会计经典管理案例1 在线

Cost

Terms,

Concepts,

andClassificationsChapter2MegaLoMartComparingMerchandising

andManufacturing

ActivitiesMerchandisers

.

.

.Buy

finished

goods.Sell

finished

goods.Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturers

.

.

.Buy

raw

materials.Produce

and

sellfinished

goods.Manufacturing

Cost

ConceptsFinancialAccountingCost

is

a

measure

ofresources

used

orgiven

up

to

achieveastated

purpose.ManagerialAccountingProduct

costs

are

thecosts

a

companyassigns

to

unitsproduced.Irwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

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200The

ProductDirectMaterialsDirectLaborManufacturingOverheadIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturing

CostsDirect

MaterialsThose

materials

that

become

an

integral

partof

the

product

and

that

canbeconvenientlytraced

directly

to

it.Example:

A

radio

installed

in

an

automobileIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Direct

LaborThose

labor

costs

that

can

be

easily

traced

toindividual

units

of

product.Example:

Wages

paid

to

automobile

assembly

workersIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturing

OverheadManufacturing

costs

that

cannot

be

traceddirectly

to

specific

units

produced.Examples:

Indirect

labor

and

indirect

materialsWages

paid

to

employeeswho

are

not

directlyinvolved

in

productionwork.Examples:

maintenanceworkers,

janitors

andsecurity

guards.Materials

used

to

supportthe

production

process.Irwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Examples:

lubricants

andcleaning

supplies

used

in

theautomobile

assembly

plant.Classifications

of

CostsDirectMaterialsDirectLaborManufacturingOverheadPrimeCostConversionCostIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturing

costs

are

oftencombined

as

follows:Nonmanufacturing

CostsMarketing

and

selling

costs

.

.

.Costs

necessary

to

get

the

order

and

deliver

theproduct.Administrative

costs

.

.

.All

executive,

organizational,

and

clerical

cosIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Product

Costs

Versus

Period

CostsProduct

costs

includedirect

materials,

directlabor,

andmanufacturingoverhead.Period

costs

are

notInventoryCost

of

Good

SoldBalanceSheetIncomeStatementSaleincluded

in

productcosts.

They

areexpensedon

theincome

statement.ExpenseIncomeStatementIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

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200MerchandiserCurrent

AssetsCashReceivablesPrepaid

ExpensesMerchandise

InventoryManufacturerCurrent

Assetsv

Cashv

Receivablesv

Prepaid

Expensesv

InventoriesRaw

MaterialsWork

in

ProcessFinished

GoodsIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Balance

SheetManufacturerCurrent

Assetsv

CashMvaRtecreiiavlasblweasiting

tov

PrbepapirdocEexspseenesde.sv

InventoriesRaw

MaterialsWork

in

ProcessFinished

GoodsBalance

SheetMerchandiserCurrent

AssetsCashReceivablesPrepaid

ExpensesMPearcthiaanldliysyecIonmvpelnetoery

products

–

somematerial,

labor,

oroverhead

has

beenadded.Completed

productsawaiting

sale.Irwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200The

Income

StatementCost

of

goods

sold

for

manufacturers

differs

onlyslightly

from

cost

of

goods

sold

for

merchandisersIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturing

CostFlowsIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Balance

SheetCostsMaterial

PurchasesInventoriesRaw

MaterialsIncomeStatementExpensesManufacturing

CostFlowsManufacturingOverheadWork

inProcessDirect

LaborBalance

SheetCostsMaterial

PurchasesIncomeStatementExpensesInventoriesRaw

MaterialsIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturing

CostFlowsManufacturingOverheadWork

inProcessFinishedGoodsCost

ofGoodsSoldDirect

LaborBalance

SheetCostsMaterial

PurchasesIncomeStatementExpensesInventoriesRaw

MaterialsIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Manufacturing

CostFlowsManufacturingOverheadWork

inProcessFinishedGoodsCost

ofGoodsSoldSelling

andAdministrativeDirect

LaborBalance

SheetCostsMaterial

PurchasesIncomeStatementExpensesSelling

andAdministrativePeriod

CostsInventoriesRaw

MaterialsIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Inventory

FlowsBeginningbalance$$Available$$$$$_Additions$$$+=Withdrawals$$$=Endingbalance$$Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Product

Costs

-

A

Closer

LookBeginning

inventoryis

the

inventorycarried

over

fromthe

prior

period.Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200As

items

are

removedfromrawmaterials

inventory

and

placed

intothe

production

process,

they

arecalled

direct

materials.Product

Costs

-

A

Closer

LookIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Conversioncosts

are

costsincurred

toconvert

thedirect

materialinto

a

finishedproduct.Irwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Product

Costs

-

A

Closer

LookAll

manufacturing

costs

incurredduring

the

period

are

addedto

thebeginning

balance

of

work

inprocess.Product

Costs

-

A

Closer

LookIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Product

Costs

-

A

Closer

LookCosts

associated

with

the

goods

thatare

completed

during

the

period

aretransferred

to

finished

goodsinventory.Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Product

Costs

-

A

Closer

LookIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Resource

FlowsBeginning

raw

materials

inventory

was

$32,000.During

the

month,

$276,000

of

raw

material

waspurchased.

A

count

at

the

end

of

the

monthrevealed

that

$28,000

of

raw

material

was

stillIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200present.used?What

is

the

cost

of

direct

materiala.$276,000b.$272,000c.$280,000d.$

2,000Beginning

raw

materials

inventory

was

$32,000.During

the

month,

$276,000

of

raw

material

waspurchased.

A

count

at

the

end

of

the

monthrevealed

that

$28,000

of

raw

material

was

stillpresent.used?What

is

the

cost

of

direct

materiala.$276,000b.$272,000c.$280,000d.$

2,000Resource

FlowsIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Resource

FlowsDirect

materials

used

in

production

totaled$280,000.

Direct

Labor

was

$375,000andfactory

overhead

was

$180,000.

What

weretotal

manufacturing

costs

incurred

for

themonth?$555,000$835,000$655,000Cannot

be

determined.Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Direct

materials

used

in

production

totaled$280,000.

Direct

Labor

was

$375,000andfactory

overhead

was

$180,000.

What

weretotal

manufacturing

costs

incurred

for

themonth?$555,000$835,000$655,000Cannot

be

determined.Resource

FlowsIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Resource

FlowsBeginning

work

in

process

was

$125,000.Manufacturing

costs

incurred

for

the

monthwere

$835,000.

There

were

$200,000

ofpartially

finished

goods

remaining

in

work

inprocess

inventory

at

the

end

of

the

month.What

was

the

cost

of

goods

manufacturedduring

the

month?Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200$

910,000$

760,000a.

$1,160,000b.c.d.Cannot

be

determined.Beginning

work

in

process

was

$125,000.Manufacturing

costs

incurred

for

the

monthwere

$835,000.

There

were

$200,000

ofpartially

finished

goods

remaining

in

work

inprocess

inventory

at

the

end

of

the

month.What

was

the

cost

of

goods

manufacturedduring

the

month?$

910,000$

760,000a.

$1,160,000b.c.d.Cannot

be

determined.Resource

FlowsIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Cost

Classifications

for

PredictCost

BehaviorHow

a

cost

will

react

tochanges

in

the

level

ofbusiness

activity.Total

variable

costschange

when

activitychanges.Total

fixed

costsremain

unchangedwhen

activity

changes.Irwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Total

Variable

CostYour

total

long

distance

telephone

billbased

on

how

many

minutes

you

talk.Minutes

TalkedIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Total

Long

DistanceTelephone

BillVariable

Cost

Per

UnitMinutes

TalkedPer

MinuteTelephone

ChargeThe

cost

per

long

distance

minute

talked

isconstant.

For

example,

10

cents

per

minute.Irwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Total

Fixed

CostYour

monthly

basic

telephone

bill

probabldoes

not

change

when

you

make

more

localcalls.Number

of

Local

CallsMonthly

Basic

Telephone

BillIrwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Fixed

Cost

Per

UnitNumber

of

Local

CallsMonthly

Basic

TelephoneBill

per

Local

CallThe

average

cost

per

local

call

decreases

asmore

local

calls

are

made.Irwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Cost

Classifications

for

PredictCost

BehaviorIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

Inc.,

200Cost

BehaviorFixed

costs

are

usually

characterized

by:Unit

costs

that

remain

constant.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity decreases.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity increases.Total

costs

that

remain

constant.Irwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Fixed

costs

are

usually

characterized

by:Unit

costs

that

remain

constant.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity decreases.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity increases.Total

costs

that

remain

constant.Cost

BehaviorIrwin/Mc

Graw-Hill©

The

McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Cost

BehaviorVariable

costs

are

usually

characterized

by:Irwin/Mc

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The

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Companies,

Inc.,

200a.Unit

costs

that

decrease

as

activityincreases.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity decreases.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity increases.Total

costs

that

remain

constant.Variable

costs

are

usually

characterized

by:Unit

costs

that

decrease

as

activity increases.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity decreases.Total

costs

that

increase

as

activity increases.Total

costs

that

remain

constant.Cost

BehaviorIrwin/Mc

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Companies,

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200Direct

Costs

and

Indirect

CostsDirect

costsCosts

that

can

beeasily

and

convenientlytraced

to

a

unit

ofproduct

or

other

costobjective.Examples:

directmaterial

and

direct

laborIndirect

costsCosts

cannot

be

easilyand

conveniently

tracedto

a

unit

of

product

orother

cost

object.Example:manufacturing

overheadIrwin/Mc

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200Differential

Costs

and

RevenuesCosts

and

revenues

that

differ

amongalternatives.Example:

You

have

a

job

paying

$1,500

per

month

inyour

hometown.

You

have

a

job

offer

in

a

neighboringcity

that

pays

$2,000

per

month.

The

commuting

costto

the

city

is

$300

per

month.Differential

revenue

is:$2,000

–

$1,500

=

$500Irwin/Mc

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McGraw-Hill

Companies,

Inc.,

200Differential