英语词汇学串讲-精彩呈现

第1页共63页英语词汇学串讲1.考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(30分)：完全是考书中的例子，理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’的结合。Ⅱ.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’.Ⅲ.（10分）考试内容：ⅰ.Typesofmeaningchanges:词意变化的种类ⅱ.Typesofmeaning:词义的种类，如：概念意义，联想意义，情感意义等。ⅲ.Languagesbranches:语系与语族,语系如：印欧语系；语族如：一个大的语系下分为那几个小的语族，如：日尔曼语族，斯堪的纳维亚语族等。ⅳ.Feathersofidioms:习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分)考试内容：ⅰ.TypesofBoundMorphemes:粘着词素的种类ⅱ.TypesofWordFormations:构词法的种类ⅲ.TypesofMeaning:词义的种类ⅳ.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:习语涵义的种类Ⅴ.名词解释(10分)：Ⅵ.简答题(12分)：ⅰ.比较题：两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题，比如说‘概念意义与联想意义有何区别，粘着词素与派生词根有何区别，两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。ⅱ.名词解释扩展题：难的名词解释派生的简答题，如:AffectedMeaning名词解释起来太长了，放在简答题里，就成为：WhatisAffectedMeaning,brieflyexemplifyit.ⅲ.Optional:可考可不考的题，往往是给出名词让你举例子Ⅶ.分析题(18分)：给出例子，让你用理论加以分析。二.串讲内容：Introduction部分：Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法:1)Diachronicapproach:历时语言学2)Synchronicapproach:共时语言学e.g.wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization第一章部分：Whatisword?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;2)Asoundunityoragivensound;3)aunitofmeaning;4)aformthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classificationofaword）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1)simplewords2)complexwords单音节词例子：e.g.Manandfinearesimple多音节词例子：e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmailmanagement可以次划分为manage和-mentmisfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortuneblackmail次划分为black和mailWhatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?1)Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.e.g.dog.cat2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1)influencedbyRomans2)Pronunciationchanged3)earlyscribes4)borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。Whatisvocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)Whatistheclassificationofwords?Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?Threecriteria:1)Byuseoffrequency2)Bynotion3)ByoriginByuseoffrequency可划分为：1)Thebasicwordstock2)NonbasicwordvocabularyBynotion可划分为：1)Contentword2)FunctionalwordContentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的别称)Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stabilityAccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考试必考)theninefunctionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,youWhatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?1)Allnationalcharacter2)Stability3)Productivity4)Polysemy5)Collocability要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？e.g.man,woman,fire,water…e.g.machine,video,telephone…e.g.bow,chariot,knightStabilityisrelative,notabsolute.根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1)Terminologye.g.sonata,algebra2)Jargone.g.Bottomline(Jargon)3)Slange.g.smoky,bear(Slang)4)Argote.g.persuader5)Dialectalwordse.g.station(AusE=ranch)bluid(ScotE=blood)6)Archaismse.g.wilt(will)7)Neologismse.g.email(Neologisms)beaver是girl的slang表达方式，但是二者之间存在着StylisticdifferenceWhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?Answer:ContentwordsWhatisnativewords?Answer:(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage什么叫borrowedwords?Answer:(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.什么叫Denizens?DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfromporc(F).什么叫Translation-loans?Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)什么叫Semantic-loans?wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant’joy’and‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.第二章：ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabularyTheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyItisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.(重点：语系划分的标准）Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?Theanswer:1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容：)Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.‘Indo-European’两大分支：1.Easternset2.WesternsetEasternset:Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanianWesternset:Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.Celtic：Scottish,Irish,Welsh,BretonThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.WithVikings’invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.重点句:ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)如果从词汇变化的角度而言，ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissanceModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入？TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabularyThreemainsourcesofnewwords:1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing2)Semanticchange（还包括外来词的Semanticloans）Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作.重点句：borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？答案：ModernEnglishperiod文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?答案：EarlyModernEnglishperiod在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French,Latin,EnglishinMiddleEnglishperiodeasel,port,freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：MiddleEnglish,Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch(前年考题)据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?答案：50,000to60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxontongue)第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Maojackets,blackbelt,kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present-dayEnglishVocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。OldEnglish和MiddleEnglish最大的strikingdistinction存在于哪一个方面?答案：OldEnglishwasalanguageoffullendings,MiddleEnglishwasoneofleveledendings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响?答案：Greek,Romanculture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：ModernEnglish十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?答案：Printing这导致soundandform出现concord,出现standardization.第三章复习:ThesmallestunitintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(morphemes)TheminimalfreeformintheEnglishlanguagerefersto(word)Inthepluralformchanging,someofthewordswilltakeinternalvowelchange,thisinternalvowelchangeiscalled(allomorphs)Deer复数没有变,还是deer,sheep复数没有变,还是sheep,因此,这种变化被称作(zeroderivation)名词解释:Morphemes:Theminimalmeaningfulunitsinalanguageareknownasmorphemes.Inotherwords,themorphemesis’thesmallestfunctioningunitincompositionofwordsAllomorphs:Thealternativemorphsareknownasallomorphs,e.g.themorphemeofplurality{-s}hasanumberofallomorphsindifferentsoundcontext,e.g.incatsinbags,matchesItcanberealizedbythechangeofaninternalvowelasinfoot-feet,man-men,goose-geeseorbyzeromorphsasindeer-deer,fish-fish简答题：whatarethetypesofmorphemes?(答简答题时,名词解释)答案：FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemes:1)Freemorphemesareindependentofothermorphemesandareconsideredtobefree.2)Thesemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.3)Theyareidenticalwithrootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreerootwords,aseachofthemconsistsofasinglefreeroot.4)freemorphemesarefreeroots.boundmorphemes:1)Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound..2)Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwords.3)Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:boundrootandaffixaffix分为两类:inflectionalandderivationalaffixes.Inflectionalaffixes:Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Derivationalaffixes:1)derivationalaffixesareaffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenowwords.2)Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.root:1)arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.2)theroot,whetherfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword3)a’rootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhenallinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved’stem:1)astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorphemeasinironoroftworootmorphemesasinacompoundlikehandcuff.2)Itcanbearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemesasinmouthful,underestimate.3)Therefore,astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.问题：Stem和root有一个最大的区别在哪里?(连着两年没有考过)答案：astemcanbedefinedasaformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation,dict请加以理论的分析?Bothnationanddictbelongtoroots,nationisfreeroot,whichcanfunctionaloneinasentence,Nationasafreeroot,hascompletemeaning,whenbothprefixesandsuffixesattachedtoitareremoved,nationasafreeroot,stillremainsDictisaboundroot,whichcannotfunctionalonegrammatically,dictcarriesthefundamentalmeaningofwords,dicthastocombinewiththeothermorphemestocreatenewwords,forexample,dictionary,contradiction.问题：分析下面一句话:Heismuchmoreclevererthananyotheroneinthevillage,tooheadsarebetterthanone.请从构词角度分析以上的例子,cleverer,bettercleverer(-er:inflectionalaffixes)better(good,well的特殊变化)Itisallomorphofgoodandwell.第四章:问题：在英语中,主要的构词法分为哪几种?答案：有七种:1)Affixation2)Compounding3)conversion4)shortening5)clipping6)acronymy7)blending有三种最常用:affixation,compoundingandconversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种?答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式?答案：Narrowing问题：Affixation又被称为什么?它分为哪两类？答案：AffixationisalsoknownasderivationAffixationfallsintotwosubclasses:prefixationandsuffixation要点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别:a-,non,ir:negativeprefixesde-,dis-(既属于negative,也属于reversativeprefixes)mal-,pseudo-,mis-:pejorativeprefixessuper,sur-,extra：prefixesofdegreeorsizeanti-,contra-,counter-,pro-:prefixesoforientationandattitudetrans-,fore-tele-:locativeprefixesfore-,post-:prefixesoftimeandorderbi-,uni-,semi-:numberprefixespan-,vice-:miscellaneousprefixessuffixation:1.Nounsuffixes1)Denominalnouns2)Deverbalnouns3)De-adjectivenouns:ity,-ness,4)Nounandadjectivesuffixes注意Compounding,acoronymy,blending,conversion,clipping的名词解释.要点:复合词分为哪三类:1)solid2)hyphenated3)open简答题:whatarethecharacteristicsofcompounds?Whatarethedifferencebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?答案：1)phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures最常见的三种词性:1)Nouncompound2)Adjectivecompounds3)verbcompounds问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性,哪两种不具有多产性?在形容性复合词当中,哪三类有多产性?动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的?*名词解释:Conversion(重点，还没考过)Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofoneclasstoanotherclass.Functionalshift=conversionZero-derivation(选择或填空要点)Adjectivetonoun:(1)fullconversion(2)partialconversion问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjectivetoverbs:(1)Transitive(2)Intransitive简答题:形容词变动词的三种类别(没考过)问题：请你举出由conjunction变为noun的一个例子?答案：Ifsandbutsblendingarealsocalledblendsorportmanteauwords(选择或填空要点)问题：‘blending’分为哪四类合成词？1.head+tail2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail问题:绝大多数blending都是什么词性?答案：nounsTheoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns;veryfewareverbsandadjectivesareevenfewer.问题：截短法clipping分为哪四类？答案：Therearefourcommontypesofclipping:1)Frontclipping2)Backclipping3)Frontandbackclipping4)Phraseclipping要注意clipping的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge(refrigerator截短之后在i,g中间加一个d),还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke(cocacola)问题：什么是acronymy？AcronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofneamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialnounphrasesandtechnicaltermsAcronymy包含两类:1)initialisms(不发音)e.g.BBC,VOA,TB2)acronyms(形成新的发音)e.g.CORE,TEFL`Wordsfrompropernames有四大类:1.Namesofpeoplee.g.bobby:Namesofpeople2.Namesofplacese.g.champagne,rugby3.Namesofbookse.g.utopia4.Tradenamese.g.cabal问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g.diagnosis?diagnose:(先有诊断的名词,后有了诊断的动词,这种构词被称作)backformationbloomers(它的构词法满足哪一种词法):属于Wordsfrompropernames中的NamesofpeopleVJ-day:(这种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于Initialisms中的AcronymsPop:(采用哪一种构词法构成的):clippingSitcom:blendingFORTRAN:head+headBath(名词)bathe(动词)Bath和bathe存在一种什么关系?(Conversion)重点句：Conversionisalsoknownasfunctionalshift.问题：Noun+v-ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compounding问题：Record-breaking,它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案：Adjectivescompounds问题：请说出Adjectivescompounds中多产性强的有几类？答案：有三类1)n+v-ing2)n+a3)n+v-ed问题：up-bringing是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案：nouncompounds(adv+v-ing)问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么?答案：区别也就是复合词的特点:1)Phoneticfeatures2)Semanticfeatures3)Grammaticalfeatures问题：redmeat,greenhorn,它们是复合词的哪一个特点构成的词?答案：Semanticfeatures(也就是从构词上推不出它的涵义）问题：Compounding又被称作什么法？答案：composition问题：由compounding或composition构成的词被称作什么？答案：compounds问题：复合词分为几类？分别举例加以说明？答案：分为三类：solid,hyphenated,opensolid:blackmail,blackmarkethyphenated:brother-in-law,open:greenhorn,greenhand问题：当形容词转为动词时分为几类：Adjectivestoverbs答案：有三类：1)Bothtransitiveandintransitive2)Onlytransitive3)Onlyintransitive问题：由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后，转成了什么词性?答案：verbtonoune.g.catch问题：形容词可不可以转类，转成名词分为几个类别?答案：分为两类：1)fullconversione.g.black,white2)partialconversione.g.therich,thepoor问题：名词再变成名词分为几类？分别举例说明？答案：1)Concrete2)abstracte.g.host:（可加-ess变成具体名词）friend:(加-ship可变成抽象名词）问题：(只作了解)Awordisunityofsoundandmeaning(trueorfalse)答案：true(可从word的四个特点看出）问题：Mostloanedwordsareborrowedfromforeignlanguageswithoutanychangeinsoundandspelling.（trueorfalse).答案：true外来词分为四类：1)Denizense.g.cupfromcuppa,portformportus2)Aliense.g.garage,decor3)Translation-loanse.g.longtimenosee4)Semantic-loans.e.g.dream判断对错题：1．Conversionmeanstransferofawordfromoneclasstoanther.(trueorfalse)答案：true2．Therelationshipbetweenawordsymbolanditsmeaningismostlyarbitraryandconventional.(trueorfalse).答案：true3.awordusedindifferentcontextsmaycontrastwithdifferentantonyms.(trueorfalse)答案：true4.anallomorphisanyofthevariantformsofmorphemes.(trueorfalse)答题：false重点句：Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.E.g.fast（fast在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念）选择题：Chineseisournativelanguage,butwecannotsaytheChineseisour?.a)mothertongueb)firstlanguagec)motherlanguaged)officiallanguage答案：C）motherlanguage(不存在的一种说法)问题：以下的哪一个词isnotanexpressionusedbyAmerican?A)tubeB)barC)MailboxD)Congress答案：tube(只有英国人把地铁叫tube,美国人把它叫作subway,underground)问题：‘smog’它是‘smoke,fog’合在一起形成的词，它是采用了下面哪一种构词法？A)clippingB)compoundingC)blendingD)backformation答案：C)blending问题：以下的词哪些属于：A)simplewordB)compoundwordC)derivedwordD)shortenedform.e.g.goldmine(compoundword)bike(shortenedform)process(derivedword:cess是一个不可分割的boundroot，pro它是一个前缀)supermarket(derivedword)language(simpleword)driver(derivedword)dorm(shortenedform,clipping)modernize(derivation)blackboard(compound)bus(shortenedform)(omnibus)(可能会出现的题)Whatisthedifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords,illustrateyourpointwithexamples?(未考过)注意：答题时先答名词解释，再加以例子说明。(复习要考虑的题)Whatisthedifferencebetweendenotativemeaningandconnotativemeaning?(论述题)WhatarethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstockoftheEnglishvocabulary?(未考过)答题时先答名词解释basicwordstock再答五大特点并配以例子加以说明。(关键答好第一个特点:‘Allnationalcharacter，它又分为五个特点)前四章复习的内容：问题：Whichofthefollowingwordsisnotformedthroughclipping?A)dormB)MotelC)gentD)zoo答案：Motel:(blending)问题：OldEnglishhasvocabularyofabouthowmanywords?答案：50,000to60,000问题：词素分为自由词素和粘着词素，自由词素又被称作自由词根，粘着词素分为哪两类？答案：粘着词素分为：Boundroot和affixes选择题或填空：BesidesFrenchwords,Englishalsoabsorbasmanyas2,500wordsintheMiddleEnglishPeriod.(Dutch)AwordisasymbolthatB.A)isusedbysamecommunityB)representssomethingelseintheworldC)bothsimpleandcomplexinnatureD)ShowdifferentideasindifferentsoundsTheoppositeofsemanticelevationinmeaningchangeiscalleddegradationorpejoration.Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynationwideuseandstability,buthaslimitedProductivity问题：以下的这些词是粘着词素吗，以下的这些词是什么样的构词法？1)heartandsoul(Adverbialinnature)2)father-maleparent(conceptualmeaning)3)City-bred(noun+v-ed)4)Lip-reading-lipread(backformation)5)headache(compoundn+v)6)antecedent(下划线的这一部分是什么：boundmorphemes)7)preview(prefix:前缀)8)receive(boundroot)9)called(inflectionalaffixes)第五章：WordMeaning

Themeaningsof‘Meaning’指的是哪三个层次的内容?

意义中的含义的三个层次的划分:

Whatarethemeaningsof‘Meaning’?

1)Reference(有reference的词必然具有sense,也必然具有Concept)

2)Concept(能够形成Concept的词必然有reference)

3)Sense(有sense的词未必具有concept,也未必具有reference)

(Conjunction,prepositions,adverbs,它们都是具有sense的词,但是未必具有reference,也未必具有concept,例如：if,but,probably:它们有sense,但没有concept)

Whatistherelationshipbetweenthereferenceandthethingoutsidethelanguage?（等同于：Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform）

答:Arbitraryandconventional

名词解释:reference

名词Concept:1.Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.

Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewordsbutbelongtodifferentcategories.

2.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.

3.Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.

4.aconceptcanhaveasmanyreferringexpressionsastherearelanguagesintheworld.

重点:sense的名词解释：

Sense:1.‘sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.‘Thesenseofanexpressionisitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherexpressionsinthelanguage.’

2.Sincethesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisoftendifficulttosaywhatsortofidentityitis.Itisalsoanabstraction.

*3.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)

重点：Whatarethetypeofmotivation？

1)Onomatopoeicmotivation

2)MorphologicalMotivation

3)SemanticMotivation

4)EtymologicalMotivation

填空:

1.someofthewordswheneditedwithprefixesandsuffixes,itwillbecomeanothernewword,eithernewinmeaningornewinsense,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)

2.Compoundsaretotallydifferentinthemeaningbeforeitwascarriedoutwithdifferentelements,sothemeaningofacompoundcannotbededucedfromcomponentconstitutedthiscompound,thismotivationiscalled(morphologicalmotivation)

3.peninoldEnglish,referstothefeather,butwiththedevelopmentoftechnology,fountainwasinvented,butthenameofthismaterialwaskeptuptothisday,peoplestillusedthepentorefertowrittingtool,thismotivationiscalled(etymologicalmotivation)

4.Conceptualmeaningalsoknowas(denotativemeaning)

4.laconicanswer(简短回答),

laconic的形成是属于哪一种理据(etymologicalmotivation)

问题:pingpongball,cuckoo是靠哪一种理据形成的新词?

答案:OnomatopoeicMotivation

问题:atthefootofmountain,themouthofriver,此时采用了哪一种理据构成?

答案:Semanticmovtivation

论述题:1.Whatarethetypesofmotivation?

2.Whatarethetypesofmeaning?

按大的分支来分分为:(1)grammaticalmeaning(2)Lexicalmeaning

分析题:*’Thedogischasingacat’,analyzethesentencebasedongrammaticalmeaning.

Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.

(语法意义上分析没考过,但从词汇意义上分析考过)

语法意义指一个词的词性,句中充当的成份,句子的时态,单复数形式等.

1)’Dog,cat’arenouns,and’chase’istransitiveverb.

2)Thesentenceisusedinpresentcontinuoustense.

3)’Thedog,acat’aresingularform.

问题:Thepenismightierthansword?请从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?

Both’penandsword’arenouns.

’mightier’isanadjective,and’than’ispreposition.

Thesentenceisinsimplepresenttense.

这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?

’Mightierthan’iscomparativedegree.

’penandsword’areinsingularform.

’Thepen’issubject,and’sword’functionsasanobjecttopreposition’than’.

’mightier’ispredictive.

重点名词解释:

Conceptualmeaning:

1)Conceptualmeaning(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.

2)Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommuniationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaingtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.

*Associativemeaning:(一定要把它的四种分支答上)

1)associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.

2)Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisopen-endedandindeterminated.

3)Itisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.

4)Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotative,stylistic,affective,andcollocative.

问题:Connotativemeaningisnotthesametoeverybody,everysituationandeverytime,analyzethestatement?

答案:e.g.Achildisprejudicedagainst,oftenjeeredat,beatenorscoldedathome,thenhometohisisnothingbut’ahell’,henceunfavourableconnotatitions,

问题:某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？

答案：e.g.Aphraselike’sonofa娃哈哈’whichnormallyhasanassociativemeaningofcrudevulgaritymayconveytheconnotationof’friendliness’and’intimacy’usedbetweentwoclosefriendswhentheymeetaftersomeprolongedperiodoftime.

问题:Stylisticmeaning根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据TheFiveClocks划分,有几种划分?

答案:Insomedictionaries,stylisticfeaturesareclearlymarkedas’formal’,’informal’,’literary’,’archaic’,slang’.

MartinJoosinhisbookTheFiveClockssuggestsfivedegreesofformality:’frozen’,’formal’,’consultative’,’casual’and’intimate’.

问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?

答案:1)formal2)neutral3)informal

注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.

在情感意义affectivemeaning,考试往往要落脚在affectivemeaning的两个分类:(年年affectivemeaning例子都考)

(1)appreciativemeaning

(2)pejorativemeaning

Collocativemeaning中的例子要记好:pretty,handsome

Green搭配的例子记好:greenonthejob,greenfruit,greenwithenvy,green-eyedmonster.

复习:

问题:Blackmail从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?

答案:Complex

Morphologicalmotivation

问题:有reference的词必然具有senseandconcept(正确)

有sense的词一定具有reference.(错误)

Thewordwhichhavemeaningdoesnothavenecessarilyreference.

问题:’Forget,forgot,forgetting,forgotten,forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?

答案:Grammaticalmeaning

问题:‘