职业人体工效风险

BasicErgonomics-

OccupationalRiskFactors

基础人类工程学—职业性危害因素UpperExtremity上肢HighlyRepetitiveMovements

高度重复运动AwkwardPostures

不舒适的姿势ExcessiveForces

过度用力Vibration

振动ColdTemperatures

寒冷温度Gloves手套RiskFactorsforHand&WristInjuries手/手腕受伤的危险因素Examples举例Forcefulgrippingoftools用力紧握工具Repeatedand/orawkwardwristpostures重复或不舒适的手腕姿势Useofvibratingtools(chainsaws,jackhammers,rotarygrinders)使用振动的工具（电锯，手提钻，转台磨床）Useofinappropriategloves使用不恰当的手套Highlyrepetitivetasks,lackofrecoverytime高度重复性工作，缺乏复原时间FORCE力量WORKPACE工作节奏POSTURE姿势GLOVES手套VIBRATION振动REPETITION重复RiskFactorsforShoulder/Neck

肩/颈受伤的危险因素FORCE力量POSTURE姿势REPETITION重复Examples举例Overheadassembly(welders,painters,autorepair)

高处作业（电焊工，喷漆工，汽车修理）Sewersandcutters(repetitiveshoulderflexion)

裁缝和裁剪师（重复性的肩部弯曲）Packing(prolongedloadonshoulders)

包装（肩部持续负载）Lumber/construction(repetitivethrowingofheavyloads)木材/建筑工作（重复性地投掷重物）Lettercarriers(prolongedloadonshoulders)邮递员（肩部持续负载）LowerExtremity下肢HeavyPhysicalWork繁重的体力劳动LiftingandForcefulMovements

起重和用力地运动BendingandTwisting(AwkwardPostures)弯曲和扭转（不舒适的姿势）WholeBodyVibration(WBV)全身震动StaticWorkPostures静态工作姿势RiskFactorsforBackInjuries

背部受伤的危险因素Examples举例Liftingheavyorawkwardshapedequipment

提举重物或形状不规则的设备Carryingcarpet搬运地毯Movingfurniture搬运家具Twistingatthewaistwhileliftingorholdingaheavyload在提举或拿重物时腰部扭动Reachingandliftingoveryourhead,acrossatable,oroutthebackofatruckorcar伸手拿取和提举物体时手超过头部，穿过桌子或伸手在货车或小车外LIFTING起重LOWERING下降CARRYING搬运TWISTING扭转PULLING拉伸PUSHING推挤RiskFactorsforKneeInjuries

膝盖受伤的危险因素

Examples例子Repetitivekneeling重复地脆着Contacttraumawiththefloor与地面的接触受伤Contacttraumawiththekneekicker

与kneekicker(应该是指坐着时桌子与膝盖接触的地方)的接触受伤Lifting/loweringheavyorawkwardshapedequipment举起/放下重的或形状不规则的设备POSTURE姿势S/T/FCLIMBINGSTAIRS爬楼梯CONTACTTRAUMA接触性受伤LIFTING起重LOWERING下降Non-OccupationalRiskFactors非职业性危害因素CertainMedications/Therapies某些药物/治疗Age年龄Gender性别WristSize/WristStructuralVariations手腕尺寸/手腕结构变化WorkerStrengthandFitness工人的体质和健康Hobbies嗜好AlcoholConsumption酒精摄入Smoking抽烟PsychosocialFactors社会心理因素JobDemands工作要求JobContent工作内容JobControl工作控制（工作管理）SocialInteractions社会交际JobFutureandCareerIssues工作前途和事业问题TechnologyIssues技术问题OrganizationalandManagementIssues组织和管理问题TheRisk风险Riskisincreasedbyindustryandoccupation因工业和职业风险增加Riskisincreasedbylengthoftimeinthejob因工作时间长度风险增加Riskmaybeincreasedbyemployeebehavior因雇员行为，风险可能增加MuscularSkeletalDisorders(MSD)Symptoms肌肉骨骼失调的症状Painfuljoints关节疼痛Pain,tinglingornumbnessinhandsorfeet

手或脚疼痛，

刺痛或麻木Shootingorstabbingpainsinarmsorlegs

手臂或腿钝痛或刺痛Swellingorinflammation肿胀或发炎Burningsensation灼伤感Paininwrists,shoulders,forearms,knees

手腕，肩膀，前臂，膝盖疼痛Fingersortoesturningwhite手指或脚指发白Backorneckpain背部或颈部疼痛Stiffness僵硬Trauma创伤HealingValve治疗之阀（不太理解）

CTDTrauma创伤HealingValve治疗之阀ExertionalDescriptors

forJobTasks工作任务的活动描述

IntensityofExertion “Requiredstrength,force,%MVC”活动的强度

“所需强度，力量，MVC百分比”DurationofExertion “%Durationofexertions”活动的持久性

“运动持久性百分比”FrequencyofExertions “Effortsperminute”活动的频率

“（按）每分钟的活动（来计算）”Hand/WristPosture “Positionofhand/wrist”手/手腕姿势

“手/手腕的位置”SpeedofWork “Howfasttheworkerisworking”工作速度

“工人工作有多快”DurationPerDay每天的持续时间 “Durationoftaskperday”“每天工作

时间多长”Example范例力量(力度)频率姿势BodyPartsAnalyzed身体部分分析HandsandWrists–right&left手和手腕-左&右Elbows–right&left手肘—左&右Shoulders–right&left肩—左&右Neck颈Back背Legs腿TheHandsandWrists手和手腕PinchGrips(拿)捏力FingerPress指压RadialDeviation手桡侧倾UlnarDeviation尺骨偏移WristFlexion手腕弯曲WristExtension手腕延伸PinchGrip拿捏力Whenthemeasuredforceexertionis>2lb当测量的力度大于或等于2lbPowerGrip握力Thumboverlappingortouchingtheforefingerwhileexerting>10lb当施力时拇指重叠或食指接触的力量大于或等于10lbDuration持久性>10sec–Anyoneriskposturesustainedforlongerthan10seconds任何一个有风险的姿势持续时间大于或等于10秒Frequency频率>30/min–Acumulativemeasureofanycombinationofriskposturesoccurring30timesperminute任何有风险的动作姿势相加累计每分钟发生30次或更多TheElbows手肘ForearmRotation前臂旋转FullExtension完全伸展>135°Force力量(力度)>10lb–Aforceexertionofgreaterthan10lbfrompickingupanobjectorapplyinganexternalforce当拾起一个物体或施加外力时的力度大于或等于10lbDuration持续性Thereisnodurationcomponentfortheelbow手肘没有持续性元素Frequency频率>2/min–Acumulativemeasureofanycombinationofriskposturesoccurring2timesperminute任何有风险的动作姿势累计每分钟发生两次或更多TheShoulders肩膀ShoulderRaiser>45º肩膀举高>45度ArmBehindtheBody手臂放到身体后面Force力量>10lb–Aforceexertionofgreaterthan10lbfrompickingupanobjectorapplyinganexternalforce当拾起一个物体或施加外力时的力度大于或等于10lbDuration>10sec–Anyoneriskposturesustainedforlongerthan10seconds任何一个有风险的姿势持续时间超过10秒或更长Frequency频率>2/min–Acumulativemeasureofanycombinationofriskposturesoccurring2timesperminute任何有风险的动作姿势累计每分钟发生两次或更多AnalysisTechniques分析技巧Focusontheposturesofthelargebodypartsfirst首先要集中于大的机体部分的姿势Workyourwaytothesmallermovementsandposturesofthehand以你的方式分析一些小的活动和手部的姿势Reviewyourlistofriskposturesandevaluatetheforce,frequencyanddurationcomponents检查你的风险姿势清单和评估力量，频率和持续元素TheNeck颈部NeckBent>20º颈部弯曲大于20度NeckBentSideways颈部侧向一边弯曲NeckBentBackwards颈部向后弯曲NeckTwisted颈部扭转+Weight重量Anysignificantweightaddedtotheheadsuchasahelmetorprotectivemask.任何关键的重量加上头上，如头盔或防护面罩Duration持续性>10sec–Anyoneriskposturesustainedforlongerthan10seconds大于或等于10秒—任何有风险的姿势维持超过10秒或更久Frequency频率>2/min–Acumulativemeasureofanycombinationofriskposturesoccurring2timesperminute每分钟大于或等于2—任何风险动作姿势累计发生每分钟2次或更多TheBack背部Page32ForwardBackBending>20º背部向前弯曲大于20度BackTwisting背部扭转SidewaysBending侧面弯曲Force力量>20lb–Aforceexertionofgreaterthan20lbfrompickingupanobject大于或等于20lb—在拾取一个物体时的推拉力大于或等于20lbDuration持续>10s