现代英语词汇学概论7-Sense-relations-between-words

ChapterVIISenseRelationsBetweenWords2021/6/71TeachingContentsI.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Types3.Relevantpoints4.UseIII.HyponymyIV.SemanticField2021/6/72KeyPointsI.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Typesanddifferentiation4.UseIII.Hyponymy1.Definition2.UseIV.SemanticField1.Definition2.Features2021/6/73DifficultPoints1.Differentiationanduseofsynonyms2.Charicteristicsofanddifferencesbetweenthethreekindsofantonyms2021/6/74Ⅰ.Synonymy(同义关系):

Relationshipbetweensynonyms1.Definitionofsynonyms(同义词):

◆Synonymsarebetterdefinedaswordshavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaning,thatis,denotativemeaning,anddifferinginconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse,etc.

2021/6/752.Kindsofsynonyms:1.)Complete/absolutesynonyms(完全同义词):

◆wordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontextsothatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.

spirant&fricative摩擦音(phonetics)word-formation&word-building构词(lexicology)compounding&composition复合构词法(lexicology)malnutrition&undernourishment营养不良(medicine)caecitis&typhlitis盲肠炎(medicin)2021/6/762.)Relativesynonyms(相对同义词;近义词)Quasi-synonymouswords:◆indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning(语义色彩)☆Differenceindegreeofagivenquality:1.Mybedroomissmallerthanyours.2.Fleasaretinyinsects.3.Thediminutivesuffix-lingin“duckling”denotesaffection.4.Theofficeisminute,withbarelyroomforadeskandtwochairs.5.amicroscopicplant6.Thebody‘sannualintakeofmetallicironisinfinitesimal.

2021/6/77☆Differenceinshadeofmeaning:1.declineaninvitationtodinner2.thosewhoacceptedtheofferandthosewhorejectedit3.refuseachildpermissiontogoout2021/6/78◆inaffectivemeaning,andstylisticmeaning:☆Differenceinaffectivemeaning:

asmallroompoorlittleboy2021/6/79Appreciative/Favourable

thrifty/frugal（节俭的）bravery（勇敢,勇气）firm（坚定的,坚决的）intellectual（知识分子）black（黑人）

Derogatory/Unfavourable

niggardly/miserly（吝啬的）

foolhardiness（蛮勇）

pigheaded（顽固的）

egghead（书呆子）

nigger（黑鬼）2021/6/710☆Differenceinstylisticmeaning:man(neutral)chap/fellow/bird(colloquial)guy/bozo(slang)gent(vulgar/jocular)2021/6/711◆incollocationanddistribution

☆Differenceincollocation:

sailasmallboat驾驶小船teacharithmetic教算术scholarlyintelligence学者的智慧offeringtoachurch向教堂捐赠navigatealiner驾驶客轮

inculcatedoctrine谆谆教诲animalcunning动物的狡猾doletotheunemployed救济失业者2021/6/712☆Differenceindistribution:◆Heisthegreatestlivingscientist.Heisthegreatestscientist

alive.◆Don’tdisturbthesleeping

oldladyinthenextroom.Don’tdisturbtheoldladyasleepinthenextroom.2021/6/7133.Patternsofsynonyms:1.)Thedoublescalepattern:◆native(informal)----borrowed(learned)↓↓

English

Latinbodilycorporealfriendshipamityheartycordialmotherlymaternaltotiretofatigue2021/6/714◆native(literary)----borrowed(common)↓↓

English

Latindalevalleydeedactionfoeenemymeedreward2021/6/7152.)Thetriplescalepattern:native----borrowed----anotherborrowed↓↓↓English

French

Latinaskquestioninterrogatefastfirmsecurefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecratedrisemountascendtimeageepoch2021/6/7164.Useofsynonyms:1.)

Thechoiceanduseofsynonyms:◆Avoidingrepetition:

Weweregreatly(much)surprisedtoseesogreat(large)anumberofpeopleassembled,evidentlyforsomegreat(important)occasion.2021/6/717◆Achievingprecisioninmeaning:

Totakeoffherbootsortoputthemonwasanagony

(verygreatmentalorphysicalpain)toher,butithadbeenanagonyforyears.Infact,shewassoaccustomedtothepain(sufferingordistressofbodyormind)thatherfacewasdrawnandscrewedupreadyforthetwinge

(asudden,brief,dartingpain)beforeshe’dsomuchasuntiedthelaces.2021/6/718◆Achievingvarietyinstyle:…AsyetIhadspokentonoone,nordidanybodyseemtotakenoticeofme;Istoodlonely

(a.)enough,buttothatfeelingofisolation

(n.)Iwasaccustomed…2021/6/719◆Avoidingvulgarnessoroffendingothers

grave----restingplacetolie----todistortthefactsdrunk----elevated2021/6/720◆Usedforemphasis:Therearetemporarysetbacksandreverses.Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate…2021/6/7212)Synonymalsoincludesthreeaspects:◆Synonymsofdifferentword-classes:jealous&jealousy◆Wordssynonymouswithphrases:totolerate&toputupwith◆Differentsentencepatternsexpressingroughlythesameidea:Hewasthe

soleproviderofthefamily.Healonehadtosupportthefamily.Hewastheonlypersontoprovideforthefamily.2021/6/7223)Fakesynonyms:havingnosimilaroridenticaldenotativemeaningdoubt&suspect:怀疑,疑心object&oppose反对2021/6/723II.Antonymy:

Relationshipbetweenantonyms(oppositenessofmeaning)1.Definitionofantonyms:Wordsthatareopposite2021/6/7242.Typesofantonyms:1.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast（语义对比）:◆Contraries相对性反义词◆Complementaries互补反义词

◆Conversives换位反义词

2.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形态结构):◆Rootantonyms词根反义词◆Derivationalantonyms派生反义词2021/6/7251.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast（语义对比）:◆Contraries相对性反义词/gradedantonyms:rich&poorheavy&lightdeep&shallow2021/6/726◆Gradability可分级性:degreeofthequalityinvolved:richveryrichricherrichest◆Relativity相对性:intermediatetermsbetweenthetwoopposites:rich----well-to-do----well-off----moderatelywealthy----comfortablyoff----hardup----poor2021/6/727★Othercontraries:fool&wiseman(n.)tolove&tohate(v.)up&down(ad.)afew&many(determiner)2021/6/728◆Complementaries互补反义词Contradictories词义矛盾/对立性反义词:alive&deadsingle&married→complementariespresent&absent2021/6/729﹡Binarysemanticopposition★Absoluteness绝对性:

theassertionofoneimplyingthedenialoftheother★Beingnongradable:

neithermodifiedbyadverbsnorhandledintermsofcomparisonandadmittingnointermediatemembers

Thiswomanisneitheralivenordead.(F)Thiswomanisneitherrichnorpoor.(T)2021/6/730◆Conversives换位反义词Relationalopposites相对关系词/关系对立词:lend&borrowhusband&wifeemployer&employee2021/6/731★Binaryopposition★Interdependenceofmeaning→onememberpresupposestheother☆Thedefinitionofreciprocalsocialroles

☆Spatialrelationship2021/6/7322.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形态结构):◆Rootantonyms词根反义词:

wordswithdifferentrootsDeep&shallowTolove&tohateUp&down2021/6/733

◆Derivationalantonyms派生反义词:

wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes

HappyunhappyConformist

Nonconformist

Code

Decode

Harmfulharmless2021/6/7343.Relevantpointsaboutantonyms:

1.)Marked（有标记项）

Unmarkedmembers（无标记项）:

Unmarkedmembers

tigeroldbigwideheavyCarryingnoparticularimplication(general笼统的)

Howbigisit?→sizeofsomething

Markedmembers

tigressyoung

small

narrowlight

Carryingacertainimplication

ofdistinctiveness

(specific具体的)Howsmallisit?→degreeofsmallness2021/6/7352.)Somewordswithoutantonyms:★Notallwordshaveantonyms.★Antonymsarefoundin﹡Qualitativeadjectives:

clean&dirty﹡Somenouns:love&hatred﹡Someverbs:toagree&todisagree﹡Someadverbs:loudly&softly﹡Determiners:few&many2021/6/7363.)Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances:◆Polysemicword:fast(fixedfirmly)----loose/insecurefast(steadfast,loyal)----disloyalfast(dissipated,pleasureseeking)----temperate,sober,moderate)2021/6/737◆Differentcontexts:anoldman----ayoungmananoldhouse----amodern/newhouse2021/6/738◆Differentcollocations：freshbread----stalebreadfreshair----stuffyairfreshflowers----fadedflowers2021/6/739◆Thesamecollocations：aclever(quickinlearning)worker----astupidworkeraclever(skillfiul)worker----aclumsyworker2021/6/7404.)Lexicalantonymsvs.syntacticnegation:impossible----notpossibleunfair----notfair↓Stronger2021/6/7415.)Wordorderofantonymouspairs:heavenandearthfireandwatermanandwifeheatandcoldcauseandeffecteatanddrink↓↓thesameastheoppositeoftheChineseChinesecounterpartequivalents2021/6/7424.Useofantonyms:Usecontrastofantonymstoimpressthelistenerorreader.Antithesis对偶Sweetashoney,bitterasgall.Artislong,lifeisshort.2021/6/743III.Hyponymy（上下义关系）:Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformeris‘included’inthelatter.Thegenerallexicalitem:vague&triteasuperordinateterm（支配词，上义词，同类概括词）anuppertermThespecificlexicalitem:vivid&preciseasubordinatetermalowertermhyponym（受支配词，下义词）2021/