14年xdf医学考博英语密阅读精讲高阶

PassageFourteen-year-oldSeanMeCallumlayinahospitalbedwaitingforanewheart.Withoutit,Scanwoulddie.Sean'scaseisnotunusual.Everydaymanypeoplediebecausetherejustaren'tenoughhumanorganstogoaround.Nowscientistssaytheycanalterthegeneticmake-upofcertainanimalssothattheirorgansmaybeacceptabletohumans.Withthisgene-alteringtechniquetoovercomeourimmunerejectiontoforeignorgans,scientistshopetousepigheartsfortransplantsbytheyear2008.Thatprospect,however,hasstirredupstrongoppositionamonganimalfightactivists.Theyprotestthatthewholeideaofusinganimalorgansiscruelandunjust;somescientistsalsofearsuchtransplantsmaytransformunknowndiseasestohumans.Othersbelievetransplantinganimalorgansintohumansisunnecessary.Millionsofdollarsspentonbreedingpigsfortheirorganscouldbebetterspentonhealtheducationprograms.Theybelieveseventy-fivepercentoftheheartdiseasecasesthatleadtoaneedfororgantransplantarepreventable.Thekeyistoconvincepeopletoeathealthfully,andnottosmokeordrinkalcohol.Scientistscouldalsouseresearchfundstoimproveartificialorgans.Stillothersbelievethatthoughnewinventionsandpreventionprogramsmayhelp,spendingmoneytoencouragemorepeopletodonatetheirorgansisanevenbetteridea.Ifenoughpeoplewereeducatedaboutorgandonations,everyonewhoneededanorgancouldbetakenoffthewaitinglistinayear.WhatistheproblemthepassagebeginsHighmortalityrateofimmuneAmalpracticeinheartAnunusualcaseoforganAshortageofhumanNotonlyisthegene-alteringtechniqueatechnicalissue,accordingtothepassagebutalso introducesanissueofraisestheissueofjusticeinpresentsasignificantthreattothehumanpushesthepracticeoforgantransplanttotheDoubtfulofthenecessityofusinganimalorgans,some aretonarrowthescopeoforganswitchtothedevelopmentofartificialcomeupwithalternativestothecurrentsetouttopursuebetterwaysoftreatingheartItcanbeinferredfromtheconcludingparagraphofthepassage thegene-alteringtechniquewillhelpthosewaitingfororganthepresentsupplyofhumanorgansstillhaspotentialtobepeopleprefertheuseofanimalorgansformedicalthegene-alteringtechniqueleavesmuchtoTheinformationthepassagecarries A. B. C. D.PassageThereisagreatironyof21st-centuryglobalhealth:Whilemanyhundredsofmillionsofpeoplelackadequatefoodasaresultofeconomicinequities,politicalcorruption,orwarfare,manyhundredsofmillionsmoreareoverweighttothepointofincreasedriskfordiet-relatedchronicdiseases.Obesityisaworldwidephenomenon,affectingchildrenaswellasadultsandforcingallbutthepoorestcountriestodivertscarceresourcesawayfromfoodsecuritytotakecareofpeoplewithpreventableheartdiseaseanddiabetes.Toreversetheobesityepidemic,wemustaddressthefundamentalcauses.Overweightcomesfromconsumingmorefoodenergythanisexpendedinactivity.Thecauseofthisimbalancealsoisironic:improvedprosperity.Peopleuseextraincometoeatmoreandbelessphysicallyactive.Marketeconomiesencouragethis.Theymakepeoplewithexpendableincomeintoconsumersofaggressivelymarketedfoodsthatarehighinenergybutlowinnutritionalvalue,andofcars,televisionsset.Andcomputersthatpromotesedentarybehavior.Gainingweightaregoodbusiness.Foodisparticularlybigbusinessbecauseeveryoneeats.Moreover,foodissooverproducedthatmanycountries,especiallytherichonesthatfarmorethantheyneed,anotherirony,thantheUnitedStates,totakeanextremeexample,mostadults—ofallages,incomes,educationallevels,andcensuscategories—areoverweight.TheU.S.foodsupplyprovides3800kilocaloriesperpersonperday,nearlytwiceasmuchasrequiredbymanyadults.Overabundantfoodforcescompaniestocompeteforsalesthroughadvertising,healthclaims,newproducts,largerportions,andcampaignsdirectedtowardchildren.Foodmarketingpromotesweightgain.Indeed,itisdifficulttothinkofanymajorindustrythatmightbenefitifpeopleate!Lessfood;certainlynottheagriculture,foodproduct,grocery,restaurant,dietordrugindustries.Allflourishwhenpeopleeatmore.AndallemployarmiesofLobbyiststodiscouragegovernmentsfromdoinganythingtoinhibitovereating.Thegreatironyof21stcenturyglobalpublichealthrefers thecauseofobesityanditscounteractivetheinsufficientandsuperfluousconsumptionoftheseasnaturalresourceandthegreenoffoodtheconsumptionoffoodandtheincreasedriskfordiet-relatedToaddressthefundamentalcauseoftheobesityepidemic,accordingtothepassage,.toimprovepoliticalandeconomictocopewiththeenergyimbalancetocombatdiet-relatedchronictoincreaseinvestmentinglobalAswecanlearnfromthepassage,thesecondironyrefers affluenceandfoodenergyandnutritionalfoodbusinessandeconomicdiseasesofcivilizationandpathologyofAsaresultofthethirdirony, consume3800kilocaloriesonadailycomplainaboutfoodhavetoraisetheirfoodaredriventowardsweightWhichofthefollowingcanbeexcludedaswecanunderstandbasedontheTheeconomic B.ThepoliticalC.Thehumane D.ThedietaryPassageWomenfindamasculineface-withalargejawandaprominentbrow-moreattractivewhentheyaremostlikelytoattractive,accordingtoastudypublishedintheJune24NATURE.Before,during,anduseaftermenstruation,however,theyseemtobedrawntolessangular,more"feminine"malefaces,theresearchersreport."Otherstudiesoffemalepreference,mainlyforodors,showchangesacrossthemenstrualcycle,"saysleadauthorIanPenton-VoakoftheUniversityofSt.AndrewsinScotland."Wethoughtitwouldbeinterestingtolookatvisualpreferencesandseeiftheychangedalso".Theresearchersshowed39Japanesewomencompositemalefacesthatemphasizedmasculineorfemininefacialfeaturestodifferingdegrees.ThewomenpreferredimageswithmoremasculinefeatureswhentheywereinthefertilephaseoftheirmensesbutfavoredmorefemininefeaturesduringtheirlessfertileThetypeoffacewomenfindattractivealsoseemstodependonthekindofrelationshiptheywishtopursue,accordingtoanotherexperiment.Thecyclicpreferenceformuscularfaceswasevidentamong23Britishwomenaskedtochoosethemostattractivefaceforashort-termrelationship,Penton-Voaksays.The26womenaskedtochooseanattractivefaceforalong-termrelationship,however,preferredthemorefemininefeaturesthroughouttheirmenstrualcycle.Another22womenwhowereusingoralcontraceptivesdidnotshowmonthlychangesinthefacestheypreferredevenforshort-termrelationships,indicatingthathormonesmightplayaroleindeterminingattractiveness,Penton-Voaksays.Menwhosefaceshavesomefemininesoftnessareperceivedas"kinder"menwhomaymakebetterhusbandsandpartners,headds,whilemachofeaturesmaybeassociatedwithhighertestosterone(睾丸素)levelsandgoodgenes.Hecautions,howeverthatresearchhasn'tyetshownalinkbetweenawoman'spreferencesinsuchtestsandheractualbehavior.Theresearchersmadeastudy women'smenstrual B.men'spreferredfemaleC.women'svisualpreferencesof D.men'smasculineandfeminineWomenaredrawntoamasculineface,accordingtotheresearchers,when.growtobemore B.areonoralC.arereadyfor D.areonItwasfoundinBritainthatwomen'spreferredmaleimageswereinfluenced.theirfamilyplanningB.theyearsofmarriagetheyC.thelengthoftheirmenstrual D.thetermorrelationshiptheyJustbecausethestudiesoffemalepreferencesshowchangesacrossthemenstrualcycle,asPenton-Voakimplies,doesnotmeanthatvisualpreferencesdo B.awomanactsthiswayisC.amanwillbuyintothe D.menandwomenpreferthesameWhichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitlefortheDoesawomanjudgefromaman'sIstheresuchathingasbeautyintheArewomenmoreemotionalthanIsbeautymorethanmeetsthePassageWELL—dotheyordon'tthey?Foryears,controversyhasragedoverwhethertheelectromagneticfieldsproducedbypowerlinescouldcausecancerespeciallyleukemiainyoungchildren.ButinBritainlastweekconfusionreachednewheights.OneteamfromBristolannouncedthatithadevidencetobackacontroversialbutplausibletheorywhichwouldexplainhowpowerlinesmightcausecancer(electricfieldsattractairbornepollutants).OnlytobefollowedbythereleaseofresultsbyanothergroupinLondonwhichsuggestedthereisnothingtoworryabout.Whatisgoingon?Actually,theconfusionmaybemoreapparentthanreal.Therecanbenodoubtthattheeffectsofpowerlinesonwaterdroplets,pollutantsandnaturallyoccurringradonuncoveredbytheBristolteamarerealandinterning.Buttosuggestthattheyhaveanythingtodowithleukemiainchildrenispremature.Theextraexposuretopollutionforachildlivingnearpowerlineswouldbetiny,anditisnotobviouswhyradon,agasnormallyassociatedwithlungcancerwouldcauseleukemiainThesecondstudy,whichdrewreassuringblank,istheworld'sbiggesteverprobeofthestatisticallinkbetweenchildhoodcancersandmagneticfieldsofthesortproducedbypowerlinesandelectricalappliances.Itisoneofseveralrecentstudiesthathavefailedtofindalink.Unlikeearlierresearch,thesenewerstudiesinvolvedgoingintohomestomeasuretheelectro-magneticfields.Thefieldstheymeasuredincludedinputfrommajorpowerlinesiftheywere.WhichisnottoSaytheresearchisperfectly.CriticsarguethatBritain'schildhoodcancerstudy,forexample,hasnotyettakenintoaccountthesurgesinexposurethatmightcomefrom,say,switchingappliancesonandoff.Andsomepeoplemightwonderwhymeasurementsoftheelectricfieldsthatarealsoproducedbypowerlinesdidnotfigureinlastweek'sstudy.Butneithercriticismamountstoafatalblow.Electricalfieldscannotpenetratethebodysignificantly,forexample,AmoreseriousconcerniswhethertheBritishresearchprovidesanall-clearsignalforsuchcountriesastheUSwherepowerlinescarrymorecurrentandthereforeproducehighermagneticfields.Pedants书呆子)wouldconcludethatitdoesn'tButthesecountieswillnothavelongtowaitforanswersfromamajorJapanesestudy.InBritainthelatestepidemiologicalstudycanbetakenasthefinalwordonthematter.IftheelectromagneticfieldsinBritishhomescaninsomeunforeseenwayincreasetheriskofcancer,wecannowbeascertainasscienceallowsthattheincreaseistootinytomeasure.Boththequestion"Well—dotheyordon'tthey?"andthequestion"Whatisgoingon?" thehighincidenceoftheadventofbewildermentamongthewarningoftheworseningairthetenserelationbetweenBristolandWhatwouldtheauthorsayoftheresultsofthefirst B.C. D.WhatcanbesuggestedfromtheresultsofthesecondTheredoesexistadangerzonenearpowerThereismuchtobeimprovedintermsofThereisnothingtoworryaboutastopowerThereisnolinkbetweenthefirstandsecondItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheBritish areexpectedtoconvincenobodybutwerefoundtohaveleftmuchroomforcouldhaveimplicationsinsuchcountriesasthewillbeconsistentwiththeJapaneseonesinthenearToconclude,the reassuresusofthereliabilityofthelatestresearchinasksforimprovedmeasurementsforsuchanpointsoutthedrawbacksofthelatestresearchinurgesfurtherinvestigationsonthePassageSmokingcauseswrinklesbyupsettingthebody'smechanismforrenewingskin,sayscientistsinJapan.Dermatologistssaythefindingconfirmsthelong-heldviewthatsmokingagesskinSkinstayshealthyandyoung-lookingbecauseofafinebalancebetweentwoprocessesthatareconstantlyatwork.Thefirstbreaks-downoldskinwhilethesecondmakesnewskin.Thebodybreaksdowntheoldskinwithenzymescalledmatrixmetalloproteinases,orMMPs,Theychopupthefibersthatformcollagen(胶原质)—theconnectivetissuethatmakesuparound80percentofnormalskin.AkimichiMoritaandhiscolleaguesatNagoyaCityUniversityMedicalSchoolsuspectedthatsmokingdisruptedthebody'snaturalprocessofbreakingdownoldskinandrenewingit.Totesttheirideatheyfirstmadeasolutionofcigarettesmokebypumpingsmokethroughasaline盐的)solution.SmokewassuckedfromcigarettesfortwosecondseveryminuteTinydropsofthissmokesolutionwereaddedtodishesofhumanfibroblasts,theskincellsthatproducecollagen.Afteradayincontactwithsmokesolution,theresearcherstestedtheskincells,toseehowmuchcollagen-degradingMMPtheyweremaking.MoritafoundthatcellsexposedtocigarettesmokehadproducedfarmoreMMPthannormalskincells.Moritaalsotestedtheskincellstoseehowmuchnewcollagentheywereproducing.Hefoundthatthesmokecausedadropintheproductionoffreshcollagenbyupto40percent.Hesaysthatthiscombinedeffectofdegradingcollagenmorerapidlyandproducinglessnewcollagenisprobablywhatcausesprematureskinageinginsmokers,inbothcases,themoreconcentratedthesmokesolutionthegreatertheeffectoncollagen."Thissuggeststheamountofcollagenisimportantforskinageing,"hesays."ItlookslikelesscollagenmeansmorewrinkleMoritadoesn'tknowifthisisthewholestoryofwhysmokershavemorewrinkles.Butheplanstoconfirmhisfindingsbytestingskinsamplesfromsmokersandnon-smokersofvariousagestoseeifthe-smokinghasthesameeffectoncollagen."Sofarwe'reonlydonethisinthelab."Hesays."Wedon'tknowexactlywhathappensinthebodyyetthatmighttakesometime.Otherdermatologistsareimpressedbyfilework."Thisisfascinating,"saysLawrenceParish.DirectoroftheCentreforInternationalDermatologyatThomasJeffersonUniversityHospitalinPhiladelphia.Thisconfirmsscientificallywhatwe'velongexpected,hesays."Tobaccosmokeisinjurioustoskin."Healthyskinlies awell-keptbalancebetweentwoworkingthetwoprocessesofbreakingdownskinafinebalanceinthenumberofthetwostepsofformingFortheJapanesescientists,totesttheiridea toverifytheagingofhumantofindoutthemechanismofrenewingtoprovethetwoprocessesofwrinkletoconfirmthehazardsofsmokingprovenTheJapanesescientiststestedtheiridea MMPstoformfreshcigarettesmoketocontaminateskinhumanfibroblaststoproducefreshnon-smokerstobeexposedtocigaretteAsinferredfromMorita'sresults, couldstimulatetileproductionoffreshisunlikelytopromotetheproductionoftendstocauseskintoagemaycausecollagentodiebyMonritaimpliesthathis tooklesstimethanwerehardtoacceptinwerenotexclusivelybasedontheneedtobefurtherverifiedinthehumanPassageToday,IsitinasurgicalICUbesidemyfavoriteJackasherecoversfromafive-houroperationtorepairamassiveaorticaneurysm.Formeithasbeenajourneyintothemedicalsystemasanin-experiencedconsumerratherthaninmyusualpositionasaseasonedprovider.ThisjourneytoanurbanreferralcenterhasproducedsomedisappointingsurprisesforDad,andespeciallyforme.Forthepasttwodays,mybelovedJackhasbeencalled"Harold"(hisfirstname;Jackishismiddlename).Ofcourse,thereisnothingwrongwith"Harold"—itwaswhathewascalledinthearmy-butDadneverhasbeen"Harold"excepttothosewhoreallydon'tknowhim.Telephonecallersatourfamilyhomewhoaskedfor"Harold"werealwaysredflagsthatthecallerwasatelemarketerorinsurancesalesperson.Daddoesn'tcorrecthisphysiciansortheofficereceptionists—heisfromtheoldschool,whereitisimpolitetoquestionorcorrectyourphysician.Oncehewasanalmostideal"Jack,"strong,athletic,quietlyconfidentandimminentlytrustworthy,buthisrecentrenalfailureanddialysistreatments,hisstrokeandhisconstanttremorhaverobbedhimofhisstrength,mobility,andgolfgame,butnotofhiswillorloveofhisfamily,partofthereasonheagreedtoundertakethisriskyoperationathisadvancedagewasbecausehiswifeandsistersstillneedhisprotectivesupport.Withsomuchatrisk,hefacedthislife-threateningchallengeinacityfarawayfromhishomeandfriendsandinaplacewhereheisgreetedas"Harold."Theauthorrelatesthe fromaconsumer'spointofwithaviewtopunctuatingpatientaccordingtohisownstandardsofhealthbasedonhisownunpleasantmedicalApparentlytheauthor's didnotliketobecalledbythefirstwasnotwelltakencareofaswasmistakenforsomebodywastreatedlikeaAstheauthorimplieshis encounteredsomanyimpolitedidnothingbutkeptquietintheacceptedthewayhewashadhisdiagnosismadeWhatthestoryimpliesis peoplearewhattheyarenobodylikestobecalledHaroldinapatientshouldbecalledasheorsheapatientcannotbecalledbythefirstnameintheTheauthordescribeshis"Jack"inatone A. B. C. D.PassageToomuchalcoholdullsyoursenses,butastudyinJapanshowsthatmoderatedrinkershaveahigherIQthanteetotalers.ResearchersattheNationalInstituteforLongevitySciencesinAichi.Prefecture,250kilometerswestofTokyo,testedtheIQsof2000peoplebetweentheagesof40and79.Theyfoundthat,onaverage,menwhodrankmoderately—definedaslessthan540millilitersofsakeorwineadayhadanIQthatwas3.3pointshigherthanmenwhodidnotdrinkatall.Womendrinkersscored2.5pointshigherthanfemaleteetotalers.Thetypeofalcoholdidn'tinfluencetheresults.Thevolunteerstriedavarietyoftipples,whichrangedfrombeerandwhiskytowineandsake.Theresearchersarequicktopointoutthattheresultsdonotnecessarilyshowthatdrinkingwillmakeyoumoreintelligent."It'sverydifficulttoshowacause-effectrelationship,"saysseniorresearcherHiroshiShimokata."Wescreenedsubjectsforfactorssuchasincomeandeducation,buttheremaybeotherfactorssuchaslifestyleandnutritionalintake."Shimokatasaysthatpeoplewhodrinksake,orJapanesericewine,tendtoeatmorerawThiscouldbeafactorinenhancedintelligence,asfishoftencontainessentialfattyacidsthathavebeenlinkedtobraindevelopment.Similarly,winedrinkerseatalotofcheese,whichisnotsomethingJapanesepeoplenormallyconsumeorbuy.Shimokatasaysthehighfatcontentofcheeseisthoughttobegoodforthebrain.IfalcoholicdrinksaredirectlyinfluencingIQ,Shimokatabelieveschemicalssuchaspolyphenolscouldbethecriticalfactor.Theyareknowntohaveantioxidantpropertiesandotherbeneficialeffectsonageingbodies,suchasdilatingconstrictedcoronaryarteries.Thestudyispartofnwiderresearchprojecttofindoutwhybrainfunctiondeteriorates

TheJapanesestudywascarriedout thedevelopmentof B.thesecretofC.thebrainfoodina D.theamountofhealthyTheJapaneseresearchersfoundahigherIQ femaleteetotalersthaninmale B.femaledrinkersthaninmaleC.moderate D.Whenhesaysthatitisverydifficultto,showcause-effectrelationship,Shimokata thestudyfailedtoinvolvesuchvariablesasincomeandheisdoubtfulofthefindingsofthetherearesomeothercontributingtheresultswerejustFromShimokata'smentionoffishandcheesewecaninferthatinenhancing.sakeorwineisaperfectmatchforfishandtheypromotethedrinkingeffectofsakeortheyarenotaseffectiveassakeandsakeorwineisnotBasedonthestudy,Shimokatawouldsay IQcanbeenhancedinonewayorpolyphenolsinalcoholmayboosttheAlcoholicdrinkswillmakeyoumorePassageWomendonotavoidfightingbecausetheyaredaintyorscared,butbecausetheyhaveagreaterstakethanmeninstayingalivetoreartheiroffspring.Womencompotewitheachotherjustastenaciouslyasmen,butwithastealthandsubtletythatreducestheirchancesofbeingkilledorinjured,saysAnneCampbellofthedepartmentofpsychologyattheUniversityofDurham,Acrossalmostallculturesandnationalities,menhaveamuchsmallerrolethanwomeninrearingchildren."Malesgoforquantityofchildrenratherthanqualityofcareforoffspring,whichmeansthattheparentalinvestmentofwomenismuchgreater,"saysCampbell.Andunlikemen,whocan'tbesurethattheirchildrenhavenotbeenfatheredontheslybyothermen,womencanalwaysbecertainthathalfanoffspring'sgenesaretheirs.Womenhavethereforeevolvedastrongimpulsethanmentoseetheirchildrengrowupintoadults.Men'psychologicalapproachisgearedtofatheringasmanychildrenaspossible.Tomakethisstrategyworkandtoattractpartners,menneedtoestablishandadvertisetheirdominanceoverrivalmales.Throughoutevolutionthishastranslatedintodisplaysofmaleaggression,ranginginscalefromplaygroundfightstoworldwars.Mencanaffordtotakemorerisksbecauseasparentstheyaremoreexpendable.Women,meanwhile,canonlyensurereproductivesuccessbyoverseeingthedevelopmentoftheirchildren,whichmeansavoidingdeath."Thescaleofparentalinvestmentdriveseverything,"saysCampbell."It'snotthatwomenaretooscaredtofight,"shesays."It'smoretodowiththepositivevalueofstayingalive,andwomenhaveanawfullybigstakenotjustinoffspringthemselvesbutinoffspringtheymighthaveinthefuture,"shesays.Thismeansthatifwomendoneedtocompete—perhapsforapartner—theychooselow-riskrulesofengagement.Theyuseindirecttactics,suchasdiscreditingrivalsbyspreadingmaliciousrumors.Andunlikemenwhogloryinfeatsofdominance,womendobetterbyconcealingtheiractionsandtheir"victories".Butthereisnodoubt,saysCampbell,thattheuniversaldominationofculturebymaleshasexaggeratedthesedifferencesinattitudestophysicalaggression."Thestorywe'vealwaysbeentoldisthatfemalesarenotaggressive,"saysCampbell.Andwhentheyareaggressive;womenaretoldthattheirbehavioris"oddorabnormal".Forthesakeoftheirchildren,accordingtoCampbell, arereluctanttostartcannotavoidbeingdaintyorwouldrathergetkilledorinjuredindonotfightwithmenunderanyItcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatmenand presentdifferentfamilyvaluesintheshowdefinitedifferencesinparentingaregeneticallyconditionedineducatingtheirtakedifferentpsychologicalapproachestotheirWhichofthefollowingwouldmenmostprobablybeconcernedaboutaccordingtotheA. B. C. D.Toavoiddeath, cannotaffordtoconfront B.choosetofightinaviolentC.trytoseekprotectionfrom D.wouldresorttothe"oddorabnormal"WhatisthemainideaoftheWhymenandwomenpossessdifferentparentingWhymenaremoreaggressivethanWhywomenevolveintheirownWhywomendonotstartPassageThefirstlinereads:"Shesitsonthebedwithahelplessexpression.Whatisyourname?Auguste.Lastname?Auguste.Whatisyourhusband'sname?Auguste,Ithink.".The32pagesofmedicalrecordsthatfollowaretheoldestmedicaldescriptionofAlzheimer'sdisease.PsychiatristKonradMaurerandhiscolleaguesatJohannWolfganGoetheUniversityinFrankfurtfoundthefileintheirhospital'sarchive,whereithadbeenmissingfornearly90years,andpublishedexcerptsfromitlastMayinTheLancet.Thenotes,inacramped,archaicGermanscript,werewrittenbyAloisAlzheimerthephysicianwhofirstdescribedthedisease.Hispatient,AugusteD,wasa51-year-oldwomanwhohadsufferedfitsofparanoidjealousyandmemorylapsessodisturbingthatherfamilyfinallybroughthertoalocalhospitalknownastheCastleoftheInsane.OverthenextfouryearsAlzheimertrackedhercondition.Uponherdeathheexaminedherbraintissueandfoundthedistinctivelesionthatarenowhallmarkofthedisease.TodayAlzheimer'safflictssome4millionAmericans.Althoughitstillcannotbecured,oreventreatedverywell,severalrecentstudieshintthatsometreatments—fromestrogentovitaminEtoanti-inflammatorydrugs—canreduceeithertheriskofdevelopingthedisorderoritssymptoms.Andmoreisbeinglearnedaboutitsdistinctivepathology.Thispastyear,forinstance,researchersdiscoveredanewkindoflesioninAlzheimer'spatients.Ageneticstudyalsopinpointedamutationthatispresentinsome60percentofthem—amutationintheDNAofmitochondria,theenergy-producingorganellesofthecells.Butnearlyacenturyago,itwasAloisAlzheimerwhofirstdescribedthediseaseaninsodoingbecameoneofthefirstphysicianstoofferabiologicalbasisforapsychiatriccondition.Findingthefile,Maurersays,"islikeholdinghistoryinyourhands."Obviously,thediscoveryofthemissingfileofAuguste addscredittoAloisshedsdoubtonthefirstdescriptionofpresentsabigchallengetothemedicalhasagreatimpactonthedevelopmentofacureforTheanatomicalcharacteristicsof canbefoundinthemissingcouldhavebeenconfirmeddecadesarewronglydescribedinthemissingevenpuzzlethemedicalcommunityThefindingsoftheresearchon sound B.tookmoretimethanC.wereascribedtothemissing D.willbringaboutacureinnoWhenhesaysthatfindingthefileislikeholdinghistoryinyourhands.Maurer.hisassuranceofthehistorical B.hisfurtherstudiesonC.thebeautyofthemedical D.theimportanceofWhichofthefollowingcanbestbethetitlefortheThePhysicianWhoFirstDescribedTheRecentStudiesonTheMissingFileofAugusteTheHistoryofPassageDry-cleaningmachinesthatuseliquidcarbondioxideasasolventwillgoonsaleintheUSnextyearthankstochemistsinNorthCarolinawhohavedevelopedCO2-solubledetergents.Dry-cleanerswilllosetheircharacteristicsmell,andthenewprocesswillcuttheamountoftoxicwasteproducedincleaningclothes.JosephDeSimone,achemistattheUniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,saysliquidCO2isanidealsolventbecauseaftercleaning,theCO2canbeevaporatedoff,collected,liquefiedandTheproblemindevelopingtheprocess,saysDeSimone,hasbeenthatCO2byitselfisnotagoodsolvent.However,hepointsoutthatnotmuchdissolvesinwaterwithoutthehelpofdetergents,yetwateristhemostcommonsolvent.WhatCO2needed,hethought,wastherightdetergent.Detergentmoleculessuchasthoseinwashing-upliquidhavetwochemicallydistinctends:onehasalikingforwater,theotherstickstodirt.NormaldetergentsdonotdissolveinliquidCO2,soDeSimonecreatedthreeCO2-solubledetergents.Oneendofthedetergentshasafluorocarbongroup,whichmakesthemsolubleinCO2.Theotherendissolubleinwater,oilorsilicone,dependingonthetypeofdirtbeingremoved.Thepersondoingthedry-cleaninghastodecidewhichofthedetergentsisbestforthejob.DeSimone'scompany,MiCell,willstartsellingliquidCO2dry-cleaningmachinesnextyear.Theyoperateatroomtemperatureatapressure"abouttentimesthepressureofabicycletyro",accordingtoaspokesmanforMiCell.Mostdry-cleanerscurrentlyusechlorinatedhydrocarbonssuchasperchloroethylene.ButtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)isclampingdownonthetoxicwasteemissionthisproduces.Aftercleaningwiththenewmachines,theliquidCO2isevaporated'andcollectedforreuse,leavingaresidueofdetergentanddirt.BradLienhart,presidentofMiCell,saysthatcuttingwasteandpollutionisthestrongestsellingpoint."Dry-cleanerownersaresaying"getthisburdenoffmyback',"hesays.Hehopestosellahundredmachinesinthefirstyearofbusiness.About15000conventionaldry-cleaningmachinesaresoldaroundtheworldeveryyear.BusterBell,whoownsBellLaundryandDryCleaninginSouthCarolina,saystheMiCelltechnologylookscompetitive,andhelikesthereducedenvironmentalimpact."Youreallydon'tknowwhatiscomingfromtheEPA,"hesays.Thepassagebegins acommercial B.ahorribleC.asale D.goodWhatistheliquidCO2Bettercleaning.HelpingrecycledryDissolvingthetoxicwastefromdryReducingthetoxicemissionfromdryTherightdetergentfor makesdrycleaning B.mustbechemicallyC.ischemicallyoftwo D.meansarightpersonfordry-Whentheyaresaying"getthisburdenoffmyback,"thedry-cleanerownersrefer.thecompetitioninthebusinessofdrythepressurefromtheirpotentialtheirsellingWhatisthestrongestsellingpointoftheMiCelltechnologyaccordingtoItwillpromotedry-cleaning B.Itisenvironment-C.Itcostslessinthe D.AllofthePassageThealarmonourhouseholdcomputerterminalringsandwakesmeup.Myhusbandsimplystirsandgoesbacktosleep.Itransfertoday'sinformationontotheperson