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MetabolismofCarbohydratesDescribetheprimaryprocessofsugaranaerobicglycolysis.Indicatetheprimaryprocessofaerobicoxidation,thekeyenzymesinparticularsteps.LearningOutcome3ProteinsCarbohydratesFatsandlipidsAcetylCoA
RespiratoryChainAminoacidsMonosaccharideGlycerolFattyacidCitricacidcycle
CO22HADP+PiATP
H2O
SubstancemetabolismSection1OverviewCarbohydratesareclassifiedintofourtypesaccordingtotheirhydrolysates:monosaccharideoligosaccharidepolysaccharideglycoconjugateglucose,fructose
maltose,sucrose,lactosestarch,glycogen,cellulose
glycolipid,glucoproteinclassesofcarbohydratesToprovideyourbodywithenergyandcarbon.e.g.Carbohydrateprovidesmaterialforsynthesisofaminoacid,nucleotide,coenzyme,fattyacid,orothermetabolicintermediate.StructuralelementsofcellsandtissuesSourceofmaterialforanabolisme.g.Carbohydratesarecomponentsofglycoprotein,proteoglycansandglycolipids.Themainphysiologicalfunctionofcarbohydrate:OxidationoffuelBloodglucoseFoodcarbsDigestion/absorptionLiverglycogendegradationNon-carbohydratesubstrategluconeogenesisGlycolysisCO2+H2OGlycogensynthesis
liver(muscle)glycogenPentosephosphatepathwayOthercarbsAnabolismoffat,aminoacidFat,aminoacidTheresourceandoutletofbloodglucose
PyruvateAerobicoxidationAnaerobicoxidationlactateSection2Anaerobicglycolysis1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsDefinitionofanaerobicglycolysisAprocessinwhichamoleculeofglucoseisbrokendowntotwomoleculesoflactatebycellsinenzymereactionsthatdonotneedoxygen.Positionofglycolysis:cytoplasm1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+TwoPhases:PhaseI---glycolysis:Thesix-carbonglucosebreakdownintotwomoleculesofthethree-carbonpyruvate.PhaseII---Pyruvateisconvertedto
lactate.ProcedureofanaerobicglycolysislactateGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+ATP
ADPHexokinasePhaseI--glycolysis:
1.PhosphorylationofGlucoseGlucose
Glucose-6-phosphate
(G-6-P)ThefirstkeyenzymeGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Glucose-6-phosphate
(G-6-P)2.ConversionofGlucose6-Phosphateto
Fructose6-PhosphateFructose-6-phosphate(F-6-P)PhosphohexoseisomeraseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Fructose-6-phosphate(F-6-P)3.PhosphorylationofFructose6-PhosphatetoFructose1,6-BisphosphateMg2+phosphofructokinaseATP
ADPFructose1,6-Bisphosphate(F-1,6-2P)ThesecondkeyenzymeGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateDHAP4.CleavageofFructose1,6-BisphosphateAldolaseFructose1,6-Bisphosphate(F-1,6-2P)DHAPGAP+GG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+DihydroxyacetonephosphateGlyceraldehyde3-phosphate5.InterconversionoftheTriosePhosphatesTriosephosphateisomeraseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Glyceraldehyde3-Phosphate1,3-BisphosphoglycerateProducesthereducedformoftheNADHProducestheenergy-richintermediate6.OxidationofGlyceraldehyde3-Phosphateto1,3-BisphosphoglyceratePi、NAD+
NADH+H+
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphatedehydrogenaseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-phosphoglyceratesubstrate-levelphosphorylation:
theinformationofanenergy-richintermediate,whichisthenusedforthesynthesisofATP.7.PhosphorylTransferfrom1,3-BisphosphoglyceratetoADPADPATP
Phosphoglyceratekinase
GG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+3-Phosphoglycerate2-Phosphoglycerate8.Conversionof3-Phosphoglycerateto2-PhosphoglyceratePhosphoglyceratemutaseGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+Phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)9.Dehydrationof2-PhosphoglyceratetoPhosphoenolpyruvateEnolase2-PhosphoglycerateProducestheenergy-richintermediateGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPhosphoenolpyruvateMg2+PyruvateThethirdkeyenzymeThesecondsubstrate-levelphosphorylation10.TransferofthePhosphorylGroupfromPhosphoenolpyruvatetoADPADP
ATP
K+Mg2+PyruvatekinasePhosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)GG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPEPMg2+Positionofanaerobicglycolysis:cytoplasm
ananaerobicprocess
throughwhichATPissynthesized.Threekeyenzymes:Hexokinase,Phosphofructokinase&PyruvateKinase.AsmallamountofenergySummaryofanaerobicglycolysislactateHexokinasePhosphofructokinasePyruvateKinase1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsBiosignificanceofanaerobicglycolysisaneffectivewaytoprovideenergyquickly
under
anaerobicconditions.themainwaytoproduceATPinsometissues,eventhoughtheoxygensupplyissufficient.Cellswithoutmitochondria:erythrocytesMetabolicactivecells:leucocyte、myeloidcellSection3AerobicOxidationofGlucose1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsTheaerobicoxidationofcarbohydratesisreferredtoglucoseisoxidizedtoCO2
andH2Ounderaerobicconditions.It’sthemainenergysupplymode.Position:cytoplasmandmitochondriaDefinition1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPhaseI:GlycolysisPhaseII:OxidativedecarboxylationPhaseIII:Tricarboxylicacidcycle
Acetyl-CoAPyrutateGPyrutateH2O[O]ATPADPCO2NADH+H+FADH2TCAcycleProcedure
PhaseIV:Oxidativephosphorylationcytoplasmmitochondria1.Glucosebreakdownintotwomoleculesofthethree-carbonpyruvateinglycolyticpathwayPyruvateAcetyl-CoA
NAD+,HSCoACO2,NADH+H+
pyruvatedehydrogenasecomplexOverallreaction:2.PyruvateisoxidizedtoAcetyl-CoAandCO2inmitochondriaThecyclecomprisesthecombinationofamoleculeofacetyl-CoAwithoxaloacetate,resultingintheformationofasix-carbontricarboxylicacid,citrate.TherefollowsaseriesofreactionsinthecourseofwhichtwomoleculesofCO2arereleasedandoxaloacetateisregenerated.AlsocalledcitricacidcycleorKrebscycle.3.TricarboxylicacidcycleNAD+NADH+H+CO2GDP+PiGTPNAD+NADH+H+FADFADH2NAD+
NADH+H+CO2①Citratesynthase②aconitase③isocitratedehydrogenase④α-ketoglutaratedehydrogenase⑤succinyl-CoA
synthetase⑥succinatedehydrogenase⑦fumarase⑧malatedehydrogenase①②②③④⑤⑥⑦⑧SummaryofTCACycleUndergo:
onesubstrate-level
prosphorylationtwodecarboxylationfourdehydrogenation1SummaryofTCACycleGeneration:
oneGTPtwoCO2oneFADH2threeNADH+H+2SummaryofTCACycleKeyenzyme:citratesynthase
isocitratedehydrogenaseα-ketoglutaratedehydrogenasecomplex31.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsAerobicoxidationofcarbohydrateisthemainmethodtogetATPoforganism.BiosignificanceTCAcycleactsasthefinalcommonpathwayfortheoxidationofcarbohydrates,lipids,andproteins.TCAcycleisakeypointtocommunicatethemetabolismofprotein,carbohydrateandlipids.Section4Gluconeogenesis1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGluconeogenesis
isthesynthesisprogressofglucoseorglycogenfromnon-carbohydratesources.Position:Materials:Mainlyliver,kidney.Pyruvate,lactate,
glycerol,glycogenicaminoacid.Definition1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGG-6-PF-6-PF-1,6-2PATP
ADPATP
ADP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate3-Phosphoglycerate2-PhosphoglyceratePyruvateDHAPGAPNAD+NADH+H+ADPATPADPATPPEPMg2+GluconeogenicpathwayisnotareversiblereactionofglycolyticpathwaycompletelyProgress:Mostreactions
ofgluconeogenicpathwayandglycolyticpathwayaresharedandreversible.Threeirreversiblereactionscatalyzedbythreekeyenzymesinglycolysismustbebypassedingluconeogenesis.
gluconeogenicpathwayisthesynthesisprogressofglucosefrompyruvate.Fructose6-Phosphate
Fructose1,6-Bisphosphatephosphofructokinase
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphataseADPATP
PiGlucose6-PhosphateGlucoseglucose6-phosphatasehexokinaseATP
ADPPiPEP
PyruvateoxaloacetatePyruvatekinasepyruvatecarboxylaseADPATPCO2+ATPADP+PiGTPPEP-carboxykinaseGDP+Pi+CO21.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsBiosignificanceThemainfunctionofgluconeogenesisistomaintainthestableofbloodglucose.Gluconeogenesisisanimportantpathwaytoreplenishandrestorethestorageofliverglycogen.Theenhanceofrenalgluconeogenesisishelpfultothemaintenanceofacid-basebalance.C3pathway:Aftermeal,mostglucoseisbrokendowntolactateorpyruvatewhichcontainthreecarbonsoutsidethelivercells,thentheseC3substratesenterthelivercellsandgeneratetoglycogenbygluconeogenesis.Section5PentosephosphatepathwayBloodglucoseFoodcarbsDigestion/absorptionLiverglycogendegradationNon-carbohydratesubstrategluconeogenesisGlycolysisCO2+H2OGlycogensynthesis
liver(muscle)glycogenPentosephosphatepathwayOthercarbsAnabolismoffat,aminoacidFat,aminoacidTheresourceandoutletofbloodglucose
PyruvateAerobicoxidationAnaerobicoxidationlactate1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPentosephosphatepathwayistheprogressofglucoseproducesribose-5-phosphateandNADPH+H+,thenthepentosephosphatesisconvertedintoglyceraldehyde3-phosphateandfructose6-phosphate.DefinitionPosition:Cytoplasm1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPhaseI:TheOxidativePhaseThereactionhastwophases:PhaseII:TheNonoxidativePhaseProducesribose-5-phosphate,NADPH+H+andCO2IncludingaseriesofgrouptransferProcedurePhaseIPhaseIIGlucose6-phosphate(C6)6-Phosphoglucono-lactone(C6)6-Phosphogluconate(C6)Ribulose5-phosphate(C5)Ribose
5-phosphateC5NADP+NADPH+H+
6-phosphogluconatedehydrogenaseNADP+NADPH+H+
glucose6-phosphate
dehydrogenaseCO2Xylulose5-phosphateC5Sedoheptulose7-phosphateC7Glyceraldehyde3-phosphateC3Erythrose4-phosphateC4Fructose6-phosphateC6Fructose6-phosphateC6Glyceraldehyde3-phosphateC3Xylulose5-phosphateC5ashydrogendonorNADP+NADPH+H+CO2transformationNADP+NADPH+H+Glucose6-phosphateglucose6-phosphate
dehydrogenase6-Phosphoglucono-lactone6-PhosphogluconateRibulose5-phosphateXylulose
5-phosphateRibose5-phosphateGlyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
Fructose
6-phosphateEnterglycolysisbiosynthesisofnucleotidesSummary1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContents2.ProvideNADPHashydrogendonortoparticipateinvariousmetabolicreactions.1.Provideriboseforbiosynthesisofnucleotides.BiosignificanceNADPH
isthehydrogendonorinvariousanabolism;NADPHparticipatethehydroxylationinvivo;NADPHcouldkeeptheregenerationofreducedglutathione(GSH).Section6GlycogenmetabolismBloodglucoseFoodcarbsDigestion/absorptionLiverglycogenNon-carbohydratesubstrategluconeogenesisGlycolysisCO2+H2OGlycogensynthesis
liver(muscle)glycogenPentosephosphatepathwayOthercarbsAnabolismoffat,aminoacidFat,aminoacidTheresourceandoutletofbloodglucose
PyruvateAerobicoxidationAnaerobicoxidationlactatedegradation1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsGlycogenisapolymerofglucoseresidueslinkedbyglycosidicbonds.DefinitionStructureofglycogenShape:branchedpolymerReducingend:oneNonreducingends:polyDistributionofglycogenMainlyliverandskeletalmuscleNonreducingendsReducingend1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsPosition:
Cytoplasmofliver,muscle(main)
Definition:
Thesynthesisprogressofglycogenfrommonosaccharide.
Monosaccharide:
Glucose(main),fructose,galactose…MostanabolismofglycogenoccurredinliverandmusclePosition:
Cytoplasm*UDPG:Gactivepattern,Gactivedonor.ATP
ADPPPiUTP
+glucoseglucose6-phosphateglucose1-phosphateUDPGglycogenprimer(Gn)Gn+1+UDPGlycogensynthesisglycogensynthaseUDP-glucoseKeyenzyme:Glycogensynthasehexokinase,glucokinasephosphoglucomutaseRiboseUracilUDP-Glcpyophosphorylase
Position:
Liver
Production:
Glucose
Glycogendegradation:
Theprogressthatglycogenisdegradedtoglucose.(liverglycogen)Theproductionofglycogendegradation:glucosecouldreplenishthebloodglucoseTomaintainrelativelystableofbloodglucoseGlycogendegradation(skeletalmuscle)(liver,kindey)glycogenn+1glycogenn+glucose1-phosphateglucose6-phosphateglycogenphosphorylaseglucoseglucose6-phosphataseglycolysisTomeettheenergyrequirementofmusclesinstrenuousexercisephosphoglucomutase1.Definition2.Procedure3.BiosignificanceContentsliverglycogenMuscleglycogenrawmaterialmonosaccharide/no-carbohydratematerialglucosecleavageproductglucoselactatefunctiontomaintainrelativelystableofbloodglucosetomeettheenergyrequirementofmusclesinstrenuousexerciseconsumption12-18haftermealafterheavyexerciseComparisonofliverglycogenand
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