwritingtheabovepassage?

A.toamuseandentertainB.toquestionandcriticize

C.toexplainandinformD.noneoftheabove

48.Whichofthefollowingdescribestheauthor'sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakeprediction?

A.Itwillneverbepossibletopredictearthquakes.

B.Earthquakescanalreadybepredictedwithgreataccuracy.

C.Thereisreallynoneedtotryto

D.Earthquakepredictionisbecomingmoreandmorepossible.

PassageIV

HenryKissingermaybethemostsuccessful,certainlythemostflamboyant,secretaryofstatetoholdthat

officeinmoderntimes.Whenhewasappointedinthelate1960s,therewerenoAmerican,tieswithChina,

VietnamandBerlinreadytodrawtheUnitedstatesintoathirdworldwar,andRussiawasseenas"theenemy."

Butallthishaschanged,andHenryKissingercausedmuchofthatchange;in1971,hemadehisfirsttripto

China,atripthatwasthebeginningofthecurrenttiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChina.Hebroughtthe

UnitedStatesandRussiaclosertogetheronmajorissuesbythepolicyhecalled“detente,”literallymeaninga

relaxation.Hisphilosophywasalwaystotalkandtobringtogether.Withthesetwopolicies,Kissingerdidmuch

todrawattentionawayfromanypossibleRussian-Americanfriction.

In1973hemadehisfirstvisittoEgypt.HerehewasabletobeginU.S.relationswithEgypt.Heusedthis

contactlatertobeginthesortoftalksthattheAmericanpresPresscalled"shuttlediplomacy."Forninety-nine

days,he“shuttled”backandforthonflightsbetweenCairoandJerusalemtoworkoutastep-by-stepwithdrawal

ofIsraelitroopsfromtheSinaidesert.Hiswit,hiscarefulapproachtodetail,andhispresencemade“shuttle

diplomacy”work.ItwastheonlysuccessfulapproachtoMid-eastpeaceinthethirtyyearssincethestateofIsrael

wasfounded.

AnothermajorworkwastheStrategicArmsLimitationTalk.Thoughhisterminofficepassedwiththetreaty

unsigned,KissingerleftadraftofthetreatytowhichtheRussianshadalreadyagreed.TheSAKTtreatyspelled

outaone-tenthreductioninnucleararms,amajoraccomplishmentbyanystandard,evenifonedoesnotconsider

alltheotherconditions.

EventhoughhesuccessfullyhelpedbringanendtotheVietnamWar,Kissinger’sfinaldaysinofficewere

affected,aswastheentireexecutivebranchinonewayoranother,bythescandalsoftheNixonWhiteHouse.

Kissinger’scriticspointtohisroleinplacingwiretapsonthephonesofreportersandofficialsandtowhatthey

considerhis“high-handed”approachtosettingforeignpolicy.ButKissinger,duringthelastfewmonthsofthe

Nixonpresidency,limitedtheeffectsofAmericandomesticproblemsonourforeignpolicy.Hecontinuedtalksin

theMiddleEast.HecontinuedclosecontactwiththeSovietUnion.

Historywilldecideinthefinalview,asKissinger-andmanypresidents-oftensaid,onthevalueofhisservice.

Whatevertheydecide,whetherhisactionsarefinallytobeconsideredwiseorfoolish,hehadapersonalvision

thatwillbedifficulttomatch.

49.Themainideaofthispassageisthat________.

A.KissingerhelpedsmoothoutthetryingtimesofWatergate.

B.KissingerwasveryinfluentialinAmericanforeignpolicy.

C.peaceintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutKissinger.

D.KissingerhelpedendthecoldwarwithRussia.

50.Kissinger’sversionoftheSALTtreatywasmostimportantbecause_________.

A.itspelledoutaone-tenthreductioninnucleararms.

B.theRussianshadalreadyagreedtoit.

C.itsetastandardfornuclearmissiledevelopment.

D.iteffectivelyhaltedtheproliferationofnuclearweaponsinnonalignedcountries.

51.Wecanconcludefromthepassagethat_________.

A.“shuttlediplomacy”greatlyaffectedtheSALTtreaty.

B.WatergatemadeKissingerineffective.

C.someofthethingsthatKissingerbeganarestillbeingworkedout.

D.Kissingerwasnotahumanitarian.

52.Thepassagesuggeststhat_________.

A.Kissingerwasdrivenbyego.

B.KissingerwasunsuccessfulinbringingaboutpeaceintheMiddleEast.

C.Kissingersignificantlyalteredthedirectionofinternationalrelationships.

D.KissingerwasmoreimportantthanthepresidentduringtheNixonadministration.

53.Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribestheauthor’stoneinthispassage?

A.objectivityB.indifferenceC.contemptD.admiration

54.Asusedinthispassage,theword“flamboyant”(Line1)means

A.showyB.intelligentC.famousD.revered

PassageV

Cheatingis,ofcourse,nothingnew.Buttoday,educatorsandadministratorsarefindingthatinstancesof

academicdishonestyonthepartofstudentshavebecomemorefrequentandatelesslikelytobepunished-thanin

thepast.Whetheritiscopyingafriend’shomework,usingacribsheetonanexam,stealingadvancecopiesoffinal,

forgingateacher'srecommendation,scribblingalgebraicformulasonone'spalm,orhiringsomeoneelsetowritea

termpaper,cheatingappearstohavegainedacceptanceamongagrowingnumberofteenagers.

Inastudyofcheatingattwenty-twohighschoolsinGeorgia,Dr.FredSchab,oftheUniversityofGeorgia,in

Athens,foundthatacademicdishonestywascommonamonggoodandpoorstudentsalike—althoughbothboys

andgirlssaidtheythoughtboyscheatedmore.Thefourchiefreasonsstudentsgaveforcompromisingtheir

integrity:“Toolazytostudy,”“Fearoffailure”,“Parentalinsistenceongrades,”and“It’seasytocheat”.

Whyisstudentcheatingontherise?Noonereallyknows.Someblamethetrendonageneralslackeningof

moralvaluesamongtoday'syouth.Theypointtostatisticsshowingincreasedvandalismandschooltheftandclaim

thatscandalousdevelopments,suchasWatergateandAbscam,havedisillusionedyouthaboutthemoralintegrityof

peopleinpositionoftrustandpower.

Othershaveattributedincreasedcheatingtothefactthattoday'syoutharefarmorepragmaticthantheirmore

idealisticpredecessors,whereasinthelatesixtiesandearlyseventies,studentswerefilledwithvisionsabout

changingtheworld,today’sstudentsfeelgreatpressuretoconformandsucceed.

Ininterviewswithstudentsathighschoolsandcollegesaroundthecountry,bothyoungmenandwomensaid

thatcheatinghadbecomeeasy.Somesuggestedtheydiditoutofspiteforteacherstheydidnotrespect.Others

lookedatitasagame.Onlyiftheywerecaught,somesaid,wouldtheyfeelguilty.

55.Educatorsarefindingthatstudentswhocheat_______.

A.aremorelikelytobepunishedthanbefore.

B.havepooracademicrecords.

C.canbeacademicallyweakorstrong.

D.usetheinformationinthelateryears.

56.Eachofthefollowingisanexampleofcheatingexceptfor________.

A.forgingateacher’srecommendation

B.turninginabookreportwrittenbyanotherstudent

C.takingacopyofthefinalexampaperinadvance

D.memorizingalgebraicequations

57.Chargesofweaknesshavebeenaimedat________.

A.teacherswhodonotmakeanissueofcheating

B.students’fearoffailure

C.studentsofthesixtieswhohadvisionsofchangingtheworld

D.teacherswhogiveessayexamsratherthanshort-answertest

58.Studentsarecharacterizedas________.

A.lazyandpoorlytrainedB.pressuredtosucceed

C.visionaryD.havingfeworvale

59.Thepassageimpliesthat________.

A.anincreaseinpunishmentleadstoadecreaseincheating

B.adecreaseinpunishmentleadstoanincreaseincheating

C.thereisnorelationshipbetweenpunishmentandcheating

D.noneoftheabove

60.Whatconclusioncouldbedrawnfromthepassage?

A.Theproblemofstudentcheatinghasitsrootsindeeperproblems.

B.Today’sstudentsarenotpragmatists.

C.Studentsdonotcheatonessaytests.

D.Achangetheeducationalsystemwilleliminatetheneedtocheat

PassageVI

“Thereisasenselessnotionthatchildrengrowupandleavewhenthey’re18,andthetruthisfarfromthat,”

sayssociologistLarryBumpassoftheUniversityofWisconsin.Today,unexpectednumbersofyoungadultsare

livingwiththeirparents,"Thereisamajorshiftinthemiddleclass,”declaressociologistAllanSchnaibergof

NorthwesternUniversity,whoseson,19,movedbackinafteranabsenceofeightmonths.

Analystsciteavarietyofreasonsforthisreturntothenest.Themarriageageisrising,aconditionthatmakes

homeanditspleasantnessparticularlyattractivetoyoungpeople.Ahighdivorcerateandadecliningremarriage

ratearesendingeconomicallypressedandemotionallyhurtsurvivorsbacktoparentalshelters.Forsome,the

expense-naway-from-homecollegeeducationhasbecomesoexcessivelygreatthatgreatmanystudentsnow

attendlocalschools.Evenaftergraduation,youngpeoplefindtheirwingsclippedbyskyrocketinghousingcosts.

Livingathome,saysKnighton,aschoolteacher,continuestogivehersecurityandmoralsupport.Hermother

agreed,“It’sridiculousforthekidstopayallthatforrent.Itmakessenseforkidsstayathome.”Butsharingthe

familyhomerequiresadjustmentsforall.Therearethehasslesoverbathrooms,telephonesprivacy(不受干扰的生

活）.Somefamilies,however,managethedelicatebalancingact.Butforothers,itprovestoodifficult.MichelleDel

Turco,24,hasbeenhomethreetimes-andleftthreetimes.“WhatIconsideredasocialdrink,mydadconsideredan

alcoholproblem,”sheexplains.“HeneverlikedanyoneIdated(约会),soIeitherhadtohideawayormeetthemat

friends’houses.”

Justhowlongshouldadultchildrenlivewiththeirparentsbeforemovingon?Mostpsychologistsfeellengthy

homecomingsareamistake.Children,strugglingtoestablishseparateidentities,canendupwith"asenseof

inadequacy,defeatandfailure."Andagingparents,whoshouldbeenjoyingsomefinancialandpersonalfreedom,

findthemselvesstuckwithresponsibilities.Manyagreethatbriefvisits,however,canworkbeneficially.

61.Accordingtotheauthor,therewasonceatrendintheU.S._________.

A.foryoungadultstoleavetheirparentsandliveindependently

B.formiddleclassyoungadultstostaywiththeirparents

C.formarriedyoungadultstomovebackhomeafteralengthyabsence

D.foryoungadultstogetjobsnearbyinordertolivewiththeirparents

62.Whichofthefollowingdoesnotaccountforyoungadultsreturningtothenest?

A.Youngadultsfindhousingcoststoohigh.

B.Youngadultsarepsychologicallyandintellectuallyimmature.

C.Youngadultsseekparentalcomfortandmoralsupport.

D.Quiteanumberofyoungadultsattendlocalschools.

63.Oneofthedisadvantagesofyoungadultsreturningtostaywiththeirparentsisthat_________.

A.therewillinevitablybeinconveniencesineverydaylife

B.mostparentsfinditdifficulttokeep

C.theyoungadultstendtobeoverprotectedbytheirparents

D.publicopinionisagainstyoungadultsstayingwiththeirparents

64.Theword“hassles”inthepassage(Line4,Para.3)probablymeans_________.

A.agreementsB.worriesC.disadvantagesD.quarrels

65.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthebestforbothparentsandchildren?

A.Theyshouldadjustthemselvestosharingthefamilyexpenses.

B.Childrenshouldleavetheirparentswhentheyaregrown-up.

C.Adultchildrenshouldvisittheirparentsfromtimetotime.

D.Parentsshouldsupporttheiradultchildrenwhentheyareintrouble.

PaperTwo

PartIVTranslation(20minutes,10points)

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittenclearlyontheAnswerSheet.

Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:hecangivethe

inventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.Secrecyobviouslyevaporatesoncethe

inventionissoldorused,andthereisalwaystheriskthatinthemeantimeanotherinventor,workingquite

independently,willmakeandpatentthesamediscovery.

(71)Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstuckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bymeansofwhichthe

inventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly(垄断)andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthat

periodterminates.

Oncethemonopolyperiodcomestoanend,allthosedetailsoftheinventionpassintothepublicdomain(产

业)，Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelife-spanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessof

events.

(72)ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceiver

circuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent'snormallifetherewasnocolorTVtoreceiveand

thusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.Butevenshortextensionsarenormallyextremelyrare.

(73)Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedto

thepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand，ifolderthanhalfa

century,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostof

conductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor'srightis

tostealanduseadeadpatent.

(74)Likewise,becausePublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthat

idea.Itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedon

thesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.

Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost“new”ideasare,infact,asoldasthe

hills.(75)Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,