学术论文写作6课件

HowtoPrepareTables&FiguresSignificanceofTable&FigureAgoodtableorfigureisworth1000words.Goodfiguresandtablesinapaperlooklikesomethingforshopwindow.Asweknowthatacademicwritingoftenusestablesandfigurestopresentinformationorresearchresultstogetherwithaverbalaccount,whicharealsonamedasillustrationorillustrativematerial.OutlineⅠ.DefinitionandfunctionofatableandafigureⅡ.FormatofatableorafigureⅢ.PrinciplesforpreparingtablesandfiguresWhatisa“Table〞?Atablecontainsdatagivenintabular

formoritisasetoffactsorfiguressystematicallydisplayedinrowsorcolumns.Whatisa“Figure〞?Figure,alsocalledgraphicrepresentation,isthegeneralnameofanyothertypeofillustrativematerialssuchasagraph,achart,adiagramoraphotograph,amapandcomputerprintouts,etc..SampleofaBarGraphStage1:EstablishingacontextStage2:ReviewingpreviousresearchStage3:StatingtheproblemsStage4:StatingthepurposeofthestudyStage5:JustifyingthesignificanceofyourstudyFig.AFrameworkofanIntroductioninthethesis

SampleofaPieDiagram

SampleofaTreeDiagram

sNPAUXVPNVPPPNPJohnwillgotoPairsFig.AStructuralDescriptionofaSentenceintheFormofaTreeDiagramWhatarethefunctionsof

tables&figures?Tables&figurescanpresentinformationmoreclearlybyrevealingcomplexrelationshipinasimpleway.Tables&figurescanenablereadersunderstandpatternsmoreeffectivelyandeconomicallythanaverbalaccountalone.Formatofatable/figureA.label(ornumber)(序号)B.caption(ortitle)(标题)C.body(图表主体)D.source(材料来源)E.footnote(附注/说明)PrinciplesforpreparingtablesandfiguresA.ContentB.LocationC.NumberingD.CaptionE.SourceF.FootnoteG.Cross-reference(参见)andcomments(说明文字)A.ContentTheinformationinatableorfigureshouldbeself-sufficientandbeunderstoodindependently.B.LocationPlacetablesorfiguresascloseaspossibletothediscussionofthefactordata.

Largetablesorfigurescanbeplacedonaseparatepageorpart(e.g.intheappendix).C.NumberingTablesorfiguresshouldbenumberedwithArabicnumerals(seldomRomanones).Tablesorfiguresmaybenumberedconsecutivelythroughthepaper.Sometimestheymaybedouble-numberedbychapter(e.g.Table3.2)Ifsometablesandfiguresappearinthesamepaper,theyshouldbenumberedseparatelywithintheirownorder.D.CaptionEachtableorfiguremusthaveacaptioninaformofadescriptivephrase.Thecaptionofatableshouldbeplacedabovethetablebeginningwiththeword“Table…〞,whilethecaptionofafigureoftenappearsbelowthefigurebeginningwiththeword“Figure…〞or“Fig.…〞.Thecaptionmaybeinallcapitallettersorwithcapitallettersusedonlyforthefirstletterofmainwords.SampleofaGoodTableCaptionWhichoneismoreclearly?Table3.2TheResultsofTestsTable3.2DifferencesinTestScoreonCET-4betweenGroupA&GroupBE.SourceIfthetableorfigureisborrowedfromothers,youshouldindicateitsbibliographicalinformationwiththeword“Source〞.Sometimesyoumayuse“Adaptedfrom…〞inparentheses.SampleofaSourceSource:DigestofEducationStatistics,1998.(Washington:FPO,1998),Table282or

(Adaptedfrom“DigestofEducationStatistics〞,1998,Washington:FPO,Table282)F.FootnoteTablesorfiguresmayrequirenotesthatgiveexplanationinformation,whichareputbelowthetableorfigure.Anotethatappliestoatableorfigureisindicatedbytheword“Note〞(italicizedorunderlined).SampleofaFootnoteNotes:a.Thesefiguresinclude…b.HB=high-balancedlearnersG.Cross-referenceandCommentsAclearcross-referencemustbegiventoanytableorfigureinthetext.Usually,therearetwowaysofshowingcross-references.Oneistowriteinbrackets,theotheristomakeitpartofasentence.

e.g.

(seeTable2.1)

e.g.

Fig.3showsthat…(or)ItisseenfromFig.3that…Sometimesatableorfigureneedsnotonlyacross-referencebutamoredetailedcommenttoexplainoranalyzeitscontent,soastofocusthereaders’attentionandleadthemnaturallyintothediscussionoftheresults.SampleofCommentsTopic:

AssessingtheEffectivenessofImmersionCourseinTeachingEnglish

Figure1.2displaysthescoresonthefourtestsforthenon-immersionandimmersionstudentsofEnglish.StudentsintheEnglishimmersionprogramperformedsignificantly

betterthanthosenotfollowingtheprogramonallfourtests.Forexample,inthelisteningtest,immersionstudentsscoredanaverageof70pointscomparedwithnon-immersionstudentswhoaveragedonly40.Thefindingsclearlyindicatetheamountofexposuretoaforeignlanguagehasamarkedeffectonstudentperformance.Disc