智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑

智慧旅游外文翻译文献编辑文献信息：文献标题：Conceptualfoundationsforunderstandingsmarttourismecosystems（理解智慧旅游生态系统的概念基础）国外作者：UlrikeGretzel,HannesWerthner,ChulmoKoo,CarlosLamsfus文献出处：《ComputersinHumanBehavior》,2015,50(C):558-563字数统计：英文2250单词，13270字符；中文4336汉字外文文献：ConceptualfoundationsforunderstandingsmarttourismecosystemsAbstractUsingdigitalecosystemsandsmartbusinessnetworksasconceptualbuildingblocks,thispaperdefines,describesandillustratestheideaofasmarttourismecosystem(STE).Itfurtherdrawsonconceptualizationsofsmarttechnologies,smartcitiesandsmarttourismtoenvisionnewwaysinwhichvalueiscreated,exchangedandconsumedintheSTE.TechnologiesessentialtothefunctioningofanSTEaredescribedanditisarguedthatdataemergingfromthesetechnologiesarethedriverfornewbusinessmodels,interactionparadigmsandevennewspecies.Criticalquestionsregardingtheneedforregulatoryinterventionandinnovativeresearchareraised.Keywords:Smarttourism;Valuecreation;Smarttechnologies;Openinnovation;Sharingeconomy;TourismexperienceTouristicEcosystemEcosystemsaregenerallydefinedascommunitiesofinteractingorganismsandtheirenvironments(TheFreeDictionary,2015),andaretypicallydescribedascomplexnetworksformedbecauseofresourceinterdependencies.McCormack(2011)explainsthatecosystems,likeotherkindsofsystems,arecomprisedofelements,interconnectionsandafunction/purpose,butarespecialtypesofsystemsinthattheirelementsareintelligent,autonomous,adaptiveagentsthatoftenformcommunitiesandalsobecauseofthewaytheyadapttoelementsbeingaddedorremoved.BoleyandChang(2007)listfourcriticalelementsofecosystems:(1)interaction/engagement;(2)balance;(3)looselycoupledactorswithsharedgoals;and,(4)self-organization.Thismeansthatinecosystemsindividualagentsorgroupsofagentsproactivelyformsymbioticrelationshipstoincreaseindividualbenefitsandtoachievesharedgoals;thatlocalinteractionsdeterminetheglobalbehaviororstateofthesystem;and,thatbalanceisneededtopreventsystemcollapse.Therelationshipsandinterdependenciesensurethatresourcesareconsumedeffectivelyandsustainably.Consideringecosystemsintheirentiretyratherthancenteringonspecificactors/elementsallowsformoreholisticperspectives,recognizesthatsmallchangescanhavesubstantialeffects,encouragesafocusoncomplexrelationships,emphasizesdynamicchange,andacknowledgestheimportanceofthephysicalenvironmentorinfrastructurethatsupportsthesystem.Appliedtothebusinessworld,theterm‘‘ecosystem’’isusedtodescribetherelationshipsamongeconomicentities(producers,distributors,consumers,governmentagencies,etc.)that,throughcompetitionand/orcooperation,facilitatethecreationanddistributionofaproductorservice(Investopedia,2015).Thereisageneralunderstandingthattheenvironmentinwhichtheseentitiesoperate,i.e.inandthroughwhichtheyproduce,exchangeandconsumevalue,israpidlychangingandrequirestheirrelationshipstoco-evolve.Moore(1993)stressedthatsuchaneconomiccommunityoftenfacesthearrivalofnewspecies,whichrequiresrealignmentandredefinitionoftherelationshipsthatunderpinthesystem.Whilesuchnewspeciescanemergeoutofnowherethroughgeneticmutations,itismoreoftentheenvironmentalchangesthatcauseoratleastfacilitatedramaticshiftsinpoweroverresources.Theideaofatouristicecosystemisnothingnewastheproductionofthesetouristicexperienceshasalwaysrequiredextensivecoordinationandcollaborationamongdifferentindustryplayersandgovernmentagencies(Mill&Morrison,2002).Howlooselycoupledtheseagentstypicallyarecanbeexemplifiedbythedifficultyindefiningwhatplayersactuallybelongtothetourismindustryandinmeasuringtheeconomicvaluecontributedbytourism.Theextensiverelianceondigitalinfrastructureofsuchtourismsystemshasalsobeenlongacknowledged(Sheldon,1997).ThebothdisruptiveandcreativepoweroftechnologicalinnovationwithintourismecosystemshasbeendiscussedforbothWeb1.0(Werthner&Klein,1999)andWeb2.0(Benckendorff,Sheldon,&Fesenmaier,2014).Informationandcommunicationtechnologieshavebeenessentialintourismecosystemsforconnectingthedifferentplayersthataddvaluetotheexperience.WerthnerandKlein(1999)illustratedthefundamentaltechnology-supportedtourismvaluechainanditscomponents(Fig.1),withtheInternetmakingitpossibletocompletelycircumventtraditionaldistributionchannels.Fig.1.Thetourismsystemasatechnology-supportedvaluechain(Werthner&Klein,1999).Aspecialcharacteristicofatourismecosystemistheimmensenumberofmicroorganisms(smallormicro,oftenfamilyownedand/orowneroperatedbusinesses).Itisalsooftengeographicallydefinedbutusuallyrequiresconnectionsandinteractionsbeyondthecorearea.Indeed,theterm‘‘destination’’practicallyreferstoatourism-basedecosystem.Destinationsoverlapwithotherecosystems(e.g.residential)andhaveconnectionstotheirfeedermarkets.Further,tourismbusinessesareoftenembeddedincomplexfranchisesystemsorchainsandtourismdistributionchannelsinvolveamultitudeofactorsresidingatthedestination,theoriginmarketsorsomewherecompletelydifferent,whichcanmakeitdifficulttodelineatethesystemboundaries.Tourismecosystemsarealsoespeciallydynamicandonaglobalscalehavewitnessedtheemergenceofseveralcompletelynewspecieswithinjustthelasttenyears,withonlinetravelagenciessuchasBandExpedia,GoogleFlights,TripAdvisor(Sigala,2015)andAirBnBbeingprominentexamples.Changesarealsooccurringontheconsumersideasnewtechnologieschangeconsumerbehaviors,increasemarkettransparencyandfacilitatesocialcommerce.Tourismconsumershavealwaysbeenrecognizedasactivecontributorstotheexperiencebutarenowformallyconceptualizedasvalueco-creatorswithintourismecosystems(Vargo&Lusch,2008).Assuch,Fig.1clearlyshowsapastgenerictourismecosystembasedonthetechnologylandscapeattheturnofthemillenniumanditbecomesveryclearthatitfailstomirrorthecomplexities,nuancesandblurredlinesofcontemporarytourismsystems.SmartCity‘‘Smart’’isoftenappliedasaprefixtotechnologicaltermstoindicatespecialcapabilities,intelligenceand/orconnectivity,asinsmartphoneorsmartcard.Derzko(2006)identifiessixaspectsorlevelsofsmartnessfortechnology:(1)Adapting:modifyingbehaviortofittheenvironment;(2)Sensing:bringingawarenesstoeverydaythings;(3)Inferring:drawingconclusionsfromrulesandobservations;(4)Learning:usingexperiencetoimproveperformance;(5)Anticipating:thinkingandreasoningaboutwhattodonext;(6)Self-organizing:self-generatingandself-sustainingatthecellularornano-technologylevel.Smartisincreasinglyalsousedtosignifyresourceoptimizationthroughtheuseofadvancedtechnologies(Gretzel,Koo,Sigala&Xiang,2015b).H?jerandWangel(2015)arguethatitisnotsomuchtheindividualtechnologicaladvancesbutrathertheinterconnection,synchronizationandconcerteduseofdifferenttechnologiesthatconstitutessmartness.Theconcepthasbeenprominentlyappliedtourbanareasandsummarizedundertheterm‘‘smartcities’’.Asmartcitythenisacitythatusesadvancedinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)tooptimizeresourceproductionandconsumption.Piroetal.(2014:169)definesmartcityas‘‘anurbanenvironmentwhich,supportedbypervasiveICTsystems,isabletoofferadvancedandinnovativeservicestocitizensinordertoimprovetheoverallqualityoftheirlife’’.AccordingtoHarrisonetal.(2010),asmartcityconnectsitsphysicalinfrastructurewithitsICT,socialandbusinessinfrastructurestoleveragethecollectiveintelligenceofthecity.Ahealthydigitalecosystemthatincludesinformation-centricICTplatforms,sensornetworksandwirelesscommunicationsystemsformsthefundamentalbaseforsuchintegrationanddataexchange(Piroetal.,2014).Properinformationdisseminationisthekeytosmartcitysuccess.SmartcitiesuseICTstocollect,integrateandexploitdatatoallowforoptimaluseofphysicalinfrastructureandotherresources(Koo,Gretzel,Hunter&Chung,2015).Sensortechnologyplaysacriticalroleindeliveringthereal-timedataandbigdataanalyticsisessentialforprocessing,modelingandvisualizingdatasothatitcanbeusedtoinformoperationaldecisions.Acriticalcomponentofthesmartcityisalsosupportofintelligentinteractionsbetweenthecityanditsinhabitants(Harrisonetal.,2010).Inthecontextofcities,severalsub-areasorapplicationdomainsofsmartnesshaveemerged,suchassmartliving,smartmobility,smartgovernanceandsmarteconomy(H?jer&Wangel,2015).Theseconceptscanbedirectlyappliedtotouristicdestinationsthatoftenareindeedurbanareas.Inpartsofthesmartcityliteraturetourismisactuallyseenasaserviceprovidedbythesmartcityandsmarttourismisthusconceptualizedasagoalforthesmartcity(TuandLiu,2014;Guo,Liu&Chai,2014).SmartTourismEcosystemSmarttourismthenencompassestouristicactivitiesthatareinformedandsupportedbysmarttechnology(Gretzel,Sigala,Xiang&Koo,2015a).Asmarttourismecosystem(STE)consequentlycanbedefinedasatourismsystemthattakesadvantageofsmarttechnologyincreating,managinganddeliveringintelligenttouristicservices/experiencesandischaracterizedbyintensiveinformationsharingandvalueco-creation.Collecting,processingandexchangingtourism-relevantdataisacorefunctionwithintheSTE(Zhang,2012).Guoetal.(2014)refertothisphenomenonasinformatizationoftourismasaresultofsmarttechnologyintegration.Ratherthanbeingatourismbusiness-centricecosystem,theSTEincludesavarietyof‘‘species’’suchastouristicandresidentialconsumers,tourismsuppliers,tourismintermediaries(traveloperatorsandtravelagents),supportservices(telecommunications,banking/paymentservices),platformsandmedia(Facebook,TripAdvisor,AirBnB,etc.),regulatorybodiesandNGOs,transportationcarriers,traveltechnologyanddatacompanies(Amadeus,Sabre,etc.),consultingservices,touristicandresidentialinfrastructure(pools,parks,museums,etc.)andcompaniestypicallyassignedtootherindustries(medicalservices,retailing,etc.).Intheliterature,STEsaretypicallythoughtaboutassmartdestinationsbecauseoftheconceptualrootsinsmartcities.LopezdeAvila(2015)definedthesmartdestinationas‘‘aninnovativetouristdestination,builtonaninfrastructureofstate-of-the-arttechnologyguaranteeingthesustainabledevelopmentoftouristareas,accessibletoeveryone,whichfacilitatesthevisitor’sinteractionwithandintegrationintohisorhersurroundings,increasesthequalityoftheexperienceatthedestination,andimprovesresidents’qualityoflife.’’Fig.2providesaschematicrepresentationofanSTE,althoughitisdifficulttocaptureitscomplexity.WhatbecomesveryobviousisitsstarkcontrasttoFig.1inwhichconsumers,producersandintermediariescanbeclearlydistinguishedandahierarchical‘‘foodchain’’isvisible.ItisalsoverydifferentfrompreviousconceptualizationsofSTEs(Zhuetal.,2014)thatonlyidentifiedtourists,attractions,government,businessesandITinfrastructureasclearlydistinguishableplayerstappinginvariouswaysintotheinformationthesystemproduces.IntheSTEportrayedinFig.2,touristicconsumers(TC)haveresourcesandbecauseoftheirabilitytotapintothedigitalecosystemcanorganizeamongthemselvesorminglewiththecloselyrelatedresidentialconsumerspecies(RC)andactlikeproducers(aphenomenonoftenreferredtoasthesharingeconomy).Touristicandresidentialconsumersproducedatathroughsocialmediaactivitiesortheuseoflocation-basedservicesandconsumedataproducedbyotherspeciesorthephysicalenvironment,oftenmadepalatablethroughmobileapps.Fig.2.Smarttourismecosystem.Note:TC=touristicconsumer;RC=residentconsumer;TS=tourismsupplier;OS=otherindustrysupplier;DMO=DestinationMarketingOrganization.Tourismsuppliers(TS)orotherbusiness-focusedspeciescanconnectthroughsmarttechnologyandcreatenewserviceofferings.Data/informationisthemainfoodsourceforSTEspeciesandeffectivelyandefficientlyturningitintoenrichedtourismexperiencesensureslongevity.Dataaggregatorsareparticularlysupportedbythedigitalecosystemandprocessdatatocreateresourcesofvaluetootherspecies.NewplayerssuchasCouchsurfingemerge,whichrepresentsanewspeciesofaplatformthatsupportsinteractionsamongtouristicandresidentialconsumersthroughreputationmechanismsandcommunicationtools.Itisalsoclearthatthesystemisopen,withplayersfromotherindustries/ecosystemsbeingabletotapintoresourcesorformbeneficialrelationships(forinstanceinthecaseofmedicaltourism).Also,therolesdifferentactorstakeonarefluidandmightchangedependingontheexperienceorsituation,withlinesbecomingincreasinglyblurred(e.g.touristicandresidentconsumersmarketingdestinationsthroughtheirsocialmediaentries,residentconsumersactingasproducersbyrentingoutresourcestotourists,orcompaniesfromotherindustriessuddenlytakingoncoretourismservices).Indeed,telecommunicationscompaniesandbanking/paymentsupportservicesrepresentsuppliersfromotherindustries(OS)andareimportantpredatorsintheSTEbutalsofeedthesystemwithcriticalinformationandofferopportunitiesforenhancedvaluecreation.GovernmentagenciesplayaroleintheSTEnotonlywithrespecttotheirtypicaltourism-relatedagendasbutalsoinregardstoensuringdataopennesswhileatthesametimeregulatingdataprivacy(Buhalis&Amaranggana,2014),althoughtheshared-valueeconomyproposedbyPorterandKramer(2011)hintsatopportunitiesforSTEstobeself-regulatinginthisrespect.Traditionalandnon-traditionalmediasources(e.g.bloggers)alsoserveasregulatingagentsandcontributevaluableinformationtotheSTE.DestinationMarketingOrganizations(DMOs)fulfiltraditionalinformationbrokerage,marketingandqualitycontrolfunctionswhileintermediariesofallkindsfacilitatetransactionsthroughinnovativeusesofdataanddevices.ItisimportanttorecognizethatanSTEcannotbecreatedbutthenecessarytechnologicalandregulatoryfoundationscanbeandhavetobeavailableforthetourismecosystemtobecomesmart.ThereviewoftheliteraturehasindicatedthatsometechnologiesseemtobeinstrumentaltoSTEsuccess.MobileandwirelesstechnologiesplayanimportantroleinanSTEduetothehighmobilityofitsconsumerspecies(Lamsfusetal.,2015).Socialmediaarealsoprominent(XiangandGretzel,2010)inthatconsumerspeciesarehighlymotivatedtoproduce,shareandconsumesocialcontents(Hunter,C