法律英语重要词汇

PAGEPAGE16法律英语重要词汇Torts1、Intentionaltorts:（1）Intentionaltortsagainstperson：①Assaultandbattery②Falseimprisonment③Inflictionofmentaldistress④Defamation(libelandslander)⑤Invasionoftherightofprivacy⑥Misrepresentation（2）Intentionaltortsagainstproperty：①Trespasstoland②Trespasstopersonalproperty③Nuisance④Conversion2、UnintentionaltortsNegligence3、Strictliability.Quiz11.诽谤，损毁他人名誉n.defamation/adj.defamatory2.公布，公开n.publication3.挪用，盗用（公款）v.embezzle/n.embezzlement4.恶意malice5.不动产realty;动产personalty6.虚假陈述misrepresentation7.扣押，拘留v.detain/n.detention8.留置lien9.因果关系causation10.诉讼费用costs11.特权privilege12.口头诽谤slander13.（对他人不动产的）滋扰或妨害nuisance14.侵占（他人动产）conversion15.不可预见的unforeseeable/unforeseeablility16可预见性foreseeability17.跟单买卖documentarysale18.适当的理由，充分的根据probablecause19.重新审判的动议motionfornewtrial20.公众人物publicfigure21.未经他人允许将他人的姓名或肖像擅自用于商业用途Theappropriationofaperson’snameorpictureforcommercialpurposeswithoutpermission22.法定（为法律所认定或认可）的损害Legallyrecognizabledamage(injuries)23.事实上的原因actualcause(causationinfact)24.对财产的绝对占有权（排它性的财产占有权）Therighttoexcusivepossessionoftheproperty25.分摊过失，共同过失contributorynegligence26.最后无危险机会原则thelastclearchancedoctrine27.提单和保单billoflading&insurancepolicy28.陪审团审判thejurytrial29.不顾陪审团裁决而由法官直接判决的动议Motionforjudgmentnotwithstandingtheverdict30.诋毁性的，诽谤性的表述defamatorystatements31.为要丑化某人将信息公布公开Publicationofinformationthatplacesapersoninafalselight32.公共事务mattersofpublicconcern33.近因proximatecause34.替代性原因supersedingcause35.风险自负assumptionofrisk36.相对过失，比较过失comparativenegligenceQuiz21.租赁，出租；租期v./n.lease2.显失公平，不正当n.unconscionability3.确定，识别；辨认，鉴定v.identify/n.identification4.收回，取回，重新获得v.repossess5.存款，保证金；使沉积，存放n./v.deposit6.破产者，无力偿还者；破产的，无力偿还的n./adj.insolvent7.信托，委托n.entrustment8.商销性，适销性n.merchantability9.免责声明n.disclaimer10.（合同）相对性n.privity(ofcontract)11.lastclearchance最后清楚机会，最后明显机会12.comparativedefenses相对抗辩，比较抗辩13.thestatuteoffrauds反欺诈条款14.tenderofdelivery指示交付15.fungiblegoods可替代货物16.warehousereceipt仓单，仓库收据17.sale-on-approvalcontract试用买卖合同18.sale-or-returncontract准许退货合同19.insurableinterests保险权益，可保权益20.productliability产品责任1、Batteryistheintentional,harmfuloroffensivetouchingorcontactofanotherwithouthisconsent.2、Assaultisanattempttocauseaharmfuloroffensivecontactwithanotherifitcausesareasonableapprehensionorfearofimmediatethreattohisorherphysicalsafety.3、Falseimprisonmentistheintentionalconfinementofapersonforaperiodoftimewithouthisconsent.4、Confinementmayresultfromphysicalbarriertotheplaintiff’sfreedomofmovement,ortheuseofphysicalforceorthethreattousephysicalforceagainsttheplaintiff.5、Defamationreferstounprivilegedpublicationoffalseanddefamatorystatementsthatinjuresaperson’sreputationorcharacter.6、Libeliswrittendefamationandmayalsobeinprint,picture,orinanyotherpermanent,visualform.Libelisactionablewithoutanyproofofspecialdamagetotheplaintiff(duetoitsmorepermanentnatureandtheseriousness).7、Slanderisoralorspokendefamation.Slanderisgenerallynotactionablewithoutproofofspecialdamage(unlessthenatureofthestatementissoseriousthatitcanbeclassifiedasslanderperse).8、Actualmaliceeitherknowledgeoffalsityorarecklessdisregardofthetruth9、CompensatorydamagesPunitivedamagesNominaldamages10、Invasionofprivacyisthetortofintentionalintrusionintotheprivateaffairsofaperson.11、Individual’saffairsMattersofpublicconcern12、Falselightinthepubliceyesariseswhenonepublishesfalsematerialsdesignedtomakeapersonlookbad.13、Publicdisclosureofprivatefactsaboutanindividualariseswheninformationprivateincharacterisexposedtothepublic.14、Appropriationoccurswhenaperson’sname,pictureorotherlikenessisusedforcommercialadvantagewithouthisconsent.15、Commercialexploitation16、Anytimeaperson,withoutpermission,entersonto,above,orbelowthesurfaceoflandthatisownedbyanotherorcausesanythingtoenterontotheland,orremainsonthelandorpermitsanythingtoremainonit,suchactionconstitutestheciviltortcalleda“Trespasstoland”.Trespassisthattheremustbeanactual(physical),tangibleinterferences.Noactualharmtothelandisrequiredforliabilityof“Trespasstoland”.17、Nuisanceistheunreasonableandunlawfulinterferencewithanotherperson’srighttotheuseorenjoymentofhisland.Nuisancedoesnotnecessarilyinvolveanyphysicalinterferencesofaperson’sproperty.Fornuisanceliabilitytoexist,theinterferencemustbesubstantialandunreasonable.Nuisanceexample:noise,smoke,vibrations,theprojectionoflight,unpleasantsmell…18、Wheneveranyindividualunlawfullyharmsthepersonalpropertyofanotherorotherwiseinterfereswiththepersonalpropertyowner’srighttoexclusivepossessionandenjoymentofthatproperty,trespasstopersonalproperty(personalty)occurs.19、Conversionistheintentionalandunlawfulexerciseofcontrolordominion(power)overthepersonalpropertyofanotherwithouthisconsent.Conversionisdefinedasanyactdeprivinganownerofpersonalpropertywithoutthatowner’spermissionandwithoutjustcause.20、Negligencetheunintentionalcausingofharmthatcouldhavebeenpreventedifthedefendanthadactedasareasonableandprudentperson.21、Thereasonablepersonstandard--areasonablepersonofordinaryprudenceinsimilarcircumstances22、greaterreluctance23、CausationaclosecausalconnectionbetweenDefendant’sconductandPlaintiff’sinjury.24、Actualcause(causeinfact)Thedefendant’sconductistheactualcauseoftheplaintiff’sinjuryifthatinjurywouldnothaveoccurredbutforthedefendant’sbreachofduty.Abutfortest:(todeterminetheexistenceofactualcause)25、Thisideaofplacingsomelegallimitonanegligentdefendant’sliabilityfortheconsequencesofheractionsiscalledProximatecause(legalcause),whichisaquestionnotoffact,butoflawandsocialpolicy.Althoughadefendant’sconductmayhavebeentheactualcauseofaparticularplaintiff’sinjury,she/heisliableonlyifhis/herconductwasalsotheproximate(legal)causeofthatinjury.26、Superseding/Interveningforces(cause)asupersedingorinterveningforcemaybreaktheconnectionbetweenawrongfulactandinjurytoanother.27、Actual/proximate/supersedingcauseNegligentactualcauseInjuriesConductButfortest(A+B+C…)NegligentProximatecauseInjuriesConductForeseeablility(A+B)NegligentInterveningforceInjuriesConductSupersedingcause(Unforeseeablility)28、Assumptionofriskaplaintiffwhovoluntarilyentersintoariskysituation,knowingtheriskinvolved,willnotbeallowedtorecover.29、Thedoctrineofcontributorynegligenceprovidesthatplaintiffswhofailtoexercisereasonablecarefortheirownsafetyaretotallybarredfromanyrecoveryiftheircontributorynegligenceisasubstantialfactorinproducingtheirinjury;wherebothpartieshavebeennegligence,andtheircombinednegligencehascontributedtocausetheinjury.30、thedoctrineofcomparativenegligencethedoctrineenablesboththeplaintiff’sanddefendant’snegligencetobecomputed,andtheliabilityfordamagesdistributedaccordingly.31、Lastclearchanceisadoctrinethatcanexcusetheeffectofaplaintiff’scontributorynegligence.32、Strictliability(liabilitywithoutfault)liabilityforinjuryisimposedforreasonsotherthanfault.33、Firmoffermustbemadebyamerchantinasignedwritingwhichcontainsassurancesthattheofferwillbeheldopenandnotrevoked.34、Additionalterms35、Anyagreementmodifyingacontractneedsnoconsiderationtobebinding.Modificationsmustbemadeingoodfaith.Whenmodificationwithoutconsiderationrequiresawriting.36、StatuteoffraudIfthecontractpriceis$500ormore,theremustbeawritinginorderforthecontracttobeenforceable.37、ParolEvidenceRule38、Unconscionability39、Identificationisadesignationofgoodsasthesubjectmatterofthesalescontract,whichcanbemadeonlybyseparatingthecontractgoodsfromthemass.(afewexceptions)40、fungiblefoods41、riskofloss42、Tenderofdeliveryistheseller’splacingorholdingofconforminggoodsatthebuyer’sdisposition(withanynecessarynotice),enablingthebuyertotakedelivery.43、Asaleonapprovalisnotasaleuntilthebuyeraccepts(approves)theoffer.Titleandriskremainswiththeseller.44、Asaleorreturnisasalethatcanberescindedbythebuyerwithoutliability.Titleandriskremainswiththebuyer.Insurableinteresttherighttopurchaseinsuranceongoodstoprotectone’spropertyrightsandinterestinthegoods.Thebuyergainsaninsurableinterestwhenthegoodsareidentifiedtothecontract.Thesellerhasaninsurableinterestingoodsaslongasheorsheretainstitletothegoods.46、thevoidabletitleruleapersonwhohasavoidabletitletogoodscanpassgoodtitletoabonafidepurchaserforvalue47、theentrustmentruleapersonwhobuysgoodsintheordinarycourseofadealer’sbusinesstakesfreeofanyclaimofapersonwhoentrustedthosegoodstothedealer.48、Warrantyoftitleguaranteestheseller’srighttotransfergoodstoalaterbuyer.49、Warrantiesofperformancearedesignedtoencouragehonestyintransactionsbecausetheyassurethebuyerthatthegoodswillconformtocertainstandardsofperformance.50、GoodtitleThesellerwarrantsthatshehasgoodandvalidtitleandtherighttotransferthegoods.Iftheseller’stitleprovesdefective,thebuyerhasarighttorecoverdamagesfromtheseller.NoliensTheselleralsowarrantsthatshewilldeliverthegoodsfreefromanysecurityinterestsorlienswhichthebuyerdidnotknowaboutatthetimetheycontracted.NoinfringementsAmerchantalsowarrantstothebuyerthatthegoodsdonotviolateorinfringeonathirdperson’spatents,copyrightsortrademarks.51、Expresswarrantiesaretheguaranteeswhichresultfromtheparties’expectations,andtheyarisefromthespecificwordsofthepartiesandmustbecomepartofthebasisoftheirbargain.52、ImpliedwarrantiesareimposedbyArticle2oftheUCC.A.thewarrantyofmerchantabilityB.thewarrantyoffitnessforaparticularpurpose53、Theforeign-naturaltestisappliedwheneverconsumersdiscoversomesubstancewithinfoodordrinkthattheyfeelshouldnotbethere.54、Thereasonable-expectationtestisthecourt’swayofaskingwhatareasonablepersonwouldexpecttofindinfoodordrink—evenifthesubstanceisnotforeign.55、Impliedwarrantyofmerch