英美文化概论纯正英语版InroducionoheUK

TheSocietyandCultureofMajorEnglish-SpeakingCountries1课程意义

本课程旨在帮助英语学习者了解英美国家的社会与文化概况,如地理﹑历史﹑政治﹑经济﹑教育﹑社会生活和文化传统等方面的基础知识。使语言教学与文化知识紧密结合，从而促进英语学习。同时，通过文化知识和文化修养来提高人的性情﹑趣味﹑道德和价值标准。2参考书目1.朱永涛,2005,英语国家社会与文化入门.北京:高等教育出版社.2.朱永涛,2003,英美文化基础教程.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.3.王佐良,1992,欧洲文化入门.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.4.来安方,1995,英美概况.郑州:河南教育出版社.34

MainEnglish-speakingCountries

theUKIrelandU.S.A.CanadaAustraliaNewZealand5TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandABriefIntroductionoftheUKTheGovernmentoftheUKBritishForeignRelationsBritishEducationSystemTheEconomyofUKPolitics,ClassandRaceinBritainSports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritain6Unit1

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom7AbriefintroductiontotheUKIntroductiontotheUK◆Areaandpopulation◆Britain’sroleinthepastandnow◆EnglishGentleman◆Class-structureintheUK◆London◆England◆Scotland◆Wales8910FourpartsofBritainBritain

theislandoftheGreatBritainEnglandScotlandWalesNorthernIrelandTheUnitedkingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland?Fullname

11英国国旗

12英国国旗：呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2∶1。为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。此旗产生于1801年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。

13

英国国徽(nationalemblem)14英国国徽即是英国皇室的徽章，左上、右下两部分图案相同，即红地上绘有3头金色雄狮，它们代表着英格兰；右上方点缀着鸢尾花的方框中有一头跃立的红狮，是苏格兰的标志，左下方镶嵌在蓝地中的金色银弦竖琴象征爱尔兰。一条嘉得勋章的蓝色绥带环绕盾徽，上面铭刻着英国上层社会的一句格言：“恶有恶报”。盾徽两侧分别侍立着一头英国王狮和银色的苏格兰独角兽，上方有一顶金银相嵌的头盔，其上供奉着华丽富贵的帝国冠冕。盾徽底部的白色丝带上英王的座右铭熠熠闪光：“神赐予我权利”。

15Nationalsong“GodSavetheQueen”or“GodSavetheKing”16ChiefoftheState–Queen:ElizabethⅡ17Area244820sqkmland241590sqkmWater3232sqkmPopulation61.4million(byJune2008)18Comparison地区面积（平方公里）人口英国24万6140万山东省16万9082万济南市8177605万广西省23万4822万北京1.6万1423万19PopulationoftheUnitedKingdom(inmillions)England50.187Scotland5.109Wales2.95N.Ireland1.708ThemakeupofBritishpopulation20ThemakeupofBritishpopulationImmigrationfromsomeofthoseCommonwealthcountries,whichwasencouragedinthe1950sand1960s,hasproducedapopulationofwhich1in20areofnon-Europeanethnicity(suchasIndia,Pakistan,thecountriesoftheCaribbean),soit’samultiracialsociety.返回21Britain’sroleinthepastandnow

BeforetheWWIIahugeoverseasempire.AftertheWWIInolongeranimperialcountry.WithindependenceofmanyformercoloniessuchasAustralia,Canada,IndiawhichmaintainlinkswithBritainnowthroughalooseandvoluntaryorganizationcalledNowtheroleasamemberofEuropeanUnion(欧盟)(1973)ismoreusefulwhenconsideringmodernBritaintoemphasizeitsroleasaEuropeannation,ratherthanitsmembershipoftheCommonwealth.Nowitremainsarelativelywealthycountry,amemberoflargedeveloped

economies.Onaverage,thesouthismorewealthythanthenorth.

返回theCommonwealthofNations(英联邦国家)22AStereotype:EnglishGentleman

ManypeoplewhothinkofBritainthinkoftheEnglishgentleman.ButthisisjustastereotypewhichneverappliedtothemajorityoftheBritishpeople,andreallyhaslittlevaliditytoday.返回23Class-structureintheUKMostcountrieshavesomekindofclasssystem,butit’struetosaythattheclassstructureoftheUKsocietyisrelativelyobvious.They(factoryworkervsstockbroker)tendtoreaddifferentnewspapers,watchdifferentTVprograms,speakwithadifferentaccent,dodifferentthingsintheirfreetime,andhavedifferentexpectationsfortheirchildren.

Inrecentdecades,moreandmorepeoplehavefeltthattheybelongtothemiddleclassandlesstotheworkingclass.

24LondonLondonisinthesouthofthecountry,and,isdominantintheUKinallsortsofways.1)Thelargestcityinthecountry,withaboutoneseventhofthenation’spopulation;2)Theseatofgovernment3)Theculturalcentre,hometoallthemajornewspapers,TVstations,andthewidestselectionofgalleries,theatresandmuseums.Majornewspapers:TimesTheGuardianTheFinancialTimesTheDailyTelegraphTheObserverTheDailyExpressTheDailyMail《泰晤士报》.《卫报》.《金融时报》.《每日电讯报》.《观察家报》.《每日快报》.《每日邮报》Museum:TheBritishMuseum大英博物馆世界三大博物馆？大英博物馆，纽约的大都会艺术博物馆，巴黎的卢浮宫中国三大博物馆？

故宫博物院，南京博物院，台北故宫博物馆WhenamanistiredofLondon,heistiredoflife;forthereisinLondonallthatlifecanafford.---SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)25TVstations:

BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation)SkyNews天空新闻频道成立于１９８９年，是英国第一个２４小时新闻频道。全球４０多个国家能够收看到这一频道。

264)Thebusinessandfinancialcenter,headquartersofthevastmajorityofBritain’sbigcompanies,oneofthethreemajorinternationalfinancialcenters.

ButLondonalsofacestransportationandotherenvironmentalproblems.27Englandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivingincities,andonly2%ofthepopulationworkinginagriculture.Englandisthelargestofthefournations,andithasbyfarthelargestpopulation.Thisdominationinsizeisreflectedinaculturalandeconomicdominancetoo,whichhastheresultthatpeopleinforeigncountriessometimesmakethemistakeoftalkingaboutEnglandwhentheymeantheUK.Significantly,peopleinEnglandsometimesmakethatmistaketoo,butpeopleintheotherthreenationswouldnot:theymightcallthemselvesBritish,ortheymightcallthemselvesScottishorWelshorIrish,buttheycertainlywouldn’tcallthemselvesEnglish.Soofthefournations,theEnglishfeelmostBritish.England28Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions.Beforethe1stcenturyAD,itwasmadeupoftribalkingdomsofCelticpeople(凯尔特人)→in43AD,invadedbytheRomanEmpire(罗马帝国)，EnglandandWales(thoughnotScotlandandIreland)becameapartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years(tillthe5thcenturyAD)29→theGermanic日尔曼人

(theAngles盎格鲁人

andtheSaxon撒克逊人)invasion,theAnglo-SaxonseitherabsorbedtheCelticpeople,orpushedthemtothewesternornorthernedgesofBritain.Anglo-SaxoninvadersbecametheforefathersoftheEnglish,thefoundersof“Angle-land”or“England”asithasbecomeknown.30KingArthurItissaidthatinthefifthcenturyAD,KingArthurunitedtheBritish,andwithhismagicalsword,Excalibur,drovetheSaxonsout.AccordingtothelegendArthurgatheredacompanyofknightstohim,whosattogetheratArthur’scastleatCamelot.ConflictsbetweenhisknightsledtoArthurcreatingthefamous“roundtable”atwhichallwouldhaveequalprecedence.注：KingArthur-亚瑟国王，6世纪时英格兰统治者，圆桌武士的领袖。亚瑟的骑士们经常为开会时座位问题而争吵，致使亚瑟采用著名的圆桌，这样，骑士们就无法分出地位的高低主次了。31

PerhapsthiscouldbeseenasanindicatorofthewayinwhichtheEnglishhavewishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictator,andhaveinfactmanagedtograduallybindthemonarchyintoamoredemocraticsystem,ratherthancompletelyrejectingit.32→Fromthelate8thcenturytillthe10th,raidersfromScandinavia(斯堪的纳维亚),theferociousVikings(北欧海盗),threatenedBritain’sshores,leadingtolargeareasofnorthernandeasternEnglandwereundertheircontrol.33

→Theyearof1066,Normaninvasion(诺曼人),fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendentsofVikings.UnderWilliamNormandy(knownas“WilliamtheConqueror”(征服者威廉一世),theycrossedtheEnglishChannelin1066,andintheBattleofHastings,defeatedanEnglisharmyunderKingHarold(英格兰最后一位撒克逊民族的国王).ThismarksthelasttimethatanarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceededininvading.WilliamtooktheEnglishthrone(加冕为英格兰国王),andbecameWilliamthefirstofEngland.TheTowerofLondon,acastleinthecenterofLondonwhichhebuilt,stillstandstoday.34英国人心中的“故宫”：伦敦塔注:ThetowerofLondon-伦敦塔，伦敦塔是一座蹲伏式的石头建筑，由高低起伏、功能不同的若干建筑组成。伦敦塔位于泰晤士河北岸，伦敦塔桥附近，是伦敦著名古迹之一。威廉一世于11世纪为保卫和控制整个伦敦桥而建造了该塔，占地18英亩。经过历代君主的扩建和修整，整个建筑反映了英国不同朝代的建筑风格。10个世纪以来，曾作过堡垒，王宫，监狱，皇家铸币厂和伦敦档案馆。现在是王冠、王袍、兵器和盔甲陈列馆。35

→

Thenext300yearsmaybethoughtofasaNormanaristocracy(French-speaking)rulingalargelySaxonandEnglishspeakingpopulation(legend:RobinHood,theSaxonnoblemanoppressedbytheNormans,robfromtherichtogivetothepoor)36→thenextfewhundredyearsfollowingtheNormaninvasionwasaprocessofjoiningtogetherthevariouspartsoftheBritishIslesunderEnglishrule;atthesametime,powerwasgraduallytransferred(转移)fromthemonarch(君主)toparliament(议会,国会).Atthattime,CharlestheFirst’sattempttooverruleparliamentinthe1640sledtoacivilwarinwhichparliamentaryforceswerevictorious,andthekingwasexecuted.→1640-1651,Englandwasruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwell(克伦威尔)→in1651,themonarchwasrestored.37→in1688,theparliamentinvitedWilliamandMary(fromHolland)totakethethrone,thusfinallyestablishingparliament’sdominanceoverthethrone(1689年,议会通过权利法案,限制国王权力,从此确立延续至今的君主立宪制)

返回.38BigBen39TowerBridge,London40GlassandOldBrick

41ChelseaBridge42NightStreet

43BuckinghamPalace

444546St.Paul’sCathedral圣保罗大教堂

47St.Paul'sCathedral48492023/11/285051Hydepark,London52BritishMuseum

53WindsorCastle54城堡简介温莎城堡(WindsorCastle），位于英国英格兰东南部区域伯克郡温莎-梅登黑德皇家自治市镇温莎，是世界上有人居住的城堡中最大的一个。城堡的地板面积大约有45,000平方公尺（484,000平方英呎)。与伦敦的白金汉宫、爱丁堡的荷里路德宫（HolyroodPalace）一样，温莎城堡也是英国君主主要的行政官邸。现任的英国女王伊丽莎白二世每年有相当多的时间在温莎城堡温莎城堡中的王后谒见厅(1819年)度过，在这里进行国家或是私人的娱乐活动。她的另外两栋宅邸则是皇室的私人住宅，分别是桑德林汉姆别墅（SandringhamHouse）及巴尔莫勒尔堡（BalmoralCastle）。有许多英国的国王与王后对城堡的建造与扩展有直接的影响，是他们的要塞、住所与行政官邸，有时甚至是监狱。城堡的历史也和英国的君主体制有相当密切的关连，跟随着温莎城堡的历史可以追溯到当时统治的英国君主。在和平时期时，温莎城堡会扩建许多巨大且华丽的房间；在战争时期，城堡则会加强防卫，这个模式直到现在仍然不变。55ImperialWarMuseum

帝国战争博物馆

5610Downingstreet57

WestminsterAbbey

威斯敏斯特大教堂

58HouseofParliament国会大厦

59LondonTower伦敦塔60RoyalGreenwichObservatory(RGO)61PrimeMeridian62FishandChips63Scotland1)thesecondlargestofthefournationsbothinpopulation(5.1million)andgeographicalarea(78822sqkm)2)almostmostconfidentofitsownidentitybecausealoneamongstthenon-EnglishcomponentsoftheUK,ithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.3)twoparts:mountainsandlakesinthenorth(theHighlands)andinthesouth(theSouthernUplands);betweenthetwohighland(高地)areasislowlandzone(低地)wherethreequartersofthepopulationlives.4)Glasgow(格拉斯哥)isScotland’slargestcity.5)Edinburgh(爱丁堡)isScotland’scapitalcity.64655)ScotlandwasnotruledbytheRomans,

thoughtheydidtryto,andforawhileoccupiedasfarastheedgeofthenorthernhighlandzone.ButthedifficultyofmaintainingtheirruletherecausedthemtoretreattoalineroughlyequivalenttothecontemporaryboundarybetweenEnglandandScotland.Alongthisline,fromseatosea,they,liketheChinese,builtawalltomarkthenorthernedgeoftheirdomain,andtohelpdefendit.Itiscalled“Hardrain’sWall”("哈德良长城")6667686)NorwasmostofScotlandconqueredbytheAnglo-Saxons.(Germanic)7)ButlikeEngland,ScotlandbegantoexperienceVikingraidsinthe9thcentury,anditwasthepressurefromthisoutsidethreatthatledScottishkingstounify.698)In1603,QueenElizabeth(1533-1603)theFirstofEnglanddiedchildless,andthenextinlinetothethronewasJamestheSixthofScotland,sohealsobecameJamestheFirstofEngland,unifyingthetwothrones.ButforanotherhundredyearsScotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.9)However,in1707,byagreementoftheEnglishandScottishparliaments,ScotlandjoinedtheUnion.(TherefollowedtworebellionsforScottishindependencein1715and1745).10)ScotlandissuperficiallyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.返回70---BagpipesareveryfamousinScotland.71---Kilt:notScottishskirt

72---Socialgatheringknownasceilidhwereverypopularinthetraditionalcultureinwhichfolkstoriesweretold.73Scottishstep-dancing:

74

Scotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.TheinventorofthetelephonewasaScot.Itswritershavegivenworldsuchwell-knownworkas“AuldLangSyne”(byRobertBurns,whowroteintheScotsdialect).75Auldlangsyne

歌手：barenakedladies

Shouldauldacquaintancebeforgot

Andneverbroughttomind?

Shouldauldacquaintancebeforgot

AnddaysofAuldLangSyne.

ForAuldLangSyne,mydear,

ForAuldLangSyne,

We'lltakeacupofkindnessyet

ForAuldLangSyne.

Andhere'sthehand,mytrustyfriend

Andgivesahandofthine

We'lltakeacupofkindnessyet

ForAuldLangSyne.

ForAuldLangSyne,mydear,

ForAuldLangSyne,

We'lltakeacupofkindnessyet

ForAuldLangSyne.

AuldLangSyne这首诗被人谱了曲，在每年新年零点到来之时，全欧美都会齐唱的这首不朽之作。在经典电影“魂断蓝桥”中，此曲被用作为主旋律。1.Auld相当于Old,AuldLangSyne相当于OldLongSince，意思是Thegoodolddays.

49.mp3友谊地久天长

怎能忘记旧日朋友

心中能不怀念？

旧日朋友怎能相忘，

友谊地久天长。

我们往日情意相投，

让我们紧握手，

让我们举杯痛饮，

友谊地久天长。

友情常在我心，

亲密的朋友

举杯痛饮，

同声歌唱友谊地久天长。

76ARed,RedRose红红的玫瑰

RobertBurns罗伯特·彭斯

O,myLuve\'slikeared,redrose,

That\'snewlysprunginJune.

O,myLuve\'slikeamelodie

That\'ssweetlyplay\'dintune.

asfairasthou,mybonnielass,

SodeepinluveamI;

AndIwilllovetheestill,mydear,

Tilla\'theseasgangdry.

Tilla\'theseasgangdry,mydear,

Andtherocksmeltwi\'thesun:

Iwilllovethesstill,mydear,

Whilethesandso\'lifeshallrun:

Andfaretheewell,myonlyluve!

Andfaretheeweel,awhile!

AndIwillcomeagain,myluve,

Tho\'itwaretenthousandmile.哦，爱人像红红的玫瑰，

六月初绽芬芳；

哦，爱人像美妙的乐曲，

旋律轻轻流淌。

好姑娘，散发美丽光芒，

爱你情深意切；

亲爱的，我要永远爱你，

直到四海枯竭。

亲爱的，直到四海枯竭，

太阳烧裂岩石；

亲爱的，我要永远爱你，

只要尚存一息。

再见吧，我唯一的爱人！

不过别离片刻！

亲爱的，我会与你重逢，

纵使万里相隔。

ARedRedRose.mp377TownHall78CaverlockCastle79SanquharCastle80LowlandValleys81ThePeople'sPalace82GlasgowMuseumofTransport83UniveristyofGlasgowcampusoutsidetheHunterianGalleryandMuseum84EdinburghCastle85EdinburghParliament86ScottMonument87WalesArea:amongthefournationsoftheUK,itisrelativelyverysmall,justalittlelargerthanNorthernIreland.ItisclosetothemostdenselypopulatedpartsofcentralEnglandandhasnonaturalboundary,soithasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthantheothernationsoftheunion.Language:(EnglishandWelsh);WalesalsoremainsapowerfulsenseofitsdifferencefromEngland,itremainsitsownlanguage,Wel