专业英语 刘亚平 专业英语（第六周）toward a feminist perspective in public administration theory

TowardaFeministPerspectiveinPublicAdministrationTheoryCamillaStivers.pp.481-490精选pptKeyPointClarifywhatisafeministperspectiveandSketchoutsomeinitialideasaboutwhatafeministapproachtopublicadministrationtheorymightbelike.ThequestionofadministrationknowledgeThemodeloftheidealpublicservantThenatureofadministrativediscretionThedimensionsoftheadministrativestate.精选pptFeministTheoryWhatisaFeministtheory?Feministtheoryiscriticalofexistingreality.Feministviewwomen’shistoricalexclusionfromcertainhumanpursuits(suchaspolitics)andconfinementtoothers(suchashomemaking)as,ifnotalwaysdeliberateonthepartofindividualmen,certainlynot“nature”.Bringsuptheleftoutorignoredideas.精选pptThreeperspectivesin

feministtheoryAddressesthehistoricaldichotomyinsexrolesbyseekingtowipeitouttovariousdegrees.Theperceiveddifferencesinmen’sandwomen’sbehaviorislargelyasideeffectofsocietalsexroles.Byopeningupexistingarrangementstowomen,suchdifferenceswilllargelydisappear.Existingvaluesareaccepted,formthebasisforcritiqueratherthanbeingtheobjectofit.精选pptThreeperspectivesin

feministtheoryPerceiveddifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,whethernaturalornot,matter.Existingsocietalsystemsandnormsareseennotas“human”butastheproductsofmaleexperienceandvalues.Women’sexperiencesandthevaluesemergingfromthem(nurturance,connectedness,intuition)arenotonlydifferent,theyareworthyintheirownright,andneedtobeinjectedinonewayoranotherintoexistingarrangements.精选pptThreeperspectivesin

feministtheoryTranscendthetensionsetupbythefirsttwo.Whilethecelebratoryviewofwomen’sexperienceprovidesimportantsupportforneglectedvaluesandcapacities,itglossesoverrealdifferencesamongwomen,whichhavebeenproducedbyinfluencesofrace,class,history,andculture.Thereisno“women’svalues”.PoorblackwomenanduppermiddleclasswhitewomenManyifnotmostfemininevaluesandbehaviorshavedevelopedwithinacontextofmaledominance.精选pptTheaimshouldnotbetoreplaceoneframeworkwithanotherbuttocallintoquestiontheverytermsthatconstitutethedifferencebetweenthem.精选pptInpublicadministrationUseratherthanignoretheneglectedperspectivesreflectedinparticularexperiencesofparticulargroupsofwomen.WeshouldTrytoopenupthediscourseofpublicadministrationtotheseperspectivesBeingwillingtoberadicallycriticalBuildingfrom,ratherthancastingaside,ideasthatarealreadycentralandvaluedinthefield.精选pptThequestforneutralityNeutralexpertise(Wilson-politics-administrationdichotomy)Isolated,self-interestedindividualsModernstateisbuildupontheessentialconnectednessofhumanbeings.Publicpolicybasedonmutualneedsinsteadofadjudicationofcompetingclaimsamongdisconnectedutility-maximizers.ObjectivityLinearrationalthinkingAchieveunbiasedknowledgebymeansofdetachedobservation精选pptThequestforneutralityTheremaynotbeuniversalmaleorfemaleexperiences,clearlythereareineverysocietysociallyconstructedgenders,whichcarrywiththempropensitiestolookattheworldinquitedifferentways.Wecanusethisawarenesstoexposetheincompletenessofourunderstandings精选pptTheModelofTheIdealPublicServantIdealpersonalcharacteristicsofimageofthepublicadministrator.Whatthisimageoughttobe.FeministexaminationsofheroismstressthemasculinityofthetraditionalphysicalmodedatingbacktoancientGreece,whichemphasizesculturallymalecharacteristicssuchasaggressiveness,physicalprowess,theperformanceofvisibledeeds.Afeministapproachtothequestionofheroismmakesitpossibletoemphasizethechallenging,eventransformative,potentialoftheheroicfigure(Transformtheheroicfigure)Traditionallyfemaleactsofcompassionandnurturancecanalsobeheroic.Rethinkthedesirabilityofpublichonorandfame:interactiveimages.精选pptAdministrativeDiscretionBlacksburgManifestoAdministrativegovernanceistheuseofbureaucraticauthorityforthepurposeofsystemsteering.Fragmentednatureofoursystemofgovernmentmakesthisapositiveopportunity.Feministideasislesshierarchicalandmoreinteractive,thereforelesselitistandmoredemocratic.Aviewofpowernotonlyasamodeofdominationbutalsoasaformofenablingcapacity.Leadershipasfacilitationratherthanthegivingoforders,andauthorityasaccountableexpertiseratherthanaschainofcommand.Weshallbeabletogroundadministrativelegitimacyinaccountabilitythatnotonlyisexercisedintheprivacyoftheindividualconscienceorintheinternalprocessesofaparticularagency,butisalsotangibleenactedinsubstantivecollaborationwithaffectedothers,includingmembersofthegeneralpublic.精选pptTheAdministrativeStateWewantthestatetobeanentitycapableofsignificantpower;butasadministrators,wearereluctanttoseethispowerasoppressive,evenpotentially.Ourmixedfeelingsabouttheexistenceofapositivestatehavetodowithourambivalenceaboutthenatureoffreedomandwhatsortofstateisrequiredinordertoensureit.精选pptDichotomybetweenthepublicandprivaterealms.FeministTheliberalcaseagainstmonarchydependonjustifyingasocietalspacebeyondthereachof“l’etatc’estmoi”（朕即国家）,buttheyseethedevelopmentofthatspaceasrestingontheexclusionofwomenfromit.Freedomforsome(i.e.,men)isprofoundlydependentonlimitingthefreedomofothers(women).精选pptpublic:dependedforitsexistenceonthesimultaneouspresenceofahouseholdwherewomenwereconfinedandwherethenecessitiesoflifecouldbetakencareofbywomenandslaves,thusfreeingmenforthelifeofaction-beyondpurpose.AmasculinepublicsphereWomen(unlessthey“becomemen”,i.e.obliteratethe