2023考研英语真题及参考答案

2023考研英语真题及参考答案2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)CaravanseraiswereroadsideinnsthatwerebuiltalongtheSilkRoadinareasincludingChina,NorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast.Theyweretypically1outsidethewallsofacityorvillageandwereusuallyfundedbylocalgovernmentsof2.Theword‘Caravanserai’isa3ofthePersianwords‘karvan’,whichmeansagroupoftravellersoracaravan,andseray,apalaceorenclosedbuilding.Thetermcaravanwasusedto4groupsofpeoplewhotravelledtogetheracrosstheancientnetworkforsafetyreasons,5merchants,travellersorpilgrims.Fromthe10thcenturyonwards,asmerchantandtravelroutesbecamemoredeveloped,the6ofCaravanseraisincreasedandtheyservedasasafeplaceforpeopletorestatnight.TravellersontheSilkRoad7thepossibilityofbeingattackedbythievesorbeing8toextremeweatherconditions.Forthisreason,Caravanseraiswerestrategicallyplaced9theycouldbereachedinaday’straveltime.Caravanseraisservedasaninformal10pointforthevariouspeoplewhotravelledtheSilkRoad.11,thosestructuresbecameimportantcentresforcultural12andinteractionwithtravellerssharingtheircultures,ideasandbeliefs,13talkingknowledgewiththem,greatly14thedevelopmentofseveralcivilisations.Caravanseraiswerealsoanimportantmarketplaceforcommoditiesand15inthetradeofgoodsalongtheSilkRoad.16,itwasfrequentlythefirststopformerchantslookingtoselltheirwaresand17suppliesfortheirownjourneys.Itis18thataround12,000to15,000caravanseraiswerebuiltalongtheSilkRoad,19onlyabout3,000areknowntoremaintoday,manyofwhicharein20.1.A.displayedB.occupiedC.locatedD.equipped2.A.privatelyB.regularlyC.respectivelyD.permanently3.A.definitionB.transitionC.substitutionD.combination4.A.classifyB.recordC.describeD.connect5.A.apartfromB.insteadofC.suchasD.alongwith6.A.constructionB.restorationC.impressionD.evaluation7.A.doubtedB.facedC.acceptedD.reduced8.A.assignedB.subjectedC.accustomedD.opposed9.A.sothatB.evenifC.nowthatD.incase10.A.talkingB.startingC.breakingD.meeting11.A.BythewayB.OnoccasionC.IncomparisonD.Asaresult12.A.heritageB.revivalC.exchangeD.status13.A.withregardtoB.inspiteofC.aswellasD.inlinewith14.A.completingB.influencingC.resumingD.pioneering15.A.aidedB.investedC.failedD.competed16.A.RatherB.IndeedC.OtherwiseD.However17.A.goinforB.standupforC.closeinonD.stockupon18.A.believedB.predictedC.recalledD.implied19.A.untilB.becauseC.unlessD.although20.A.ruinsB.debtC.fashionD.seriesSectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1TheweatherinTexasmayhavecooledsincetherecentextremeheat,butthetemperaturewillbehighattheStateBoardofEducationmeetinginAustinthismonthasofficialsdebatehowclimatechangeistaughtinTexasschools.PatHardy,whosympathizedwithviewsoftheenergysector,isresistingtheproposedchangetosciencestandardsforpre-teenpupils.Thesewouldemphasizetheprimacyofhumanactivityinrecentclimatechangeandencouragediscussionofmitigationmeasures.MostscientistsandexpertssharplydisputeHardy’sviews."Theycasuallydismissthecareerworkofscholarsandscientistsasjustanothermisguidedopinion."saysDanQuinn,seniorcommunicationsstrategistattheTexasFreedomNetwork,anon-profitgroupthatmonitorspubliceducation,"WhatmillionsofTexaskidslearnintheirpublicschoolsisdeterminedtoooftenbythepoliticalideologyofpartisanboardmembers,ratherthanfactsandsoundscholarship."SuchdebatereflectsfiercediscussionsacrosstheUSandaroundtheworld,asresearchers,policymakers,teachersandstudentsstepupdemandsforagreaterfocusonteachingaboutthefactsofclimatechangeinschools.AstudylastyearbytheNationalCenterforScienceEducation,anon-profitgroupofscientistsandteachers,lookingathowstatepublicschoolsacrossthecountryaddressclimatechangeinscienceclasses,gavebarelyhalfofUSstatesagradeB+orhigher.Amongthe10worstperformersweresomeofthemostpopulousstates,includingTexas,whichwasgiventhelowestgrade(F)andhasadisproportionateinfluencebecauseitstextbooksarewidelysoldelsewhere.GlennBranch,thecentresdeputydirector,cautionsthatsettingstate-levelsciencestandardsisonlyonelimitedbenchmarkinacountrythatdecentralisesdecisionstolocalschoolboards.Evenifastateisconsideredahighperformerinitssciencestandards,"thatdoesnotmeanitwillbetaught”,hesays.Anotherissueisthatwhileclimatechangeiswellintegratedintosomesubjectsandatsomeages--suchasearthandspacesciencesinhighschoolsitisnotaswellrepresentedincurriculaforyoungerchildrenandinsubjectsthataremorewidelytaught,suchasbiologyandchemistry.Itisalsolessprominentinmanysocialstudiescourses.Branchpointsoutthat,evenifagrowingnumberofofficialguidelinesandtextbooksreflectscientificconsensusonclimatechange,unofficialeducationalmaterialsthatconveymoreslantedperspectivesarebeingdistributedtoteachers.Theyincludematerialssponsoredbylibertarianthink-tanksandenergyindustryassociations.21.Inparagraph1,theweatherinTexasismentionedtoA.forecastapolicyshiftinTexasschools.B.stresstheconsequencesofclimatechange.C.indicatetheatmosphereattheboardmeeting.D.drawthepublicsattentiontoenergyshortages.22.WhatdoesQuinnthinkofHardy?A.Sheexaggeratestheexistingpanic.B.Shedeniesthevalueofscientificwork.C.Sheshowsnoconcernforpre-teens.D.Sheexpressesself-contradictoryviews.23.ThestudymentionedinParagraph5A.climateeducationisinsufficientatstatepublicschools.B.policymakershavelittledriveforscienceeducation.C.Texasisreluctanttorewriteitssciencetextbooks.D.environmentalteachinginsomestateslackssupervision.24.AccordingtoBranch,state-levelsciencestandardsintheUSA.callforregularrevision.B.requireurgentapplication.C.havelimitedinfluence.D.catertolocalneeds.25.ItisimpliedinthelastparagraphthatclimatechangeteachinginsomeschoolsA.agreetomajorpublicdemands.B.reflectsteacherspersonalbiases.C.maymisrepresenttheenergysector.D.canbeswayedbyexternalforces.Text2CommunitiesthroughoutNewEnglandhavebeenattemptingtoregulateshort-termrentalssincesiteslikeAirbnbtookoffinthe2010s.Nowwithrecord-highhomepricesandhistoricallylowinventory,there’sanincreasedurgencyinsuchregulation,particularlyamongthosewhoworrythatdeveloperswillcomeinandbuyupswathsofhousingtoflipforafortuneontheshort-termrentalmarket.InNewHampshire,wheretherentalvacancyratehasdroppedbelow1percent,housingadvocatesfearuncheckedshort-termrentalswillputfurtherpressureonanalreadystrainedmarket.TheStateLegislaturerecentlyvotedagainstabillthatwould’vemadeitillegalfortownstocreatelegislationrestrictingshort-termrentals.“Weareatacrisislevelonthesupplyofrentalhousing,”saidNickTaylor,executivedirectoroftheWorkforceHousingCoalitionoftheGreaterSeacoast.WithoutenoughaffordablehousinginsouthernNewHampshiretowns,“employersarehavingahardtimeattractingemployees,andworkersarehavingahardtimefindingaplacetolive,”Taylorsaid.However,short-termrentalsalsoprovidehousingfortourists,pointedoutRyanCastle,CEOofalocalassociationofrealter.“Alotofworkersareservicingthetouristindustry,andthetourismindustryisservicedbythosepeoplecominginshortterm,”Castlesaid,“andsoit’sacyclicaleffect.”Short-termrentalsthemselvesarenotthecruxoftheissue,saidKerenHorn,anexpertonaffordablehousingpolicy.“Ithinkindividualsbeingabletorentouttheirsecondhomeisagoodthing.Ifit’stheirvacationhomeanyway,andit’sjustempty,whycan’tyoumakemoneyoffit?”Hornsaid.Issuesarise,however,whendevelopersattempttocreatelarge-scaleshort-termrentalfacilities—defactohotels—tobypasstaxesandregulations.“Ithinkthequestionis,shouldn’tadeveloperwho’sreallybuildingahotel,butdisguisingitasnotahotel,betreatedandtaxedandregulatedlikeahotel?”Hornsaid.Attheendof,governorCharlieBakerofMassachusettssignedabilltoreininthosepotentialinvestor-buyers.Thebillrequireseveryrentalhosttoregisterwiththestatemandatestheycarryinsurance,andopensthepotentialforlocaltaxesontopofanewstatelevy.Bostontookthingsevenfurther,requiringrenterstoregisterwiththecity’sInspectionalServicesDepartment.Hornsaidsimilarregistrationrequirementscouldbenefitstrugglingcitiesandtowns,but“ifwewanttomakeachangeinthehousingmarket,themainoneiswehavetobuildalotmore.”26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofNewEngland?A.Itshousingsupplyisataverylowlevel.B.Itscommunitiesareinneedoffunding.C.Itsrentalvacancyrateisgoingupslowly.D.Itshomepricesareunderstrictcontrol.27.ThebillmentionedinParagraph2wasintendedtoA.curbshort-termrentalspeculation.B.ensurethesupplyofcheaphousing.C.punishillegaldealingsinhousing.D.allowafreeshort-termrentalmarket.28.ComparedwithCastle,TaylorismorelikelytosupportA.furtherinvestmentinlocaltourism.B.anincreaseinaffordablehousing.C.strictmanagementofrealestateagents.D.afavorablepolicyforshort-termworkers.29.WhatdoesHornemphasizeinParagraph5?A.Theurgencytoupgradeshort-termrentalfacilities.B.Theefficientoperationofthelocalhousingmarket.C.Thenecessitytostopdevelopersfromevadingtaxes.D.Theproperproceduresforrentingoutsparehouses.30.HornholdsthatimposingregistrationrequirementsisA.anirrationaldecision.B.anunfeasibleproposal.C.anunnecessarymeasure.D.aninadequatesolution.Text3Ifyou’reheadingforyournearestbranchofWaterstones,thebiggestbookretailerintheUK,insearchoftheDuchessofSussex’snewchildren’sbookTheBench,youmighthavetobepreparedtohuntaroundabit,thesamemaybetrueofThePresident’sDaughter,thenewthrillerbyBillClintonandJamesPatterson.BothofthesebooksarepublishednextweekbyPenguinRandomHouse(PRH),acompanycurrentlyinvolvedinastand-offwithWaterstones.Theproblembeganlatelastyear,whenPRHconfirmedthatithadintroducedacreditlimitwithWaterstones“ataverysignificantlevel”.ThetrademagazineTheBooksellerreportedthatWaterstonesbranchmanagerswerebeingtoldtoremovePRHbooksfromprominentareassuchastables,displayspacesandwindows,andwere“quietlyretiringthemtotheirrelevantsections”.PRHdeclinedtocommentontheissue,butaspokespersonforWaterstonestoldme:“WaterstonesarecurrentlyoperatingwithreducedcredittermsfromPRH,theonlypublisherintheUKtoplaceanylimitationsonourabilitytotrade.WearenotboycottingPRHtitlesbutwearedoingourutmosttoensurethatavailabilityforcustomersremainsgooddespitetheloweroveralllevelsofstock.Wearehopefulwithourshopsnowopenagainthatnormalitywillreturnandthatwewillbeallowedtobuyappropriately.Certainly,ourshopsareexceptionallybusy.ThesalesforourMayBooksoftheMonthsurpassedanymonthsince.”Inthemeantime,PRHauthorshavebeenthelosers.Big-namePRHauthorsmaysufferabit,butit’sthosemid-listauthors,whonormallyrelyonWaterstonesstaff’spassionforpromotingbooksbylesser-knownwriters,whowillbeprayingforanendtothedispute.ItcomesatatimewhenauthorsarealreadyworriedabouttheconsequencesoftheproposedmergerbetweenPRHandanotherbigpublisher,SimonSchuster—thereductioninthenumberofunalignedUKpublishersislikelytoleadtofewerbiddingwars,loweradvances,andmoreconformityintermsofwhatispublished.“Thisisallpartofawiderchangetowardsconcentrationofpower,”saysliteraryagentAndrewLownie.“Thepublishingindustrytalksaboutdiversityintermsofauthorsandstaffbutitalsoneedsapluralityofwaysofdeliveringintellectualcontact,choiceanddifferentvoices.Afterall,manyofthemostinterestingbooksinrecentyearshavecomefromsmallpublishers.”Weshallseewhetherthatpluralityisacasualtyofthecurrentneedamongpublisherstobebigenoughtotakeonall-comers.31.TheauthormentionstwobooksinParagraph1topresentA.anongoingconflict.B.anintellectualconcept.C.aprevailingsentiment.D.aliteraryphenomenon.32.WhydidWaterstonesshopsretirePRHbookstotheirrelevantsections?A.Tomakethemeasilynoticeable.B.TocomplywithPRH’srequirement.C.TorespondtoPRH’sbusinessmove.D.Toarrangetheminasystematicway.33.WhatmessagedoesthespokespersonforWaterstonesseemtoconvey?A.Theircustomersremainloyal.B.Thecreditlimitwillberemoved.C.Theirstockisunderestimated.D.Thebookmarketisratherslack.34.Whatcanbeoneconsequenceofthecurrentdispute?A.Salesofbooksbymid-listPRHwritersfalloffconsiderably.B.Lesser-knownPRHwritersbecomethetargetofcriticism.C.Waterstonesstaffhesitatetopromotebig-nameauthors’books.D.Waterstonesbranchessufferaseverereductioninrevenue.35.WhichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsLownie’sview?A.Smallpublishersoughttosticktogether.B.Bigpublisherswilllosetheirdominance.C.Thepublishingindustryishavingahardtime.D.Themergerofpublishersisaworryingtrend.Text4Scientificpapersaretherecordkeepersofprogressinresearch.Eachyearresearcherspublishmillionsofpapersinmorethan30,000journals.Thescientificcommunitymeasuresthequalityofthosepapersinanumberofways,includingtheperceivedqualityofthejournal(asreflectedbythetitle’simpactfactor)andthenumberofcitationsaspecificpaperaccumulates.Thecareersofscientistsandthereputationoftheirinstitutionsdependonthenumberandprestigeofthepaperstheyproduce,butevenmoresoonthecitationsattractedbythesepapers.Citationcartels,wherejournals,authors,andinstitutionsconspiretoinflatecitationnumbers,haveexistedforalongtime.In,researchersdevelopedanalgorithmtorecognizesuspiciouscitationpatterns,includinggroupsofauthorsthatdisproportionatelyciteoneanotherandgroupsofjournalsthatciteeachotherfrequentlytoincreasetheimpactfactorsoftheirpublications.Recently,anotherexpressionofthispredatorybehaviorhasemerged:so-calledsupportserviceconsultanciesthatprovidelanguageandothereditorialsupporttoindividualauthorsandtojournalssometimesadvisecontributorstoaddanumberofcitationstotheirarticles.Theadventofelectronicpublishingandauthors’needtofindoutletsfortheirpapersresultedinthousandsofnewjournals.Thebirthofpredatoryjournalswasn’tfarbehind.Thesejournalscanactasmilkcowswhereeverysinglearticleinanissuemayciteaspecificpaperoraseriesofpapers.Insomeinstances,thereisabsolutelynorelationshipbetweenthecontentofthearticleandthecitations.Thepeculiarpartisthatthejournalthattheeditorissupposedlyworkingforisnotprofitingatall—itisjustprovidingcitationstootherjournals.Suchpracticescanleadanarticletoaccruemorethan150citationsinthesameyearthatitwaspublished.Howinsidiousisthistypeofcitationmanipulation?Inoneexample,anindividual-actingasauthor,editor,andconsultant—wasabletouseatleast15journalsascitationproviderstoarticlespublishedbyfivescientistsatthreeuniversities.TheproblemisrampantinScopus,acitationdatabase,whichincludesahighnumberofthenew“international”journals.Infact,alistinginScopusseemstobeacriteriontobetargetedinthistypeofcitationmanipulation.Scopusitselfhasallthedatanecessarytodetectthismalpractice.Redflagsincludealargenumberofcitationstoanarticlewithinthefirstyear.Andforauthorswhowishtosteerclearofcitationcartelactivities:whenaneditor,areviewer,orasupportserviceasksyoutoaddinappropriatereferences,donotobligeanddoreporttherequesttothejournal.36.AccordingtoParagraph1,thecareersofscientistscanbedeterminedby________.A.howmanycitationstheirworkscontain.B.howmanytimestheirpapersarecited.C.theprestigeofthepeopletheyworkwith.D.thestatustheyhaveinscientificcircles.37.Thesupportserviceconsultanciestendto________.A.recommendjournalstotheirclientsB.listcitationpatternstheirclientsC.askauthorstoincludeextracitationsD.advisecontributorstociteeachother38.TheFunctionofthe“milkcow”journalsisto________.A.boostcitationcountsforcertainauthorsB.helpscholarspublisharticlesatlowcostC.instructFirst-timecontributorsincitationD.increasethereadershipofnewjournals39.WhatcanbelearnedaboutScopusfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.ItFosterscompetitionamongcitationproviders.B.Ithasthecapabilitytoidentifysuspiciouscitations.C.Ithindersthegrowthof“international”journals.D.Itisestablishedtopreventcitationmanipulation.40.Whatshouldanauthordotodealwithcitationmanipulators?A.Takelegalaction.B.Demandanapology.C.SeekprofessionaladviceD.Revealtheirmisconduct.PartBDirections:Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Handfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsA,EandHhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Lastyearmarksthe150thanniversaryofaseriesofYellowstonephotographsbytherenownedlandscapephotographerWilliamHenryJackson.Hecapturedthefirst-evershotsoficoniclandmarkssuchastheTetons,OldFaithfulandtheColoradoRockies.Jacksonsnappedthemonalate19th-centuryexpeditionthroughtheYellowstoneBasinthatwasconductedbytheheadoftheU.S.GeologicalandGeographicalSurveyoftheTerritories,FerdinandV.Hayden.Theteamincludedameteorologist,azoologist,amineralogist,andanagriculturalstatistician.[B]Twocenturiesago,theideaofpreservingnature,ratherthanexploitingit,wasanovelonetomanyU.S.settlers.Oneoftheturningpointsinpublicsupportforlandconservationefforts—andrecognizingthemagnificenceoftheYellowstoneregioninparticular—cameintheformofvividphotographs.[C]AsaneffectiveWashingtonoperator,Haydensensedthathecouldcapitalizeontheexpedition’sstunningvisuals.HeaskedJacksontoprintoutlargecopiesanddistributedthem,alongwithreproductionsofMoran’spaintings,toeachmemberofCongress.“Thevisualization,particularlythosephotographs,reallyhithomethatthisissomethingthathastobeprotected,”saysMurphy.[D]Throughoutthetrip,Jacksonjuggledmultiplecamerasandplatesizesusingthecollisionprocessthatinvolvedcoatingtheplateswithachemicalmixture,exposingthemanddevelopingtheresultingimageswithaportabledarkrooms.Thecrudetechniquerequirededucatedguessesonexposurestimes,andinvolvedheavy,awkwardequipment—severalmenhadtoassistinitstransportation.Despitethesechallenges,Jacksoncaptureddozensofstrikingphotos,rangingfrommajesticimageslikehisnow-famoussnapshotofoldfaithful,tocasualportraitsofexpeditionmembersthatthecamp.Whileveteransofpreviousexpeditionshadwrittenatlengthaboutstunningsights,thesevividphotographswereanotherthingentirely.[E]Thewell-documentedYellowstonejourneyofficiallybeganinOgden,UtahonJune8,1871.Overnearlyfourmonths,dozensofmenmadetheirwayonhorsebackintoMontanaandtraversedalongtheYellowstoneRiverandaroundYellowstoneLake.Thatfall,theyconcludedthesurveyinFortBridger,Wyoming.[F]ThoughNativeAmericans(andlaterminersandfurtrappers)hadlongrecognizedthearea’sriches,mostAmericansdidnot.That’swhyHayden’sexpeditionaimedtoproduceafullerunderstandingoftheYellowstoneRiverregion,fromitshotspringsandwaterfallstoitsvarietyoffloraandfauna.Inadditiontotheentourageofscientists,theteamalsoincludedartists:PainterThomasMoranandphotographerWilliamHenryJacksonwerechargedwithcapturingthisastoundingnaturalbeautyandsharingitwiththeworld.[G]ThebillprovedlargelypopularandsailedthroughCongresswithlargemajoritiesinfavor.Inquicksuccession,theSenateandHousepassedlegislationprotectingYellowstoneinearly1872.[H]Perhapsmostimportantly,theseimagesprovideddocumentaryevidenceofthepark’ssightsthatlatermadeitswaytogovernmentofficials.Weeksaftercompletingtheexpedition,Haydencollectedhisteam’sobservationsintoanextensivereportaimedatconvincingsenatorsandrepresentatives,alongwithcolleaguesatgovernmentagenciesliketheDepartmentoftheInterior,thatYellowstoneoughttobepreserved.2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)参考答案41-45：BFDCGPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)TherehasbeensomeexplorationaroundtheuseofAIindigitalmarketing.Forexample,AIcanbeusedtoanalysewhattypeofadvertisingcontentorcopywouldbeappropriateto‘speak’toaspecifictargetcustomergroupbyrevealinginformationabouttrendsandpreferencesthroughtheanalysisofbigdata.(46)AIcanalsobeusedtoidentifythelifestyleschoicesofcustomersregardingtheirhobbies,favoritecelebrities,andfashionstoprovideuniquecontentinmarketingmessagesputoutthroughsocialmedia.Atthesametime,AIcanalsobeusedtogeneratecontentforsocialmediapostsandchatsites.AIcanalsoprovideabridgebetweentheneedofthebrandtocommunicateemotionallywiththecustomerandidentifyingtheirrapidlychangingneeds.ThemaindisadvantageofusingAItorespondtocustomersisthatthereareconcernsabouttrustingpersonalinteractionstomachines,whichcouldleadnotonlytothesubsequentlossofinterpersonalconnections,butalsotoadecreaseinmarketingpersonnel.(47)SomebelievethatAIisnegativelyimpactingonthemarketer’srolebyreducingcreativityandremovingjobs,buttheyareawarethatitisawayofreducingcostsandcreatingnewinformation.ByallowingAItodevelopcontentsomebrand,marketersmayfindthattheyarelosingcontroloverthebrandnarrative.(48)Algorithmsusedtosimulatehumaninteractionsarecreatingmanyofthoseconcerns,especiallyasnooneisquitesurewhattheoutcomesofusingAItointeractwithcustomerswillbe.ForAItobesuccessful,dataneedstobeaccessible,buttheuseofpersonaldataisbecomingmoreregulatedandtheautomatedsharingofdataisbecomingmoredifficult.(49)Ifcustomersarenotwillingtosharedata,AIwillbestarvedofessentialinformationandwillnotbeabletofun