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Ashgabat,Turkmenistan—theWhiteCity.Rebuiltafteranearthquakein1948,thecapitalcityofAshgabatisfamousforitsmanywhitemarblebuildings.LargerAshgabatishometoabout50%ofthecountry’spopulation.
CountryContext
TurkmenistanisalargecountryinCentralAsia,
borderedbyAfghanistaninthesoutheast,Kazakhstaninthenorthwest,Uzbekistaninthenorthandnortheast,
Iraninthesouthwest,andtheCaspianSeainthewest.Turkmenistan’spopulationwasestimatedat
6.5millionbytheUnitedNationsPopulationFundin
2023.aTheofficiallanguageisTurkmen,andRussian
iswidelyspoken.Thepopulationispredominantly
Muslim.Nearlyfour-fifthsoftheterrainisthesparselypopulatedKarakumDesert.AlargeoasisinthefoothillsoftheKopetDagmountainrangeinthesouthand
smalleroasesinthenortheastandeasthostmostofthepopulation.Turkmenistanishometosomeoftheworld’slargestnaturalgasreserves.
Fromancienttimesuntilthe20thcentury,the
Turkmenslivedasnomadicpastoraltribessharing
acommonculture.Theareainwhichtheylived
experiencednumerousinvasionsbyregionalpowers,includingarmiesledbyAlexandertheGreatand
GenghisKhan.TheRussianEmpireinvadedand
annexedtheareainthelate19thcentury.Afterthe
RussianRevolutionin1917,RussianTurkestanbecame
continuedonnextpage
CIVILSOCIETYBRIEF
TURKMENISTAN
Introduction
Thefirstcivilsocietyorganizations(CSOs)in
Turkmenistanemergedin1991,shortlyafterthecountry
declaredindependencefromtheUnionofSoviet
SocialistRepublicsandpasseditsfirstlawrecognizing
publicassociations.1DuringtheSovietperiod,public
organizationshadbeenformedtosupportthegoalsof
theCommunistPartywithfundingfromthestate.With
independence,dozensofgroupsandinitiativesemerged
spontaneously,manyofwhichreflectedthedistinctive
Turkmentraditionsofhospitality,mercy,andcompassion
forone’sneighbor.Mostofthesegroupswereableto
operateandreceivedonorsupportwithoutregistration,
andbothregisteredandunregisteredpublicassociations
enjoyedproductivepartnershipswiththegovernment
andinternationaldevelopmentagencies.In2014,a
revisedPublicAssociationsLawmadeCSOregistration
mandatory,whichcausedunregisteredorganizationsto
1TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)definesCSOsasorganizations
notbasedingovernmentandnotcreatedtoearnprofit.CSOsvaryin
size,interest,andfunctionandincludenongovernmentorganizations
(NGOs),youthgroups,community-basedorganizations,independent
academicandresearchinstitutes,professionalassociations,foundations,
faith-basedorganizations,people’sorganizations,andlaborunions.
CSOsmayrepresenttheinterestsoftheirmembersorothers.
boxcontinued
StallsattheTekeBazaarinAshgabat,Turkmenistan.Thegovernmentprovidedsocialsupportandassistancetobusinesses,includingsoftloansforagriculturalproducers,todriveeconomicgrowthduringthecoronaviruspandemic(photobyADB).
partoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR),firstastheTurkestanAutonomousSovietSocialistRepublicand,in1924,astheTurkmenSovietSocialistRepublic.DuringtheSovietera,pastoraltribeswereresettled,andtraditionallifestylesgavewaytocommunistideology.
WiththedisintegrationoftheUSSRin1991,Turkmenistanformallydeclaredindependenceon27Octoberofthatyear.ThenewpresidentwasSaparmuradNiyazov,whohadservedasthefirstsecretaryofSoviet
Turkmenistansince1985.NiyazovbecameknownasTurkmenbashi(“LeaderofAllTurkmen”),andthe
Parliamentappointedhimpresidentforlifein1999.Niyazovservedasheadofstate,primeminister,and
chairpersonoftheHalkMaslahaty—orPeople’sCouncil,thesupremerepresentativebody—untilhisdeath
inDecember2006.GurbangulyBerdimuhamedovwaselectedpresidenton11February2007andduringhis
administrationintroducedseveralmodernizingreforms.HissonSerdarBerdimuhamedovwaselectedpresidentin2022.TheUnitedNations(UN)recognizedTurkmenistan’spermanentneutralityin1995.
Turkmenistanisanuppermiddle-incomecountrywhoseeconomyisdrivenbyhydrocarbonexportsandpublicinvestment.ThemaintradingpartnersarethePeople’sRepublicofChinaandRussianFederation.bEconomicgrowthaveraged6.0%annuallybetween2015and2019.cAsthecoronavirusdiseasepandemicin2020–
2021reduceddemandandpricesforenergyproducts,thegovernmentcushionedthepandemic’simpactbyofferingsocialsupportandassistancetobusinesses,includingsoftloansforagriculturalproducers.TheAsianDevelopmentBankprojectsthegrowthofthegrossdomesticproducttoreturnto6.2%in2023and6.0%
in2024.d
Turkmenistanranked91of191countriesintheUN’sHumanDevelopmentReport2021/2022,whichmeasuresaverageachievementsinlifeexpectancy,education,andstandardofliving.eNodataisavailableaboutthe
proportionofthepopulationlivingbelowthenationalpovertyline.
GovernmentdevelopmentpoliciesarelaidoutintheNationalProgramfortheSocio-EconomicDevelopmentofTurkmenistan2022–2052andthePresident’sProgramfortheSocio-EconomicDevelopmentofTurkmenistan2022–2028.Thegovernment’smaingoalsaretoimplementlarge-scaleprojectstomitigatetheeffectsof
continuedonnextpage
2
CivilSocietyBrief:Turkmenistan
boxcontinued
climatechange,createfavorableconditionsforinvestment,andpromoterenewableenergysources.President
SerdarBerdimuhamedovnotedinaspeechtotheStateCouncilinSeptember2022thatthe2022–2028nationalbudgetswouldcontinuetoincludesignificantfundingforthesocialsphere.Turkmenistanhas
committedtoimplementingtheUN’s2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.
Turkmenistanhasapresidentialsystemofgovernment.Thepresident—whomayserveanunlimitednumberof7-yearterms—appointsmembersofthejudiciary,includingtheSupremeCourt.ThelegislativebranchconsistsoftheunicameralAssembly—orMejlis—whose125electedmembersserve5-yearterms.ThesupremeorganofgovernmentalauthorityisthePeople’sCouncil,whosemembersincludethepresident,speakeroftheAssembly,chairoftheSupremeCourt,membersoftheCouncilofMinisters,andleadersofotherstateandprovincial
governmententities.Administratively,TurkmenistanisdividedintofiveprovincesandtheindependentcapitalcityofAshgabat.
Sources:
aUnitedNationsPopulationFund.
WorldPopulationDashboard:Turkmenistan
(accessed29August2023).
bTheinformationisasof2020.
TurkmenistanTradeInformationPortal.MarketIntelligenceTools
(accessed8August2023).
cADB.2019.GDPGrowth,AsianDevelopmentOutlook2019Update.Manila;2020.GDPGrowth.AsianDevelopmentOutlookUpdate2020—September2020(CSV)Update2020.Manilla.
/dataset/gdp-growth-asia-and-pacific-asian-development-
outlook
(accessed19November2023).
dADB.2023.EconomicForecastsforTurkmenistan.Projectionasof19November2023.
eUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.HumanDevelopmentReports.HumanDevelopmentInsights.
/data-center/
country-insights#/ranks
(accessed16October2023).
disappear.Sincethen,Turkmenistan’ssmallcivilsocietyhasconsistedmainlyofnationalpublicassociations
supportedbythegovernmentandlocalpublic
associationsandeconomicsocietiesthatrelyongrantsfrombilateralandmultilateraldonors.CSOactivities
includeawarenessraisingandserviceprovisioninareassuchassocialprotection,legalaid,theenvironment,
andtheempowermentofyouth,women,andgirls.ThegovernmentrecognizesthatCSOs’experiencewith
localandruralcommunitiesmakesthemavaluable
resourceandincreasinglyseekstoworkwiththemondiverseactivities.SeeboxforadescriptionofCSOs’operatingenvironment.
OverviewofCivilSociety
Turkmencivilsocietyreflectsthecountry’sdistinctivecustomsofhospitality,mercy,andcompassionforone’sneighbor.Turkmentraditionallyresolvedcommunity
issuesinformallyratherthanthroughestablishedstatestructures.DuringtheSovietperiod,theCommunist
Partyfoundedvariouspublicorganizationstoreach
largenumbersofpeopleandfurtherpartygoals.Theseorganizationsincludedyouthunionssuchasthe
KomsomolandPioneers;tradeunionsandsportsclubs;
societiesforscientificresearch;andprofessionalunions
ofwriters,journalists,composers,andothers.Although
theseorganizationswerehighlydependentonthestate,
theywereabletounitecitizenstoresolvelocalproblems
inanorganizedmanner.
WhenTurkmenistandeclaredindependencein1991,
thegovernmentrecognizedthepotentialofcivilsociety
tocontributetothecountry’sdevelopment.Thefirst
lawonpublicassociations—whichwaspassedwithin
weeksofindependence—openedthedoortothesector’sgrowth.2Thegovernmentsupportedtheestablishment
andoperationofnationalpublicassociations,including
theMakhtumkuliYouthOrganization,Women’sUnion,
andUnionofIndustrialistsandEntrepreneurs.Atthe
sametime,dozensofindependentinitiativesemerged
tofocuslargelyonassistancetovulnerablegroups,
legalaid,professionalinterests,education,andthe
environment.Thesegroupswereallowedtooperate
andreceivedonorsupportwithoutregistration.For
example,undertheCentralAsianRepublics’Non-
GovernmentalOrganizationSupportActivity—aprogramfundedbytheUnitedStatesAgencyforInternational
Development(USAID)—morethan1,200groupsin
CentralAsia,includingTurkmenistan,receivedtraining
andoccasionalgrants.
2InternationalCenterforNot-for-ProfitLaw.
CivicMonitor:Turkmenistan.
Lastupdated12July2018.ThissiteoffersanassessmentofthelegalframeworkforcivilsocietyinTurkmenistanfromwhichmuchofthisdiscussionisdrawn.
3
CivilSocietyBrief:Turkmenistan
Supportingsafe,sustainableagriculture.AlocalCSO
offeredsmallprivatefarmersinMaryProvincetrainingin
GoodAgriculturePractices,asetofinternationalstandards
forfarmmanagementthatemphasizefoodsafetyandquality,environmentalsustainability,andsocialwelfare(photoby
Mashgala).
Anamendedlawonpublicassociationspassedin2014
introducedstricterrequirementsforCSOs.Registration
becamemandatory,andorganizationsthatfailedto
registercouldbefined.Existingorganizationswereabletoreregisterinasimpleprocess,butsomegroupsregisteringforthefirsttimefacedchallenges.Unregisteredgroups
werenolongerabletoreceiveforeignfundingandasaresultstoppedoperating.
Inrecentyears,mostregisteredorganizationsaresportsfederations.OtherCSOsassistvulnerablegroupssuch
aswomen,youth,andpeoplewithdisabilities;offerlegal,consulting,ortrainingservices;orengageinandraise
awarenessabouthealthissuessuchasthecoronavirusdisease(COVID-19).MostactiveCSOsarelocatedinAshgabatandthemajorprovincialcities.
TheMinistryofJusticeandtheNationalStatistics
CommitteedonotpubliclyprovidedataonthenumberofCSOsinTurkmenistan.However,informalestimatesarethatapproximately135publicassociationsoperateinthecountryasof2023.NointernationalCSOisknowntoberegisteredinTurkmenistan.
LegalandRegulatory
FrameworkforCivilSociety
The2008ConstitutionofTurkmenistan(asrevised)affirmstherightofcitizenstoorganizethemselvesintopublicassociations.
The1998CivilCodeestablishesthepublicassociationastheprimarylegalformforCSOs.The2014LawonPublicAssociationsdefinespublicassociationsasvoluntary,
self-managednonprofitorganizationscreatedtopursuecommoninterestsandachievecommongoals.
OtherlegislationrelevanttoTurkmencivilsocietyincludesthe2016LawonVolunteering,whichestablishesalegal
frameworkforvolunteerism;the2017LawonCharitableActivities,whichallowsforcharitableactivities—includingbyinternationalorganizations—withouttheneedto
establishacharitablefoundation;the2017Lawonthe
Ombudsman,whichmandatestheombudsmantoprovideguaranteesofthestate’sprotectionofhumanandcivil
rightsandfreedoms;andthe2022LawonStateYouth
Policy,whichsupportsyouthdevelopment.Separate
lawscoverreligiousorganizations,politicalparties,tradeunions,andseveralgovernment-supportedorganizations,suchastheNationalRedCrescentSociety,Chamberof
CommerceandIndustry,andUnionofIndustrialistsandEntrepreneurs.
MostCSOsregisteraspublicassociationsunderthe2014LawonPublicAssociations.Publicassociationsmaytakeoneoffourforms:(i)apublicorganizationormembershipassociationformedtorealizeacommonpurpose;
(ii)apublicmovementornonmembershipassociation
formedtopursueapubliclyusefulpurpose;(iii)apublic
foundationornonmembershipassociationwithvoluntarily
donatedassetsusedtoachieveapubliclyuseful
purpose;or(iv)apublicactivitybodyornonmembershipassociationseekingtoaddresssocialchallengesarising
inaplaceofresidence,work,orstudy.Inpractice,most
CSOsregisteraspublicorganizationsastheprocessislesscomplicatedthanforothertypesofpublicassociations.
Publicassociationsareeithernationalorlocal,
dependingonthescopeoftheiractivities.National
publicassociationspursueactivitiesthatextendtotheentirecountry.Localpublicassociationsarerestricted
tooperatinginoneprovince.3Thegovernmentgenerally
establishesandsupportsnationalpublicassociations,
3Territorialpublicassociationsthatworkinseveralprovincesalsoexist.Theyarefewinnumberand,exceptforthegeographicscopeoftheiractivities,resemblelocalorganizations.
4
CivilSocietyBrief:Turkmenistan
whilelocalpublicassociationscometogetherasthe
independentinitiativesofpeopleresidinginaparticularplace.Publicassociationsmayvoluntarilyformunionsorumbrellaorganizations.
Theregistrationprocesshasgrownmorecomplexsincethepassageofthe2014lawandcantakemorethan
1yeartocomplete.AgroupseekingtoregisterasapublicassociationmustapplytotheMinistryofJustice(MOJ)andprovideitscharter,minutesofthefirstmeeting,
alistoffounders’nameswithpersonalinformation,andotherdocumentation.Anationalpublicassociationmusthaveatleast50foundingmembers,whilealocalpublicassociationmusthaveatleastfivefoundingmembers.
TheMOJreviewstheapplicationandmayrequesttime-consumingclarifications,additions,orchangesinthe
organization’sgoalsandobjectivesasstatedinthedraftcharter.Theministrythenpassestheapplicationtoaninternalcommissionandaninterministerialcommissionforreviewandapproval.Denialofregistrationwithoutexplanationcanoccur.Althoughitispossibletoappealsuchdenials,theprocessisrarelysuccessful.
The2014LawonPublicAssociationsalsogoverns
theactivitiesofinternationalCSOs.Aninternational
organizationwishingtoopenanofficeinTurkmenistanregistersbysubmittinganapplicationalongwiththe
namesoftopofficials,bankaccountnumbers,and
otherinformationtotheMOJ.NointernationalCSOsareregisteredinTurkmenistanasof2023,althoughafeworganizationsimplementprogramsthroughlocallybasedpartners.
Giventhelengthyregistrationprocessforpublic
associations,someorganizationschoosetoregisterina
fasterandeasierprocessaseconomicsocietiesunderthe2000LawonEnterprises.Organizationsthathavebeenrefusedregistrationaspublicassociationscanalsoseektoregisteraseconomicsocieties.Whilemosteconomicsocietiespursuebusinessactivities,theymayalsoengageinnonbusinessactivities,suchassocialserviceprovisionorworkwithyouth,women,andothervulnerablegroups.Economicsocietiesmayoperateeithernationallyor
locally.Toregisterasaneconomicsociety,twoormoreindividualsorlegalentitiesapplytotheMinistryof
FinanceandEconomyoralocalministryofficetoconductjointactivities.
TheMOJperformsannualinspectionsoftheactivitiesandfinancesofpublicassociations,whichmustbe
properlydocumented.Duringtheseinspections,the
Supportingwomen’sdevelopment.CSOsinTurkmenistanhelpprovidewomenandgirlswithneededservicesandsupporttheirempowermentthroughtrainingandconsultation(photobyADB).
MOJusuallyrequestsanexternalaudit,whichisoften
alsorequiredbyinternationaldonorsbeforetheyissue
grants.TheTaxServicesOfficeintheMinistryofFinance
andEconomyhastheauthoritytoinspecttheaccounts
ofeconomicsocieties.Auditsofeconomicsocietiesare
seldomrequested,asa2022amendmenttotheLawon
AuditingActivitiesmakesauditsoptionalforcompanies
whoseannualprofitsarelessthanTMT1million
(approximately$285,000).4
Turkmenistan’s2004TaxCodeexemptsallpublic
associationsfromtaxesonincomefromsourcessuch
asmembershipandcharitablecontributions,donations,
inheritedproperty,andforeignstatesorinternational
organizationsprovideditisusedfortheirstatutory
purposes.TheTaxCodeprovidesadditionaltaxbenefits
toorganizationsthatservepeoplewithdisabilities,
provideeducationalservices,orhaveareligiousfocus.
CSOsregisteredaseconomicsocietiesdonotpay
taxonrevenuesappliedtotheirstatutoryactivities
andoperationalexpensesoronassetsreceivedinthe
frameworkofhumanitarian,financial,andtechnical
assistanceprojectsfundedbyforeigngovernmentsand
internationalorganizations.Therearenotaxincentivesforbusinessesorindividualstodonatetopublicassociationsoreconomicsocieties.
4Inthisbrief,“TMT”referstoTurkmenmanatsand“$”referstoUnitedStatesdollars.
CivilSocietyBrief:Turkmenistan5
Forregisteredorganizationsworkingontheirstated
objectives,therearenoobstaclestoobtainingfunding.
Publicassociationsreceivingfundingfromforeignsourcesmustregisterthenatureandamountoffundingwith
theMOJ.Economicsocietiesmustregisterincomefrom
foreignsourceswiththeMinistryofFinanceandEconomy.Organizationsmustshowgrantregistrationdocumentstolocalauthoritiestoobtaintheirpermissiontoimplementprojectsoroperateinremoterurallocationsorareaswithrestrictedaccess.
Government–Civil
SocietyRelations
Althoughnolegislativeprovisionmandatesthe
involvementofcivilsocietyingovernmentdecision-making,thegovernmentrecognizesthatCSOscan
facilitatecommunityaccesstobasicservices,support
andempowervulnerablegroups,andimplementthe
government’snationaldevelopmentprograms.Forthis
reason,theGovernmentofTurkmenistanoftenseeksto
pursuejointactivitieswithCSOsinareassuchassocial
serviceprovisionandenvironmentalprotection.Nationalpublicassociationsworkwiththenationalgovernment
toimplementprogramswithacountrywidereachorto
promotetheinterestsoftheirmembers.Forexample,
thegovernmentoffersstatecontractstomembersof
theUnionofIndustrialistsandEntrepreneursforthe
constructionofsocialfacilitiesaroundthecountry.The
Women’sUnion,MakhtumkuliYouthUnion,andNationalRedCrescentSocietycooperatewiththeMinistryof
HealthandMedicalIndustryonissuessuchasCOVID-19preventionandlaborsafetyandhealth.Localpublic
associationsalsoworkwiththenationalgovernmentonoccasion.ThelocalpublicassociationsYenme
andMashgalaandtheeconomicsocietyDap-Dessur
collaboratedwiththeStateMigrationService,theMinistryofInternalAffairs,andtheMinistryofEducationonasafemigrationprojectfundedbyUSAID.
CSOscanalsocooperatecloselywithlocalgovernmentofficials.AuthoritiesinDashoguzProvincehelpedthepublicassociationEko-Durmushorganizemeetings
withfarmersaspartofitsprojectonyouthbusiness
developmentfundedbytheUnitedStates(US).MunicipalauthoritiesinthecityofMaryinMaryProvincehelpedthepublicassociationMashgalaimplementdonor-funded
projectsbyfacilitatingcontactwithruralconstituencies
andarrangingatrainingclassroomatalocalcollegefreeofcharge.MashgalaalsoworkswiththerepresentativeofficeoftheMinistryofLaborandSocialProtectioninMarytoprovideunemploymentassistanceandotherservices.
Opportunitiesforyoungpeopletoengageincultureandsports.Promotingchildren’shealthandwell-beingisafocus
ofboththegovernmentandCSOs.“Healthpaths”havebeencreatedtoencouragephysicalactivitiesbycitizens,especiallyyouth(photobyADB).
CSOshavedirectaccesstogovernmentpolicymakers,
althoughtheirinteractionsaregenerallylimitedtomatters
ofsocialassistanceandenvironmentalprotection.For
example,theMinistryofLaborandSocialProtection
sometimesmeetswithCSOstodiscusswaystoimplementsocialprogramseffectively.
GovernmentrepresentativessometimestakepartineventshostedbyCSOs,suchasconferences,trainingworkshops,charitableevents,andactivitiesaddressingsocialand
environmentalconcerns.InSeptember2022,severalpublicassociationsworkedwiththeMinistryofForeignAffairs,
theMinistryofSportsandYouthPolicy(nowtheState
CommitteeforPhysicalCultureandSport),andtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammetoorganizeasports
festivalcelebratingthe30thanniversaryofTurkmenistan’smembershipintheUnitedNations.Governmentofficials
(includingrepresentativesoftheMOJ)attended
roundtablesonactivitiesorganizedbyYenme.
6
CivilSocietyBrief:Turkmenistan
FundingofCivil
SocietyOrganizations
Sinceindependence,nationalpublicassociationshave
receivedgovernmentfundingandcanenjoyotherbenefitsfromhigh-levelpatronage.Forexample,theUnionof
IndustrialistsandEntrepreneursreceivesgovernment
supportintheformofland,contracts,andpreferredloans.
Localpublicassociationsandeconomicsocietiesrelyprimarilyongrantsfromforeigngovernmentsand
intergovernmentalagencies.ThemaindonorsincludetheUS,theUnitedKingdom,theEuropeanUnion,the
InternationalOrganizationforMigration,theOrganization
forSecurityandCo-operationinEurope,andtheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.Theirgrantsto
localCSOsrarelyexceed$25,000.Publicassociationssometimescontractwithlocalgovernmentagencies
toimplementprogramsinareassuchassocialservicesandyouth.
PhilanthropicandcharitableactivitiesareothersourcesofincomeforCSOs,althoughinformationaboutlevelsofgivingislimited.Someorganizationsreceivein-kindsupportfromcommunitiesorindividuals.Forexample,thelocalpublicassociationYenmeinAshgabatreceivesdonationsofuseditemstodistributetopeopleinneed.
Corporatesocialresponsibilityprogramsare
underdevelopedinTurkmenistan,andpartnershipsbetweenbusinessesandCSOsarerare.Smalland
medium-sizedenterprisescomprisethebulkoftheprivatesector,andtheyusuallylacktheresourcestoinvestin
socialprojects.Nevertheless,privatesectorphilanthropy
isbeginningtotakehold.Forexample,YenmeandMashgalahavereceivedin-kindsupportfromlocalbusinesses.
Inanascentbutdevelopingtrend,somelocalCSOs
generaterevenuebyoperatingsocialenterprises.Yenme
sewsandsellsreusablegrocerybags,theeconomicsocietyDap-Dessurproducesbabykits,andBosforoffersfee-
basedtraining.SomeCSOsgenerateincomethroughmembershipduesandservicefees,butsuchincomeisusuallyinsignificant.
CapacityofCivil
SocietyOrganizations
Nationalpublicassociationsusuallyhavewell-
developedorganizationalstructures,withacentral
secretariat,nationalandregionalbranches,andlocal
representativesinallprovinces.Theyaregenerally
well-staffed,withcomfortableofficesandwell-
documentedinternalpolicies.EstablishedlocalCSOs
haveadvancedmanagementcapacities,includingskilled
personnel,organizationalcharts,andemployeeand
volunteerpolicies.
Incontrast,smallerandnewerCSOsbasedinthe
provincesoftenhavepoorlydevelopedmanagement,
humanresources,andpublicrelationsskills.
Throughoutthecountry,employeeretentioncanbe
apressingproblemfororganizationswithoutfunding
frominternationaldonorsorthegovernment.Most
organizationsareproject-fundedandlacklonger-term
fundraisingandcommunicationsstrategiestoensure
theirsustainability.However,becauseCSOsaregenerallyexemptfromincometax,theyrarelyshutdownbecauseoffinancialdifficulties.
Internationaldevelopmentpartnerssupportthe
institutionalgrowthoforganizationsworkingonwomen’s
andyouthissues,education,andecology.Forexample,
theEmbassyoftheUnitedStatesinTurkmenistan
sometimeshoststrainingandroundtablesforlocalCSOsonsubjectssuchasthepreparationofgrantproposalsandtheimplementationofgrant-fundedprojects.SomeCSOsprovidetrainingandservicestostrengthenthecapacity
ofothergroups.Mashgalaprovidesinformation,internet
access,andconsultingservicestootherorganizations;
Yenmeofferstraining,information,computers,and
consultingservices;theUnionofEconomistspermits
CSOstouseitseducationalmaterials;andBosforoffers
awiderangeofmaterialsonlegalandgenderissues.
ThepublicassociationKeyikOkaraadvisesCSOson
migrationissuesandtravelandstudyabroad,while
theAssociationofAccountantsprovidesaccounting
services.Localauthoritiessometimesofferoffices
andotherorganizationalandinfrastructuresupportto
publicassociationsimplementingprojectsfundedby
internationaldonororganizations.
7
CivilSocietyBrief:Turkmenistan
Efficient,safe,andreliabletransportation.TheNorth−SouthRailwayProject,oneofADB’sdevelopmentprojectsinTurkmenistan,seekstocreateanefficient,safe,andreliablerailwaytransportnetwork.Itwillalsoboostconnectivitywithneighboringcountries(photobyADB).
Althoughthegovernmenthastakenstepstoreduce
thecostofinternetusage,internetspeedsremainslow,especiallyinruralareas.Someinternationalwebsites
andsocialmediaplatforms—includingYahoo,Facebook,andWhatsApp—areblockedorunavailable,creating
communicationchallengesforsomecivilsocietygroups.
ADB–CivilSocietyCooperation
TheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)isalong-standingpartneroftheGovernmentofTurkmenistanandprovidescrucialassistancetothecountry’sdevelopmentneeds.
ADBishelpingthegov
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