职业健康和安全培训

OccupationalHealthandSafetyTraining

职业安康和平安培训ChemicalSafety化学平安.Objectives目的Bytheendofthissession,youwillbeableto:经过本节,您将能Identifythedifferentchemicalhazardclasses识别不同的化学危害类别Identifysafeproceduresforhandlingchemicals识别处置化学品的平安程序Identifyhealthhazardsfordifferentchemicalhazardclasses识别不同化学危害类别的安康危害Identifyfirstaidproceduresfordifferentchemicalhazardclasses识别不同化学危害类别的急救措施.ExposureLimits接触限ExposureLimit接触限Themaximumallowedairborneconcentrationofachemical允许的化学品空气中的最高浓度Notintendedtorepresentafinelinebetweensafeandharmfulconditions有旨在于平安和危害条件中划一明晰的线itisnotpossibletotakeintoaccountallfactorswhichcouldinfluencetheeffectthatexposuretothesubstancemayhaveonanindividualworker不能够思索能够影响员工与化学品接触而产生作用一切要素theguidingprincipleiseliminationofexposureorreductiontothelowestlevelthatisreasonablyachievablebelowtheexposurelimit指南性原那么就是消除接触,或减少至最低限.ExposureLimitscont’d接触限Exposurelimitsareexpressedas接触限表示为8-hourexposurelimit8小时接触限15-minuteexposurelimit15分钟接触限ceilinglimit最高限.ExposureLimits:8-HourLimit

8小时接触限Thetimeweightedaverageconcentrationofasubstanceinairwhichmaynotbeexceededoveranormal8hourworkperiod在空气中的平均浓度,不能超越8个小时的任务时间Aworkercanbeexposedtothisexposurelimitdayafterday,withoutarespirator,withnoadversehealtheffects员工每天可以如此接触化学品,可以不带防毒面具,对员工安康不会产生负面影响.ExposureLimits:15-MinuteLimit

15分钟接触限Thetimeweightedaverageconcentrationofasubstanceinairwhichmaynotbeexceededoverany15minuteperiod在空气中的平均浓度,不能超越15分钟Staffexposureislimitedtonomorethan4suchperiodsinan8hourworkshiftwithatleastonehourbetweenany2successive15minutesexcursionperiods员工在8个小时内,接触时间不得超越4个15分钟.并且间隔1小时远离化学品.CeilingExposureLimit

最高限Theconcentrationofasubstanceinairwhichmaynotbeexceededatanytimeduringtheworkperiod任务期间,空气间的浓度任何时间都不能超越.ChemicalHazards化学危害Chemicalhazardsaredefinedaccordingtooneofsixhazardcategories:按化学品分类规定有六类化学危害 (A)–Compressedgases紧缩气体 (B)–Flammableandcombustible可燃物/易燃物 (C)–Oxidizing氧化物 (D)–Toxic毒性 (E)–Corrosive腐蚀性 (F)–DangerouslyReactiveMaterials危害反响的物质.ClassA–CompressedGases

A类—紧缩气体.ClassA–CompressedGasescont’d

A类—紧缩气体ClassA–compressedgasesA类—紧缩气体compressedgases,dissolvedgasesorgasesliquefiedbycompressionorrefrigerationwithinreinforcedmetalcylinders.紧缩气体,溶解气体,在加固的金属汽瓶被压力或冷却液化的气体.ClassA–CylinderSafety

A类—气瓶平安MishandledCylinders气瓶操作失误Mayruptureviolentlyandreleasetheirhazardouscontentsorbecomedangerousprojectiles猛烈断开,释放出危害品,或发射性危害Iftheneckofapressurizedcylinderisaccidentallybrokenoff,theenergyreleasedcanpropelthecylinderupto1200meters.假设压力瓶颈忽然断裂,释放出的才干可以将气瓶弹至1200米DamagedCylinders损坏的气瓶Returntomanufacturer退回消费商.ClassA–CylinderSafetycont’d

A类—气瓶平安CylinderwithUnknownContent未知内容的气瓶Returntomanufacturer退回消费商MovingCylinders挪动气瓶Wearappropriatefootprotection穿上适当的脚部防护ChemicalSafety化学平安HaveappropriateMSDS’savailable得到适当的物质平安数据表Befamiliarwiththehealthrisks,flammabilityandreactivityhazardsforaparticulargas.熟习安康危害,可燃性,与特定气体的反响危害Ensuretheyareproperlylabeled确保适当标志Identityofgas气体标识Hazards危害.CylinderStorage气瓶的存放Storeawayfromincompatiblegroups与不相容品分开存放 flammablesfromoxidizers可燃物与氧化剂分开 corrosivesfromflammables腐蚀物与可燃物分开 fullcylindersfromempties满瓶与空瓶分开 allcylindersfromcorrosivevapors一切气瓶远离腐蚀性蒸气oxygencylindersmustbeaminimumof6metersawayfromflammablegascylindersorcombustiblematerials氧气瓶须与可燃性气瓶或易燃性物质分别至少6米.CylinderStorage气瓶存放Secureemptyandfullcylinderstoafixedsupportbyuseofchains,orothersubstantialrestrainingdevice用链条或其它巩固的控制安装固定空瓶或装满气体的气瓶Storeupright直立存放Keepvalveprotectivecapsinplacewhilenotinuse不用时,将平安阀门的盖盖好MarkemptycylindersEMPTY将空瓶标志“空瓶〞Keepvalvesclosedonemptycylinders空瓶气阀拧紧Keepawayfromsourcesofheat远离热源.CylinderStoragecont’d

气瓶存放Keepawayfromelectricalwiring远离电线Storeinwellventilatedareasdesignedandmarkedonlyforcylinders在良好通风的地方存放,并标明仅存放气瓶.MovingCylinders挪动气瓶Placecylinderonacylindercart气瓶放在气瓶公用手推车上Securecylindertocartwithachain.用链子将气瓶固定在手推车上Removeregulatorandattachprotectivevalvecapbeforemovingthecylinder.挪动前,拿掉调理阀,盖上防护盖Donotholdcylinderbytheprotectivecapwhenmovingorlifting挪动或抬升过程中,不要以防护盖为把手Donotdrop不要跌落Donotallowcylinderstostrikeeachother气瓶不得相互撞击Handlewithextremecare挪动时特别小心.CylinderUse气瓶运用Ensureallconnectionsaretight确保一切衔接严密Applysoapywatertolocateleaks用肥皂水检验漏气Keepvalves,regulators,couplings,hoseandapparatuscleanandfreeofoilandgrease坚持阀,调理阀,结合处,软管和仪器清洁,没有滑腻Donotattempttorepairsafetydevicesandvalves–returntomanufacturer不要修复平安安装和阀,退回消费商Opencylindervalvesslowly渐渐翻开气阀Standawayfromthefaceandbackofthegaugewhileopening翻开时不要面对压力计的外表和反面.ClassB–Flammableand

CombustibleLiquids

B类—可燃和易燃液体.ClassB–Flammableand

CombustibleLiquids

B类—可燃和易燃液体Definition:定义Flammableandcombustibleliquidsaresubstanceswhosevapourscanburnorexplode.可燃和易燃液体其蒸气可以熄灭或爆炸Flammableliquids可燃液体Giveoffvapors释放蒸气Usuallyheavierthanair比空气重Cantravellongdistancesuntilreachingasourceofignition(openflame,hotsurface,staticsparks)causingafireorexplosion到达熄灭来源之前能够流过较长间隔,引起火灾或爆炸Canflowtherebyincreasingfirehazards能够流动,添加火灾的危害Burningflammableliquidsalsoflow,furtherspreadingthefire熄灭的可燃液体也能够流动,并进一步蔓延火灾.FlammableandCombustible

Liquids–GeneralSafety

可燃和易燃液体-通用平安ObtainandreadtheMSDS.得到并阅读物质平安数据表Beawareofallofthehazards.了解一切危害Avoidoreliminateignitionsourceswhenworkingwithflammableliquids.当运用可燃液体时,防止或消除火源Store,handle,anduseflammableandcombustibleliquidsinwellventilatedareas.在良好通风的地方存放,处置和运用可燃和易燃液体.FlammableandCombustible

Liquids–GeneralSafety

可燃和易燃液体-通用平安Wearappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment.穿上适当的个人防护设备Usearubberholdertotransportflammableliquidswithinthebuilding运用橡胶支撑物在建筑物内来运输可燃液体Knowhowtohandleemergencies(fires,spills,personalinjury).了解如何处置紧急事项(火灾,遗洒,人员损伤).FlammableandCombustibleLiquids-Storage可燃和易燃液体-存放Storein存放在:safecontainers平安容器中insidefireresistantstoragecabinetsdesignedforflammablesOR可燃气体公用防火的储存柜中insidestoragerooms储存室Minimizetheamountofflammableliquidsstoredinthelaboratory尽量减小实验室可燃液体存储量Closecontainerswhennotinuse不用时封锁容器Donotuseinareaswithignitionsources不要在有火源的地方运用.FlammableLiquids–HealthHazards可燃液体—安康危害AcuteHealthEffects严重的安康影响Inhalation吸入Headaches,fatigue,dizziness,drowsiness,narcosis(stuporandunresponsiveness)头疼,疲劳,眩晕,愚钝,麻醉(昏迷,无反响才干)Ingestion摄入Slightgastro-intestinalirritation,dizziness,fatigue细微的肠胃疼痛,眩晕,疲劳Skincontact皮肤接触Dry,cracked,andchappedskin枯燥,破裂,皮肤干裂Eyecontact眼睛接触Stinging,wateryeyes,andinflammationoftheeyelids刺痛,流泪,眼睑发炎.FlammableLiquids–HealthHazardscont’d可燃液体—安康危害ChronicHealthEffects慢性安康影响dependson取决于specificchemical哪种化学品durationofexposure接触时间长短extentofexposure接触范围damagetothelungs,liver,kidneys,heartand/orcentralnervoussystemmayoccur能够对肺,肝,肾,心脏和中枢神系统呵斥损害cancerandreproductiveeffectsarealsopossible也能够引发癌症和对生殖系统的影响.FlammableLiquids–FirstAid

可燃液体—急救InhalationandIngestionExposure吸入和摄入接触Removepersonfromthecontaminatedareaifitissafetodoso假设平安的话,将人员从污染区移开Getmedicalattentionanddonotleavethepersonunattended恳求医疗救助,不要只留下病人Skincontact:皮肤接触Removepersonfromsourceofcontamination将人员移离污染源Removeclothing,jewelryandshoesfromaffectedareas将受损伤部位的衣服脱掉,或手饰和鞋子Flushtheaffectedareawithwaterforatleast20minutes将受损伤部位用水冲洗至少20分钟Obtainmedicalattention恳求医疗救助.FlammableLiquids–FirstAidcont’d

可燃液体—急救Eyecontact:眼睛接触Removepersonfromsourceofcontamination将人员移离污染源Flusheyeswithwaterforatleast20minutes用水冲洗眼睛至少20分钟Getmedicalattention恳求医疗救助.ClassC–OxidizingMaterials

C类—氧化物.ClassC–OxidizingMaterialscont’d

C类—氧化物Definition定义Oxidizingmaterialsaresubstancesthatreadilyyieldoxygenoritsequivalenttostimulatethecombustion(oxidation)oforganicmatter氧化物是容易产生氧气或类似物质,激活有机物熄灭(氧化)的物质Oxidizersareincompatiblewith氧化剂与以下物质不相容Reducingagents(whichusuallycontainhydrogen),suchashydrides,bisulfitesandthiosulfates复原剂(通常含氢气)如氢化物,重亚硫酸盐和硫代硫酸盐Flammableandcombustiblematerials可燃和易燃物.ClassC–OxidizingMaterialscont’d

C类—氧化物Organicperoxides有机过氧化物Aparticulargroupofoxidizingmaterialsthatareoftenunstableinnature一组性质不稳定的氧化物Lowpowerexplosiveswhicharesensitivetoheatorshock对光和撞击敏感的低能量爆炸品SeePeroxideProgramTrainingSession见过氧化物方案培训一节的内容.OxidizingMaterials–Storage

氧化物-存放Oxidizers氧化物Storeawayfromflammables,organiccompounds,andcombustiblematerials与可燃物,有机化合物和易燃物分开存放Strongoxidizers强氧化剂Ex:chromicacid如铬酸Storeinglassorotherinertcontainer(preferablyunbreakable)存放在玻璃或其它惰性容器中(最好是不会破损的)Donotusecorksandrubberstoppers不要运用软木塞和橡胶塞.OxidizingMaterials–HealthHazards氧化物-安康危害AcuteHealthHazards严重安康危害Nitricandsulfuricacidvapours,chlorineand hydrogenperoxideactasirritantgases硝酸和硫酸蒸气,氯和过氧化氢是刺激性气体Cancauseinflammationofthe引起发炎Upperairways上呼吸道Throat嗓子.OxidizingMaterials–HealthHazardscont’d氧化物-安康危害ChronicHealthHazards慢性安康危害nitrobenzeneandchromiumcompoundscancausehematologicalandneurologicalchanges硝基苯和铬化合物可引发血液和神经上的变化chromiumandmanganesecompoundscancauseliverandkidneydisease铬和锰化合物可引发肝和肾的疾病chromium(VI)compoundshavebeenassociatedwithlungcancer铬化合物与肺癌有关联.OxidizingMaterials–FirstAid

氧化物—急救Inhalation,ingestionordirectcontact呼入,摄入或直接接触Removeinjuredpersonfromthesourceofcontaminationasquicklyaspossiblewhenitissafetodoso假设平安,尽快将遭到损伤的人员移离污染源Obtainmedicalattentionimmediately立刻恳求医疗救护.OxidizingMaterials–FirstAidcont’d

氧化物—急救Exposuretoskinoreyes与皮肤或眼睛接触Takeinjuredpersontoanemergencyshoweroreyewashimmediately立刻将受伤人员紧急淋浴或冲洗眼睛Flushtheaffectedareaforaminimumof20minutes冲洗受伤部位至少20分钟Obtainmedicalattention得到医疗救护.ClassD–ToxicChemicals

D类—有毒化学品.ClassD–ToxicChemicals

D类—有毒化学品Definition定义Atoxicchemicalisanysubstancethatmaycausedamagetostructure,ordisturbancetofunction,whenitisingested,inhaled,orabsorbed,orwhenappliedto,injectedintoordevelopedwithinthebody,inrelativelysmallamounts,byitschemicalaction.指当人体摄入,吸入或吸收少量某种物质,或少量运用,注入或身体内构成该物质,由于化学作用,会对人体的组织产生损害或引发功能紊乱,这类物质就是有毒化学品.ToxicChemicalscont’d

D类—有毒化学品3subdivisions:三级分类D1–materialscausingimmediateandserioustoxiceffects立刻引起严重毒性效果的物质D2–materialscausingothertoxiceffectssuchas:引起诸如以下其它毒性效果的物质chronic(longterm)慢性(长期)carcinogenic(causingcancer)致癌物质teratogenic(damagesfetus)使胎儿产生畸形reproductive(damagesreproductiveorgans)生殖系统损伤mutagenic(damagesbacterialDNA)基因突变irritatingorsensitizingeffects刺激或光敏影响. ToxicChemicals

有毒化学品 D3–Biohazardousandinfectiousmaterials生物危害和传染物质.ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntry有毒化学品—进入渠道Skinandeyes皮肤和眼睛Maycauselocalirritationortissuedestruction引起部分刺激或组织损伤Symptomsofexposure接触病症Dryorwhitenedskin皮肤枯燥,发白Rednessandswelling发红和肿胀Rash皮疹Blisters水泡Itching痒Protection防护Bandageallcutsandscrapes包扎伤口Wearappropriategloves载手套Wearsafetyglasses,gogglesorfaceshield戴平安眼镜,护目镜或面具.ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntrycont’d有毒化学品—进入渠道 RespiratoryTract呼吸道Symptoms:病症Eye,noseandthroatirritation眼睛,鼻子和嗓子刺激Increasedmucousinnoseandthroat;鼻子和嗓子分泌物增多Narcoticeffects(headache,confusion,dizziness,collapse)麻醉效果(头疼,思想混乱,眩晕,虚脱)Asphyxiation窒息Protection防护Fumehoods通风橱Respirators防毒面具.ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntrycont’d有毒化学品—进入渠道 Gastrointestinaltract肠胃系统Symptoms:病症Mouthandthroatdiscomfort嘴和嗓子不适Gastrointestinaldiscomfort肠胃不适Coma昏迷Death死亡Protection:护护Donotpipettebymouth不要用嘴吸移液管Donotstorefooditemsinlabglasswareorlabrefrigerator不要在实验室玻璃器皿或冰箱中存放食品Donoteatinthelab不要在实验室吃东西Washhandsafterworkingwithchemicals,beforeleavingthelabandbeforeeating运用化学品后,分开实验室前和吃饭前洗手.ToxicChemicals–RoutesofEntrycont’d有毒化学品—进入渠道 Injection-throughmishapswithneedlesandbrokenglassware注入—不小心运用针头和碎玻璃Symptoms:病症Localorsystemic部分的或系统性的Protection:防护Wearprotectivegloves戴防护手套Usebroomanddustpanforcleaningupbrokenglass运用扫帚和畚箕清扫碎玻璃.ClassE–CorrosiveChemicals

E类—腐蚀性化学品Definition定义Corrosivesubstancesarethosematerialsthat,uponcontact,causevisibledestructionof,orirreversiblealterationsto,tissueormetal.腐蚀性化学品是那些一经接触对组织或金属引起可见的损害,或不可逆转的改动的物质.CorrosiveChemicalscont’d

腐蚀性化学品Examples例如Acids/bases酸/碱Non-metalchlorides非金属氯化物Dehydratingagents脱水剂Halogens卤素Oxidizingagents氧化剂.CorrosiveChemicalscont’d

腐蚀性化学品Nitric,sulphuric,hydrochloricacid硝酸,硫酸,高氯酸SodiumHydroxide,AmmoniumHydroxide过氧化钠,过氧化铵PhosphorousPentoxide,calciumoxide五氧化磷,氧化钙Fluorine,chlorine,bromine氟,氯,溴Peroxides,permanganates,halogenates过氧化物,高锰酸和卤化物.CorrosiveChemicals–Storage

腐蚀性化学品-存放Storeacidsseparatelyfrombases酸和碱分开存放Neverstoreaboveeyelevel不要在高于眼睛的部位存放Storeinatrayorbuckettocontainanyleaks在盘子或桶中存入,以防走漏.CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蚀性化学品—严重安康危害Inhalation吸入irritationofmucousmembranes刺激黏膜difficultybreathing呼吸困难coughing咳嗽pulmonaryedema肺水肿.CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蚀性化学品—严重安康危害Ingestion:摄入Irritationandburningsensationoflips,mouthandthroat;嘴唇,嘴和嗓子有刺激和灼痛Swellingofthethroat嗓子肿胀Painfulabdominalcramps腹胀绞痛Vomiting呕吐Shock休克Riskofperforationofthestomach胃穿孔的危险.CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蚀性化学品—严重安康危害Eyecontact:眼睛接触Stinging刺痛Wateringeyes眼睛流泪Swellingofeyelids眼睑肿胀Intensepain猛烈疼痛Ulcerationofeyes睛睛溃疡Lossofeyesight丧失视力.CorrosiveChemicals–AcuteHealthHazards腐蚀性化学品—严重安康危害SkinContact皮肤接触Burning灼痛Redness发红Swelling肿胀Painfulblisters引发疼痛的水泡Profounddamagetotissues组织的严重损伤Aslippery,soapyfeelingwithalkalis象与碱接触的那种滑润,有皂泡的觉得.CorrosiveChemicals–ChronicHealthHazards腐蚀性化学品—慢性安康危害Symptomsvarydependingonthechemical化学品不同,病症不同ChroniceffectofHClisdamagetotheteethHCl对牙齿的慢性损伤ChroniceffectsofHFacidaredecreasedbonedensity,fluorosisandanemiaHF酸慢性降低骨骼密度,氟中毒和贫血ChroniceffectsofNaOHareunknownNaOH的慢性影响还是未知的.CorrosiveChemicals–FirstAid

腐蚀性化学品—急救Inhalation吸入Removepersonfromsourceofcontaminationifsafetodoso假设平安,将人员移离污染源Getmedicalattention得到医疗救护Keeppersonwarm给受伤人员保暖.CorrosiveChemicals–FirstAidcont’d腐蚀性化学品—急救Ingestion:摄入Removepersonfromsourceofcontaminationwhensafetodoso假设平安,将人员移离污染源Getmedicalattention得到医疗救护Informemergencyrespondersofthenameofthechemicalswallowed通知救护人员摄入的化学品称号.CorrosiveChemicals–FirstAidcont’d腐蚀性化学品—急救Skincontact皮肤接触Removepersonfromsourceofcontaminationwhensafetodoso假设平安,将人员移离污染源Immediatelytakepersontoemergencyshower立刻将人员紧急淋浴Removeclothing,shoes,socks,andjewelryfromaffectedareasasquicklyaspossible尽快将受伤部位的衣服,鞋,袜子,首饰脱掉Cutoffifnecessary必要时割开Flushaffectedareawithwaterforaminimumof20minutes用水冲洗受