句子结构常见错误

句子结构常见错误SentenceStructureProblems英语句子是受严格的语法规则制约的，在写作中如果违背这些规则，那么写出的句子就会使人无法理解，或引起歧义。要想避免发生这些情况，在写作时就必须处理好句子结构方面的几个问题。我们对常犯的写作错误进行了归纳。残缺句、接排句、误置修饰语和悬垂修饰语是句子结构中最常见的错误。我将对这些问题逐一进行分析，以帮助大家弄清写作中出现这些问题的原因，并掌握纠正错误的方法残缺句(SentenceFragments)所谓残缺句，顾名思义，就是指不能独立成句的一个不完整的句子片断。尽管残缺句在形式上像句子一样是以大写字母开头，并在结尾处带有标点，然而在逻辑上并不能单独表达一个完整的意思,仅是一组词而已。请看下列句子：FragmentWonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo．RevisedSentenceMr．Smithhadbeenwonderingwhathissonwasgoingtodo．FragmentSomeerrorsinwritingareserious．Forexample，fragmentsandrun—onsentences．RevisedSentencesSomeerrorsinwritingareserious，forexample，fragmentsandrun—onsentences．ORSomeerrorsinwritingareserious，amongwhicharefragmentsandrun-onsentences虽然句子的残缺以各种形式出现，但最常见的形式是被分隔开的从句和以各种形式拆开的短语，如句号错误(periodfault)。FragmentsHavingdrivenacrossthedesert．Weenjoyedthecoolweather．Heenjoysflowersandshrubs．Whichhelpscreenhisyardfromthestreet．RevisedSentencesHavingdrivenacrossthedesert，weenjoyedthecoolweather．Heenjoysflowersandshrubs，whichhelpscreenhisyardfromthestreet．0RHeenjoysflowersandshrubs．Theyhelpscreenhisyardfromthestreet．在写作中要经常检查句子的残缺问题，特别要注意那些以从属连词或短语等开头的句子，这些词都是“危险词”。要确定以这些词开始的每个从句，都应附属于一个独立的句子。避免残缺句的最好办法是注意区别句子和句子的一部分。我们知道句子的最基本特点是在语法和逻辑上是一个完整的意义表达单位。它至少具有一个主语和谓语。动词的非限定形式不能在句中作为谓语单独使用，除非是在如Wheretogotonight?简短的问句中。因此在写句子时要特别注意。改写残缺句主要有以下两种方法：1将句中用的句号变成逗号，或把分隔开的短语或从句同它所属的句子合并成一个能表达完整意思的句子。例如：FragmentsSincethereisalackofinterest．Thereisagreatlackofinformation．Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragments．Becausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting．Ilookforwardtoholidays．Forexample,ThanksgivingandChristmas．RevisedSentencesSincethereisalackofinterest，thereisagreatlackofinformation.Youshouldmakeadeterminedefforttoavoidsentencefragmentsbecausetheyareconsideredseriousmistakesinwriting．Ilookforwardtoholidays，forexample，ThanksgivingandChristmas．2）把残缺句扩展到主句中，或通过添加或减少某些成分。把残缺改写为独立、完整的句子。例如：FragmentsIaminterestedonlyinthepropertiesofcitrusfruit．Suchaslemons，oranges，andgrapefruit．Havingnomoneyandbeinglonelyinthebigcity.Itwasdifficulttodecide.whichchoicetomake．Toreturntoschoolortoacceptthejob．Thegirlsscoredhigherinmath；however，theboysscoredhigherinverbalskills．Gesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone;neverthe1ess，theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired．Educationisanelusiveword;indeed,itoftenmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople．YellowstoneNationalParkconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountry;therefore,hikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationthere．5.使用从属连词、关系副词或关系代词连接.当可以判断出一个句子从逻辑上或意义上从属于另一个句子时,可以将此接排句改写成复合句。RevisedSentencesThegirlsscoredhigherinmath，whiletheboysscoredhigherinverbalskills．Althoughgesturesareameansofcommunicationforeveryone，theyareessentialforthehearing-impaired．Thepowerfailurecausedablackoutwhichcreatedalotofproblems．HikerswouldespeciallyenjoyavacationatYellowstoneNationalPark，whichconsistsoftwomillionacresofbackcountryDirections:Revisethefollowingrun-onsentencesWomennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessionstheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．2．Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown，allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．3．Ericwaslatetoworkheranalltheway．Revisedsentences1．Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions，fortheyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．OR：Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions；theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．OR：Womennolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions．Theyhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths．OR：Becausewomenhavealreadyopenedmostofthedoorstodesirablecareerpaths，theynolongerneedtomoveintothetraditionallymaleprofessions．2．Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown．AllthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown，butallthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown；however，allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：Icalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown；allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．OR：AlthoughIcalledforareservationatafamousrestaurantintown，allthetablesweretakenbeforetheDragonBoatFestival．3．Ericwaslatetowork，soheranalltheway．or：Ericranalltheway；otherwise，hecouldhavebeenlatetowork．or：BecauseEricwaslatetowork，heranalltheway．or：Ericranallthewaybecausehewaslatetowork．or：Ericwaslatetoworkalthoughheranalltheway．Directions:Identifyandcorrectseriouserrors(suchasfragments·fusedsentencesandcommasplices)ineachofthefollowing．1．Withouttellinganyone，evenhersister，Mary，goingtothepark，meetingherfriends．2．Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible，theytookalldaytodo·3．Thatthecoursewassohardweallstudieddayandnight,withnoonegettinganAoraB．4．Iknockedon／atthedoorwhentheladycameIgavehermostin-gratiatingsmile．5．Whydoyouaskwhatconcernisitofyours?6．Gettingmarriediseasy，stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter.7．Michelletriedeachoftheappetizersonthetable．Andthenfoundthat，whenthedinnerarrived，herappetitehadgone·8．Shedidn’tknowwhattosaytohisannouncement，shewasnotatacompletelossforwords，either．Revisedsentences1．Withouttellinganyone，notevenhersister，Marywenttotheparktomeetherfriends．2．Thephysicsproblemswerejustimpossible；therefore，theytookalldaytodo．3．Thecoursewassohardthatweallstudieddayandnight，withnoonegettinganAoraB．4．Iknockedon／atthedoor．Whentheladycame，Igavehermostingratiatingsmile．5．Whydoyouask?Whatconcernisitofyours?6．Gettingmarriediseasy；stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter．OR：Gettingmarriediseasy，butstayingmarriedisadifferentmatter．OR：Althoughgettingmarriediseasy，stayingmarriedisadifferentmatter．7．Michelletriedeachoftheappetizersonthetable．Shethenfoundthat，whenthedinnerarrived，herappetitehadgone．8．Shedidn’tknowwhattosaytohisannouncement，norwassheatacompletelossforwords，either.OR：Shewasneitherreadywitharesponsenoratacompletelossforwords．3.误置修饰语（MisplacedModifiers）在写作中，为了使句子生动和更具有吸引力，常常需要添加修饰语。按照英语构句规则，充当定语或状语的词、短语或从句必须尽可能地靠近所修饰的成分。如果忽视了这个规则，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间不恰当地夹进了其他成分，就可能造成句子意思混淆，产生歧义。请看下面句子：MisplacedModifiersHesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats．Pleasegivethebooktotheboywiththebluecover．Thatcatbelongstomyneighborwithfivekittens．RevisedSentencesHesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman．Pleasegivethebookwiththebluecovertotheboy．Thatcatwithfivekittensbelongstomyneighbor．如果一个修饰语既可以修饰其前面的词也可修饰其后面的词，这样的修饰语称为歧义修饰语(squintingmodifier)。歧义修饰语会使读者对其修饰目的感到困惑不解。所以，应该把易产生歧义的修饰语放在它所惟一修饰的词的前面。例如：Theequipmentwithouttheaccessoriessoldthebest．(Differ-enttypesofequipmentwereavailable，somewithandsomewithouttheaccessories．)Theequipmentsoldthebestwithouttheaccessories．(Onetypeofequipmentwasavailable，andtheaccessorieswereoptional．)SquintingModifiersWeagreedonthenextdaytomaketheadjustments·Studentswhopracticewritingoftenwillbenefit．RevisedSentencesWeagreedtomaketheadjustmentsonthenextday·(Weagreedthatonthenextdaywewouldmaketheadjustments)-OrOnthenextday，weagreedtomaketheadjustments．(Onthenextday，weagreedthatwewouldmaketheadjust-ments．)Studentswhooftenpracticewritingwillbenefit．Studentswhopracticewritingwilloftenbenefit．所以，在写作中我们要特别注意副词的位置，要把它们放在使读者对句子的意义更清楚的地方。请分析下面这个句子：Heonlysuggestedthreerulesforustofollow．除非我们在这里确实是指“Heonlysuggestedthem；hedidn’tinsistonthem．”，否则only这个词就应放在它所修饰的词前面：HesuggestedonlythreerulesforUStofollow．要注意句子会随着only位置的改变而改变其意义。Directions：Identifythemisplacedwordorwordsineachsentence．Thenrewritethesentencesandmakethemeaningclear．1．Ourteamdidn’tevenscoreonce．2.SheisteachingaseminarthistermonmarketeconomyattheOsakaInternationalUniversity.3．Thecityalmostspenttwentymilliondollarsonthenewstadium4．Tonyboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission．5．Thesuburbsnearlyhadfiveinchesofrain．6．Wecouldseethefootballstadiumdrivingacrossthebridge．7．IalmosthadadozenjobinterviewsafterIsentoutmyresume8．TherewerestrongcallsforanimmediateceasefireintheUNSecurityCouncil9.Theexchangestudentswemetforcoffeeoccasionallyquestionedusaboutourlatestslang.10.IputthechairinthemiddleoftheroomthatIhadrecentlypurchased.Revisedsentences1．Ourteamdidn’tscoreevenonce.2．ThistermsheisteachingaseminaronmarketeconomyattheOsakaInternationalUniversity．3．Thecityspentalmosttwentymilliondollarsonthenewstadium．4．Tonyboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer．5．Thesuburbshadnearlyfiveinchesofrain.6．Drivingacrossthebridge，wecouldseethefootballstadium.7．IhadalmostadozenjobinterviewsafterIsentoutmyresume.8．TherewerestrongcallsintheUNSecurityCouncilforanimmediateceasefire．9．Theexchangestudentsweoccasionallymetforcoffeequestionedusaboutourlatestslang．OR：Theexchangestudentswemetforcoffeequestionedusoccasionallyaboutourlatestslang.1O．IputthechairthatIhadrecentlypurchasedinthemiddleoftheroom．4．悬垂修饰语(DanglingModifiers)悬垂修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。悬垂修饰语可以出现在句中的任意位置，但大多位于句首。请看下面例句：DanglingModifiersBygoingtothevarioussororityhousesoncampusandmeetinghundredsofnewgirls，myconversation，manners，andpoisebecamemorepolished．Towritetheproposal，researchmustbedone．两句中斜体的修饰语与句子的主语不存在逻辑关系。在第一句中，当作者想当然地认为“I”是句子的主语，并打算对自己做个描述。但是由于用了“myconversation…”做句子的主语就破坏了句子中的逻辑关系而引起荒谬可笑的解释：Itwasherconversationthatvisitedthesororityhouses．动词的非限定性短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致，否则就会形成悬垂性修饰语。如果把句子的主语改成“I”，就可改成一个令人满意的句子了。同样，在第二句中，动词不定式在逻辑上不能修饰句子的主语，theresearch．RevisedSentencesBygoingtothevarioussororityhousesoncampusandmeetinghundredsofnewgirls，Ipolishedmyconversation，manners，andpoise．Towritetheproposal,theprofessormustfirstdosomere-search．2．悬垂动名词(DanglingGerund)DanglingModifiersByinstallingabirdbath．thebirdsweregivenasourceofwater．Afterfinishingtheresearch，thepaperwaseasytowrite．RevisedSentencesByinstallingabirdbath，wegavethebirdsasourceofwater．Afterfinishingtheresearch，Ifoundthatthepaperwaseasytowrite．3．悬垂动词不定式(DanglingInfinitive)DanglingModifiersToskiproperly，acourseofinstructionisnecessary．Towritewell，goodbooksmustberead．RevisedSentencesToskiproperly，abeginnershouldtakeacourseofinstruction.Towritewell,Imustreadgoodbooks.．4．悬垂省略从句(DanglingEllipticalClause)DanglingModifierWhileclimbingthehill，therainbegantofall·Whenonlyasmallboy，myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago·RevisedSentencesWhileclimbingthehill，shefelttherainbeginningtofall·WhenIwasonlyasmallboy，myfathertookmewithhimtoChicago．常用的修改悬垂性修饰语的方法有：1.找出句子中隐含的主语，对所修饰的短语提供行为者(actor)(承担动作行为的人或物).DanglingModifiersAttheageofsixmyuncleboughtmyfirstpet，agoldfish.Whileleavingthehouse，thephonerang·Usingthisdrug，manyundesirablesideeffectsareexperienced．RevisedSentencesAttheageofsix,Ireceivedmyfirstpet,agoldfishfrommyuncle．Whileleavingthehouse,Iheardthephonering·Usingthisdrug，patientsexperiencemanyundesirablesideeffects．2.补足悬垂短语或省略从句必要的成分，扩展其成为一个完整的从句，由行为者做主语.RevisedSentencesWhenIwassix，myuncleboughtmemyfirstpet，agoldfish·AsIwasleavingthehouse，thephonerang.Manyundesirablesideeffectsareexperiencedwhenthisdrugisused.Directions：Pleaserevisethefollowingsentenceswithdanglingmodifiers．1．Thumbingthroughthemagazine，hereyesautomaticallynoticedthecosmeticads．2．Topleasethevisitors，acrosstalkwasperformed．3．Onenteringtheteacher’soffice，aterrestrialglobecaughthisattention．；4．Thoughonlyseventeen，thearmyacceptedhisapplication．5．Fromattendingprofessionalmeetings，importantlessonscanbelearned．6．Withfiftypageslefttoread，WarandPeacewasabsorbing．7．Onthenewsstandsonlyanhour,itssalessurprisedeveryone．8．Whileeatinglunchinthecafeteria，thecomputermalfunctionedRevisedsentences1．Hereyesautomaticallynoticedthecosmeticadsasshewasthumbingthroughthemagazine．2．Topleasethevisitors，theyperformedacrosstalk。3.Onen