城市再生水利用调查的研究 全文-综合论文-文档在线

The

World

BankNorth

China

Water

Quality

Study

Program世界银行中国北方水行业研究项目Dr.

Zheng

XingcanCDM

InternationalNational

Engineering

Research

Center

for

Water

&Wastewater国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心Urban

Water

Reuse

Study城市再生水利用调查研究国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心城市再生水利用调查研究Urban

Water

Reuse

Study引言

Introduction研究方法Study

Methodology调研案例概要数据Summary

Data

of

Case

Study

WRPs调研结果与主要问题Findings

&

Key

Issues改进建议Recommendations

for

Improvements绩效指标Performance

Indicators最佳实践与技术方案Best

Practices

&

Technical

Options结论Conclusions附录Annexes■任务大纲及分解Term

of

Referenceand

Tasks

Breakdown调研案例数据总结与讨论Case

Study

Data

Summary

&Discussion再生水水质标准比较Comparison

of

Reclaimed

Water

QualityStandards国际最佳实践International

Best

Practices国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心引言

Introduction国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心中国北方地区的人均年水资源量仅为36～363

m3North

China,

water

resources

per

capita

only

36~363

m3各级政府部门积极推动城市再生水的利用Governments

actively

promote

water

reuse

practice实施国家科技攻关与示范工程项目（1986-2005）Several

research

&

demonstration

programs,1986-2005实践证明，再生水利用技术可行、经济合理，可以成为缓解城市缺水问题的途径之一Urban

water

reuse:

one

of

practical

and

economicsolutions

to

the

serious

water

shortage世行北方水行业研究项目：城市再生水利用调查研究North

China

Water

Quality

Study

Program

Component

C研究方法

Study

Methodology国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心调查研究的数据来源Data

sources：相关统计数据Statistics

and

records城市规划资料Urban

planning

information现场调研-再生水厂、污水厂、用水点Site

visits

to

WRP,

WWTP

&

applicationsites项目调查问卷Comprehensive

questionnaire相关文献查询Literature

review互联网络查询Internet

search案例数据整理与分析Data

processing

&

analysis调研结果比较与讨论Comparison

and

discussion主要调研结论与建议Findings

&

recommendations再生水工程案例调研城市Case

Study

Cities国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心再生水工程案例调研项目Case

Study

WRPs国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian

WRP北京酒仙桥Beijing

Jiuxianqiao

WRP北京六水厂Beijing

No.6

Water

Plant天津纪庄子Tianjin

Jizhuangzi

WRP天津泰达Tianjin

TEDA

No.1

WRP西安白石桥Xi’an

Beishiqiao

WRP青岛海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe

WRP石家庄桥西Shijiazhuang

Qiaoxi

WRP泰安污水厂Tai’an

WWTP合肥王小郢Hefei

Wangxiaoying

WRP北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian市政Municipal

50000m3/d水源六厂No.6

WP工业Industrial

50000m3/d华能热电厂Power

Plant

40000m3/d店污水厂二级出水高碑店湖Lake：第一热电厂200000m3/d厂内回用In-WWTP

10000m3/d农田灌溉Agricultural

Irrigation国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian厂内再生水利用In-WWTP

WRP国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心厂内再生水生产In-WWTP

WRP石灰法中试Lime

Treatment

Testing草地灌溉Lawn

irrigation北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian高碑店湖国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心排入河道Receiving

river高碑店污水厂北京高碑店Beijing

Gaobeidian北京六水厂国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心高碑店近邻热电厂Nearby

Power

Plant景观绿化Landscaping河道补水River

supplement天津纪庄子Tianjin

Jizhuangzi混凝沉淀+微滤膜+臭氧，20,000

m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Microfiltration

+

O3混凝沉淀+过滤，30,000

m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration再生水厂WRP国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心混凝沉淀 膜滤Coagulation/SedimentatiMoicrofiltration

n天津纪庄子

Tianjin

Jizhuangzi居住区景观水体与水质监测Residential

waterscapes，impoundment

&

monitoring国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心天津泰达新水源

Tianjin

TEDA微滤（30000m3/d

）+反

透（1

0000m3/d） Microfilitration＋Reverse

Osmosis国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心青岛海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe絮凝沉淀过滤，40000m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration市政杂用（河道补充与绿化）

Municipal

and

Landscape低压锅炉给水中试Boiler

（pilot

test）中央空调循环冷却用水Industrial

cooling牛仔布水洗磨砂用水Industrial

processing厂内循环冷却与脱水机冲洗In-WWTP再生水中试系统Pilot

Plant

再生水厂滤池WRP

Filtration国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心青岛海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe再生处理流程Recalamation

process国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心工业企业内部处理Further

treatment

for

industrial

use工业生产用水

Industrial

processing景观绿化用水

Landscaping青岛海泊河Qingdao

Haipohe海泊河公园与河道补水Reclaimed

water

supply

for

park

and

river

supplement国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心石家庄桥西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi混凝沉淀过滤

Coagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration补充民心河及沿河公园River

supplement

&

parks设计Design

100,000

m3/d生产Production

30,000

m3/d再生水厂Reclaimed

water

plant国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心石家庄桥西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi河道补水River

supplement国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心石家庄桥西ShijiazhuangQiaoxi民心河水体景观Minxin

River

&

Parks国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心西安北石桥Xi’an

Beishiqiao混凝沉淀过滤，50,000

m3/dCoagulation

+

Sedimentation

+

Filtration国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心西安北石桥Xi’an

Beishiqiao热电厂冷却Cooling，Power

&

Heat

Plant国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心工业生产（冶炼）Industrial

processing热电厂锅炉补水再处理（未运行）Boiler

supplement，not

in

operation公园补水（计划）Parks

water

supplement（in

plan）合肥王小郢

Hefei

Wangxiaoying国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心合肥环城公园水系Heifei

Urban

Ring

River

&

Parks合肥王小郢

Hefei

Wangxiaoying合肥环城公园水系Heifei

Urban

Ring

River

&

Parks再生水补充量Reclaimed

water

supplement

60,000

m3/d国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心结论与建议Findings

&

Recommendations国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心设计能力利用率低Low

Utilization

of

Design

Capacity多数再生水厂生产销售量明显低于设计能力Actual

production/sales

much

lower

than

designcapacity普遍缺乏足够用户Commonly

shortage

of

users管网不足Distribution

pipelines

shortage不合理水价Unreasonable

water

tariff水质问题Water

quality

problem水资源管理问题Improper

water

resourcemanagement成本回收问题Cost

recovery

difficulty用户发展成为主要任务User

development

becomes

a

major

task需要生产者及政府的共同努力Needs

joint

efforts

of

suppliers国a家n城d市go给v水er排n水m工en程t技术研究中心设计能力利用率低Low

Utilization

of

Design

Capacity再生水大致生产情况Production

of

WRPs国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心再生水系统：采用集中型还是就地就近型？Centralized

system

or

onsite/point-of-sale

system

？国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心集中型系统的限制因素Constraints

of

Centralized

system管网投资高（北京）High

pipelines

costs，Beijing难以同时满足不同用户的水质和水量需求Difficult

to

simultaneously

meet

the

varioususer’s

requirements

in

quality

and

flow-rate适合污水厂周围Better

for

applications

near

WWTP适合水质要求相同的批量用户或大水量用户Better

for

similar

quality

requirement

&

largerdemand就地就近型系统Onsite/point-of-sale

system集中与就地/就近相结合Combination

of

both

systems再生水系统：采用集中型还是就地就近型？Centralized

system

or

onsite/point-of-sale

system

？再生水工程投资Investment

of

WRPs国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心再生水水质问题Reclaimed

water

quality

Issue所有再生水厂以污水厂出水为水源All

WRP

using

WWTP

effluent

as

water

source所有污水厂设计未专门考虑再生水生产WWTP

design

without

consideration

to

water

reuse所有污水厂设计基于当时的排放标准Discharge

standard

compliance

WWTP

design部分污水厂和再生水厂需要更新改造Some

WWTP

&

WRP

need

to

be

upgraded除磷脱氮Nutrient

removal高级再生处理工艺Advanced

reclamationprocess满足用户特定水质要求Meet

user’srequirements天津、青岛、北京等国Ti家a城n市ji给n水，排Q水i工ngd程技a术o，研，究中心Beijing再生水收费与定价机制国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心Reclaimed

water

charge

&

pricing

mechanism主要不利因素，包括水价低、地下水不合理开采或非法开采、对公共用水的不合理补贴等方面Limiting

factors

include

low

water

tariff

&

reclaimed

wat

charge,

unreasonable/illegal

exploitation

of

groundwater,

and

unreasonable

subsidy

to

the

public

water

uses,

etc.基于完全成本回收的市场化运作与管理Market

operation

&

management

with

full

cost

recovery促进水价、污水费和再生水费的改革与改进Promote

the

tariff

reform

for

the

water

supply,

wastewatetreatment

and

reclaimed

water

services再生水收费与定价机制Reclaimed

water

charge

&

pricing水价与再生水费Water

tariff

&

reclaimed

water

charge国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心再生水收费与定价机制Reclaimed

water

charge

&

pricing单位投资与运行成本Capital

and

operation

costs国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心通过激励性经济政策推动市场化运作Promote

market

operation

by

incentive

economic

policy国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心低水价和低收费问题Main

obstacles：low

water

tariff

and

charge建立再生水价格政策Reclaimed

water

pricing

policy

with

multipleobjectives不同类型供水之间保持一定的价格差Keeps

reasonable

price

gap

among

different

waterservices成本回收与合理利润、控制垄断Costs

recovery

&

reasonable

profit,

control

marketmonopoly通过合同（协议）确保用户利益Guarantee

the

rights

and

interests

of

users

by

agreement谁支付再生水费?Who

pay

reclaimed

water

charge？需要建立收费安排确保成本回收Need

to

setup

a

charge

collection

arrangement

toensure

the

supplier’s

full

cost

recovery用水者获益用水Private

beneficiary

uses再生水费Reclaimed

water

charge

(based

onsales)公众或社会获益Public

beneficiary

uses 作为公共用品或公共资源As

public

goods

or

as

public

resource通过政府采购Government

as

buyer♦♦fee石家庄、青岛、泰达、合肥等

Shijiazhuang,Qindao,TEDA,Hefei,etc.纳入污水处理费Incorporate

into

wastewater国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心优先考虑的再生水用途Preferential

use？residential,

environment

or

indus需要考虑目前情况、经济效率和综合效益Need

to

consider

actual

situation,

economicefficiency

and

maximum

social

benefit，etc.优先用水途径Prior

uses

of

reclaimed

water水质要求合理Reasonable

water

quality

requirement总体费用低Lower

production

&

distribution

costs景观水体、工业冷却、城市灌溉、环境用水Landscaping

and

scenic

water

body，industrial

cooling,

urban

irrigation

andenvironmental

use国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心优先考虑的再生水用途Preferential

use？residential,

environment

or

indust优先用水途径

Prior

uses

of

reclaimed

water 反 透－高等级水：2.5-3.0

RMB/m3RO

for

high

quality

water微滤膜－居住区用水及其他：1.0-1.5RMB/m3MF

for

residential

and

other

uses混凝沉淀过滤－工业与市政杂用：0.4-0.7RMB/m3Tertiary

for

municipal

&

industrial

（multi

uses

）混凝沉淀过滤－景观环境与河道：0.15-0.3RMB/m3Tertiary

for

waterscape

and

river

supplement直接利用或间接利用Direct

or

indirect

use管道或河道Pipeline

or

River

Transport国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心再生水法规支持体系与综合管理机制Legal

supporting

system

&

management

mechanism国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心建立相关法规、政策与标准，进行指导与督查

Establish

relevant

regulations,policies

andcriteria/standard

for

guidance

and

enforcement再生水规划纳入城市总体规划和水资源规划

Water

reuse

plan

being

part

of

city

master

plan&

water

resource

utilization

plan污水处理目标由达标排放转变为再生循环

Strategic

objective

shift

from“discharge-standard”

to

the

“water

reclamation

and

recycling”再生水标准Reclaimed

water

standards国家城市给水排水工程技术研究中心经历多次修订Modified

several

times存在需要修订之处Some

irrationality

still

exist.再生水基本分类水质标准建议Proposal

for

basic

classification

of

Reclaimedwater再生处理工艺Reclamation

process病原体控制指标Pathogens

removal典型水质指标Typical

water

quality

index性能控制与监测Performance

control

&monitoring主要用途Main

applications5个等级Shown

in

Table

5.1.编制城市再生水利用