西安3D打印分享提高你的3D打印成功率五大技及西安历史街区的保护与更新

西安3D打印分享提高你的3D打印成功率五大技巧使用3D打印机打印输出，如何做到更完美的打印效果呢？几个实用的3D打印小技巧让你的3D打印成功率更高。下面这些小技巧，如果您能更好的掌握与运用，会让您的3D打印机3D打印成功率更高。一、尽量自己设计打印底座、尽量避免在设计时使用支撑材料,虽然支撑用的演算法随着时间一直在进步，但是支撑材料在去除后仍会在模型上留下很丑的印记，而去除的过程也会非常耗时。尽量在没有支撑材料的帮助下设计你的模型，让它可以直接进行3D打印。二、了解自己模型的细节，有没有一些微小的凸出物或是零件因为太小而无法使用桌面型3D打印机打印呢？在你的打印机中，有一个很重要但常常被忽略的变数，那就是线宽。线宽是由打印机喷头的直径来决定的，大部分的打印机拥有直径是0.4mm或是0.5mm的喷头。事实上，3D打印机画出来的圆，大小都会是线宽的两倍。举例来说：一个0.4mm的喷头画出来的圆最小直径是0.8mm，而0.5mm的喷头画出来的最小直径则是1mm。三、记住45度法则，任何超过45度的突出物都需要额外的支撑材料或是高明的建模技巧来完成模型打印，设计你自己的支撑或连结物件（锥形物或是其他的支撑材料），并将它们设计进你的模型之中。四、调整打印方向以求最佳精度，永远以可行的最佳分辨率方向来做为你的模型打印方向。如果有需要，可以将模型切成好几个区块来打印，然后再重新组装。五、根据压力来源调整打印的方向，受力施加在模型上时，我们要保持模型不会毁坏。确保你的打印方向以减少应力集中在部分区域，我们可以调整打印的方向让打印线垂直于应力施加处。同样的原理也可以运用在常用来打印大型模型的ABS树脂上，在打印的过程中，这些大型模型可能会因为在打印台上冷却的关系而沿着Z轴的方向裂开。通过上述这几点小技巧，如果在打印时熟练掌握了，会让你的3D打印成功率更高！西安3D打印机断耗材和挤出器打滑的解决方法3D打印过程中出现断耗材原因：（1）挤出器卡太紧参数设置错误（2）耗材质量（3）温度解决方法：（1）挤出器卡太紧的情况下会把耗材顶出痕迹来一旦产生打滑的现象容易断耗材，参数设置过大挤出器送料快而把耗材挤断。（2）部分厂家的耗材质量不合格很容易断掉亲们在选购耗材时要注意了。（3）通常我用PLA和ABS两种耗材气温的变化使耗材也有了不同程度的变化，冬天气温较低建议大家用全封闭的打印机，有空调的尽量开启暖风。个人解决方法：通常出现耗材断裂3mm的耗材我是用打火机把耗材两端烧熔对接1.75mm的就要把耗材快速的插入到送料管道内。挤出器俗称（送料器）出现打滑原因有两种：a、堵头b、参数设置问题解决：a：堵头，我在上述已经回答过堵头的解决方法。b：参数设置，参数设置很重要，设置高的话挤出速度过快喷嘴，出料慢就会出现咔咔的打滑声；设置小的话打印出来的模型会出现粘接不好，一碰就断的现象。一般减速机用的都是42减速电机而减速比是1：5.2如果打印3mm耗材的话个人设置是：370打印1.75mm耗材是420。当然根据自己机型的不同自行换算修改。备注：3D打印机耗材个人用过3mm及1.75mm两种耗材需要修改配置文件，修改方法根据挤出器电机减速比和送耗材齿轮齿数换算得出结果修改。StudyonConservationandRevivaloftheHistoricSite——CaseStudyofShunchengAlleyProjectinXi’ZhuWenlongDepartmentofArchitectureXi’anXi’anDepartmentofArchitectureChinaXuzhoue-mail:zhuk9@163.comAbstract—Xi’anwasoncecalledChang’anandhasnearly1100-yearhistoryasthecapitalofChina.TheShuyuanmenblocklocatedinsidetheSouthGatealongthecitywallwasbuiltintheMingDynasty,whichiswellknownasthequarterofcultureandeducationinthepast.Atpresenttherearesomehistoricandmonumentalbuildingsscatteringover,suchastheConfuciusTempleandStelesoftheSongDynasty,thecitywalloftheMingDynastyandtheBaoqingsiPagodaofQingDynastyetc.Undertheeffectofthestrategyofpassiveprotectiononthehistoricsitesinthelatestyears,thestatusofhistoricblockhasbeentheeverworse,theresidentialenvironmentdeteriorationandthelivingqualitydegradationmadetheareaanneglectedpartintheprocessofurbandevelopment.Thereforethispaperpointsouttheconservationofhistoriccityshouldimplementamorepositiveurbanstrategy.TheconservationofhistoriccityandtherevivaloftraditionalculturedeservetoberelatedwiththeKeywords-“ImperialCityRenaissance”plan,historicblock,conservationXi’anCityProfileFig.1RelocatingofXi’“ImperialCityRenaissance”PlanofUrbanDevelopmentStrategy"ImperialCityRenaissance"planputforwardbasedonthefourthurbanplanningofXi’ancity.Regionof"ImperialCity"referstothecapitalofTangdynasty—Chang’anlocatedinsouthwestofMingdynasty’scity,themiyagiofitlocatedinnorthwest,togetherwithDamingPalaceregioninthenorthwest,whichisanareaabout941squarekilometers(Fig.2)."ImperialCityRenaissance"planaimedatstudyingoutthelong-termdevelopmentplanning--for30to50years--forthedevelopmentoftheseregions.BasedonthehistoricalandculturalconnotationandurbanformoftheancientcityoftheMingandQingdynasties,theurbanplanningistoreneworrebuildtraditionalhistoricblockgraduallywiththecharacteristicsoftheancientcity’sform,withtheaimofthecurrentdevelopmentofthecommercialcity,tourism,scienceandtechnologyandtheprotectionoftheoldcity.Asaresult,wecanrevivifyhistoricalandculturalfeaturesofXiThepreliminaryideaoftheplanningof"ImperialCityRenaissance"isthatspacestructureofoldcityareashavebeendividedthespacecenteroftheoldcity,Shunchengtouristyavenue,coordinationareasofurbanfunctionandareasofenteringthecity.Thefourmainstreetsofeast,west,south,northconstitutetheaxisofcenterarea,andtheclocktower,thedrumtowerandcitygatesassymbols,standfortheimageoftheregion(Fig.3).ShunchengAvenueTouristyZoneisthealleysnearthecitywall.ThezoneisthattheancientcitywallsofMingdynastywasasmorphologicalborderoftheancientcity,andbecomingintothetourismdevelopmentzone,ensuringurbanhistoryformandtheoverallprotectionoftheculturalheritageandperformance,constructingtheinteractivezoneofthecurrentsceneandthehistoricscene.CoordinationofcityfunctionlocatedbetweenthedevelopingcitycenterandShunchengalleytouristyzonewillholdbackandimprovetheexistingcityfunctions,andharmonizetherelationshipofthedevelopingcitycenterzoneandShunchengalleytouristyzone,forprovidingsocialvitalityforthesustainabledevelopmentoftheoldcity.TheboundsofthezoneofenteringintheancientcityisthecitywallofMingdynasty,gatetower,amoat,parkaroundthecityandcitywallitself.Thegateofeast,west,south,northandtherosefinchgatewasasthesignsofthezoneofenteringintheancientcity,andofferingtrafficconversionandtourismservicefacilities.Fig.2Regionof"ImperialIn"ImperialCityRenaissance"plantheformoftheancientcityisembodiedbytheChinesecharacterof"田"thathasthethreemeanings.Firstly,itexpressestheoriginalconceptofregionalgovernanceoftheancientChinese"farmland".Secondly,intheancientcityoftheMingandQingdynasties,"crossstreets"--theconceptofthe"axisofcity"(North-SouthStreet)and"axisofmarket"(West-EastStreet)whichis"urban"imageintraditionalChineseculture.Thirdly,ShunchengAlleyalongtherampartinboardwillbecomeintotheringtouristybelt,anditskillfullyfarmsabstractconceptofcityintoaformofvisualperceptionbythepublic.Therefore,thestructureof"田"gaveacitythemostappropriateandcoherent"virtual"expressionfrompictographicChinesecharactersmeaning.Inaddition,accordingtoKevinLynch’sfiveelementsofthe"cityimage"—historicstreetsasthedistrict,traditionalcrossstreetandlanewayastheroutes,runningcitywallasboundary,highlargegatetowerasnodeandbelltoweranddrumtowerassymbols,cancomeintoacompleteimageoftheoldhistoricalandculturalcityofXi’an.Fig.3theSpaceStructureofOldTheCharacterofShuyuanmenHistoricBlockLocatedinsidethesouthgatealongthecitywall,TheShuyuanmenhistoricalblockwasbuiltintheMingdynasty,coveringanareaof19hectares.TheexperimentalprojectbelongstoapartofShunchengalleytouristyzone,knownasShunchengalleyfromtheSouthGatetotheWenchangGate.Thelengthfromeasttowestis131.26meters,and96.25meterswidenorth-south,withanareaof10045.5m2.Theaveragelevelofreliefsitesis1.4meterslowerthanthatofShunchengroadwayand13.5meterslowerthanthatofAtpresenttherearesomehistoricandmonumentalbuildingsscatteringover,suchastheConfuciusTempleandMuseumofSteles,theCityWalloftheMingdynastyandtheBaoqingsipagodaofQingDynastyetc.whichisthemosttypicalhistoricalblock(Fig.Fig.4SpatialStructureofsomeHistoric&MonumentalBuildingsScatteringOverAmongthem,Xi’anStelesMuseumwasdevelopedonthebasisoftheConfuciusTemple,whichwasbuiltin1090A.DofnorthernSongDynasty,whichhasbeenrestoredandaddedmorestelesintheYuan,MingandQingdynasties.Themuseumhousesthemostabundantstelesandtabletsofmorethan2300piecesintheareaof12,60m2.SouthgatetowerofthecitywallisthemainentrancetotheancientcityofXi’an,whichwasbuiltin1370ofMingDynasty,andwasbuiltontheruinsofAnshanggateoftheforbiddenCityofTangDynasty.Itisnationalprotectiondepartmentofculturalrelics.Today,however,itistheceremonyspottowelcomestateguestsaswellasthemostimportantvisitingspotforwall,WhereTheGuanzhongShuyuanbagantobebuiltin1609ofMingDynastybyFengCongwu,aleadingfigureofConfucianisminGuanzhong,whichwasrankedfirstplaceamongthefouracademiesofGansuandShaanxi.Existingareais34,000m2,anditisprovincialprotectiondepartmentofculturalrelicTheBaoqingsiPagodawasbuiltin836-840ofTangDynasty.ButthetemplewasdestroyedinabattletodestroyBuddhismin845.TheBaoqingsipagodawasmendedin1450ofMingDynastyand1791ofQingDynasty.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,thepagodause5-colorsbricksandtraditionalcalledsomeflowerstower.Nowtheseven--floorspagodaishexagonalpavilion-stylebricktower--23metershigh,whichistheprovincialdepartmentofprotectingculturalrelic.ShuyuanmenhistoricblockhasalwaysbeenregardedasgroundsforintellectualswhereacademiesandschoolswereestablishedsuchasGuanzhongAcademy,XianProvinceSchool,Chang’anCountySchoolandXian’ningCountySchool,whichisatypicalareaofancientChineseeducation.Nowadays,themajorityoftheresidentsherehaveengagedinbusinessandshops,tosellthefourtreasuresofthestudy,culturalrelicsandcalligraphyandpainting.TheblockhasbecomeacommercialdistrictwithastrongauraoftIn1992allbuildingsonthebothsidesofShuyuanmenwererebuilt,andtransformedintothetraditionalarchitecturalstyle,astheAntiqueStreet.However,about100meterssouthofthebelt—fromShuyuanmenStreettotherampart—becametheignoredsectionofthecitydevelopmentbecauseitisinaremotearea.Overcrowdedpopulationovercrowd,unhealthylivingconditions,randomlybuilthutshaveseriouslyaffectedthevisualenvironmentofthecitywall,withThedataobtainedthroughinvestigation,thattheprojectsiteslive550residents,142families,allresidentshavingtheareaof18.2m2percapita.Themostresidentsareengagedindividualbusinesses,whouseforecourtsorgroundfloorasshopsorworkshops,andthebackyardorupperaslivingspace.Becauseitisbackstreetarea,withadsorbresidentialmanagement,andthebuildingwasrandomlystructures.Thetraditionalcourtyardshavebeenfadedintohodgepodgehouses,whichmadethehistoriccityscapeconfusingandannoying.ThehistoriccityscaperetainedisonlythestructureofthealleysandcourtyardsscalePlanningConceptsandStrategiesTheoldconceptofthehistoricaldistrictprotectionistopaymoreattentiontotheprotectionandpreservationofmaterialheritage,suchasoldstreet,ancientbuildingsandruins.Materialheritageisthedirecttargetofprotection.However,asawarenessoftheneedtoprotecttheheritageofprogressinthepromotionandprotectionmethods,non-materialheritageprotectionhasreceivedincreasingattentionandisstrengthened.Inmanyhistoricalcities,therearemanynon-materialheritageinadditiontotheimportantmateriallegacyincludingthelivingform,industryway,livinghabits,andevendiet,dialects,drama,songs,whicharefollowedgenerationandgeneration,etc.,andthesesubstancescanbeconsideredtoreflectthelocaltraditionalculture,whichisreflectedinthematerialcultureofthetraditionalvirtueofthelocalpeople'slive.Therefore,theytakeonnon-materialculturalheritagefeatures.Thestrategyofhistoricdistrictsshouldbenotonlytoprotectthematerialheritage,butalsotopayattentiontotheprotectionofnon-materialheritage.Materialheritageisthebaseofnon-materialheritage,whichisthesoulofmaterialheritage.Theyarecorrelativetoexist.Ahistoriccityorblock,wheretherearenoformlocalresidents,industry,livingcustoms,dialectsandlocaldrama,wouldlackofanindigenoustraditionalculture.Theresultsarethatthecityorblockwillbecomeadeadcitymuseumornoisyarchaicwonderland.Basedontheaboverationale,wecanbeconvincedofthat:inthisproject,weshouldpayattentiontotheprotectionandpreservationofheritageofbothmaterialandnon-materialheritageofthehistoricblock.Materialheritagepreservetheformofhistoricalurban,andnon-materiallegacycouldinfusethesoulandvigourintothehistoryofthecity.Therefore,materialprotectionisnotsimplytheconceptofcompleteprotection.Soweinstitutethreestrategiesthroughfieldstudiesandsurveys:ThefirstStrategyistostrengthentherelationbetweenthematerialandnon-materialheritage.Wewouldpreservenon-materialformofthetraditionalculturethroughusingtoimprovementofmaterialconditionsofhistoricblock.Therefore,inthepilotprojectmaterialheritageadvancedincludethestructureofalleys,thescaleofcourtyard,andstyleofthetraditionalarchitecture.Theelementsofthenon-materialheritageputforwardhavethetraditionalmarketfunction,thetraditionalworkshops,theformoftraditionallivingandthetraditionalscenesoflife(Fig.5).（1）StreetscapeA（2）StreetscapeB（3）StreetscapeC（4）StreetscapeDFig.5theStreetscapeofShuyuanBlockThesecondStrategyisinharmonywiththeenvironmentaround.Atpresenttherearesomehistoricandmonumentalbuildingsscatteringover,whichposeaclearandcarefulcontextualnetworkandhavethesteersrighttoenvironmentofhistoricblockaswellasdeterminethefunctions,characteristicsofthetimes,toneandstyleofotherbuildingsintheblock.Therefore,thepilotprojectistorebuildconstruction,inharmonywiththeenvironmentstyleandbeconsistentwiththecontextualnetwork(Fig.6).Fig.6theSurroundingLandscapeArchitectureThethirdstrategyisresonancetoCity'seconomicdevelopment,whichisthekeytotheprotectionofhistoricalblockandrejuvenationoftraditionalculture.Thepilotprojectsshouldbebasedonurbandevelopment,whichsamestrategicgoalswithurbandevelopment.Onthebasisoftheprotectionofourgoalisthattheeconomicvitalityistoberejuvenatedinhistoricblock,environmentalqualityistobeimprovedandstandardsoflivingistobeimprovedincities.theSummaryofDesignMethodsandModelRoadsystemofShuyuanmenhistoricblockalmostmaintainpatternoftheMingandQingdynastiesintegrally.Therearesomecharacteristicsofthestreetandresidencesystemasfollows:Thepublicstreetsarestraightandacross-town,andthenarrowlanesleadingtohousesaremostlyshortandnarrowandlinkuptheroad.Theborderofmostoftheresidenceisdemarcatedbythecourtyard,andthelayoutofhousingshouldbesubordinatedtothecourtyardspaceinshape.Therefore,thedistancefromthepublicspacetotheirownhousesiscomposedoffour,whichare"Streetalley,courtyardandhouse".Thisfeatureiscalled"LongStreetandShortAlley"and"aHouseBuiltintheYard".Inarchitecturaldesign,afeaturehasbeenretainedconsciously,eventurningsomeofthestreetsaredeliberatelypreserved.ThespacerebuiltfullyreflectsthespatialcharacteristicsoftheancientcityoftheMingandQingdynasties(Fig.7).CourtyarddwellingisabasicformoftraditionalhousesinShuyuanmenhistoricblock.Sincethe1950s,thekindoflivingof"Single-familylivinginayard"modewasreplacedbythe"Many-familieslivinginayard".Webelievethatwithanincreaseintheurbanpopulationandthedecreaseinland,thismodeofliving--"Many-familieslivinginayard"--isaninevitableresultofdevelopment.Therefore,thecourtyarddwellingisthemostfundamentalformofdomesticformfortheembodimentofthetraditionalarchitecturalculture.Thisformisconnectedwiththecontextualenvironmentiscoordinationandappropriate.Nomatterthestyleorthecharacteristicsofthetimes,theimagerywouldhaveledtomisunderstanding.Buttoday,Fig.7theSpacerelationsthequalityoflivingof"Many-familieslivinginayard"shouldbesuperiortothepreviousthelivingstandards.Eachhouseholdhasnotonlyhadthebusinessspace,butalsohavecityapartmentsofthelivingroom,bedroom,kitchen,andtoilet.Toprotectthecontextualenvironment,itisnecessarythatwebuildthetraditionalformhousebymodernmaterials.Thebuilding’sformsimulatesthetraditionaldwellings,forexamplesingle-pitchedordouble-pitchedroofwithstepgable,cyan’stileandgray'sfastigium,whichcreatetheroofcharacteristicsoftheformofrichlayers.Traditionalwindowsanddoors,thewallsurfaceoftiebrick,carvingdecorativebrick,thepavementofbluestone,havebeeninheritedcreativelytraditionalarchitecturalculture,andreflectlocalarchitecturaltraditionsandculturalcharacteristics.Incontrasttoasurroundingseriesofhistoricalrelicsincludingrampart,ancienttower,theConfuciusTemple,theSteleMuseum,etc.,thesesbuildingsrebuilthavebeenembodiedastyleandfeatureofeverydayness(Fig.8).ForShuyuanmenhistoricblock,itisnecessarytomaintainthefunctionofitstraditionalmarkets,residents,livingSceneandmarketenvironment,toensuretheintegrityofhistoricalneighborhoodsfromformtocontent.Therefore,whenrebuildingtheblock,wemustreturnthefunctionofthetraditionalmarketsandregardtothehandic