西方文化导论ancient-Greece-教案

AncientGreeceI.AgeneralintroductionofAncientGreeceTodaywearegoingtovisittheworldofAncientGreece.AncientGreecewasreallythestart,ororiginofEuropeancivilization.Itwasthefoundationofwesternpolitics,law,artandculture.AncientGreeceandAncientRometogetheraresometimescalledthe"classicalworld"or"classicalcivilization."ThestudyofAncientGreeceandAncientRomeiscalled"classics".ThecivilizationofAncientGreecewasatitsheightabout400-500yearsBC.Atthattime,itwasoneofthemostadvancedplacesonEarth,intermsofeconomicsandculture.However,itisnotreallycorrecttosaythatAncientGreecewasonecountry,aswethinkofacountrytoday.AncientGreecewasactuallyalargenumberofsmallindependentcities.ThiswasthankstothegeographyofGreece:thelargenumberofmountains,hillsandvalleysdividedthecountryupintosmallareas.Eachoftheseareashadtheirowngovernment,andtheyhavebeencalledcitystates.themostfamousoftheseisofcourseAthens.ThenameAthenscomesfromtheGreekgoddessAthena,whowasthegoddessofknowledgeandwisdom.However,inspiteofthis,thepeopleofancientGreecestillsawthemselvesasGreek.Theyhadthesamelanguage,thesameculture,andthesamereligion.Inmanyrespects,societyinancientGreecewasverydifferenttosocietytoday.Inoneexample,menandwomenwerenotequalandweretreateddifferently.Mencouldgotothetheatreandtalkaboutpoliticsandthingslikethat,butwomenhadtostayathome.womenwerenotallowedtotakepartinpoliticsandpubliclife.Theyjusthadtostayathomeanddothedomesticwork.Mostfamiliesalsohadslaves.TheseslaveswerenotgiventhesamerightsasaGreekcitizen.Theycouldn'towntheirownhousesorland--theyjusthadtobeservantsinsomebodyelse'shouse.Slaverywasverycommon,andevenapoorGreekfamilymighthaveafewslaves.ItwasnotjusttheGreeksthatdidthis.However--slaverywasnormalinancientworld---ithappenedinAncientEgypt,AncientGreece,andAncientRome.Inspiteofthis,therearealsomanypositivethingsaboutAncientGreece---thingswhichhaveanenormousimpactonhistory.OnethingAncientGreeceisfamousforwasitsintellectuallife.AncientGreecephilosophers,likeAristotle,PlatoandSocratesusedreasonandlogictotryandunderstandtheworld.TheGreeksarealsofamousfortheirscience---particularlyinmathematicsandastronomy.Theirunderstandingintheseareaswasveryadvancedandsophiscatedfortheirtime.Theirdiscoverieshadalargeimpactonmodernphilosophyandmodernscience.AncientGreekculturewasalsoveryfamous.PerhapsthemostimportantliteraturethatcameoutofancientGreecearetheworksofHomer.Hewrotetwoepics,knownasIliadandOdyssey.Theyaregenerallyseenasthefirstgreatworksinthehistoryofwesternliterature.TheAncientGreeksalsoinventedthetheatreanddramaasweknowittoday.Religionwasanotherimportantpartoflifehere.TheGreekswerepolytheists,thatis,theybelievedinmanydifferentgods.AlotofthestoriesandmythologyofAncientGreecearetodowiththesedifferentgods.GreekarchitectureisalsofamousbecauseGreekreligionwasveryimportant,thelargestandmostbeautifulbuildingsarereligiousbuildings,suchastemplestodifferentgods.TheGreekstyleorclassicalstylebecamethestandardforgreatbuildingsinEuropeanditstillistoday.ManyfamousbuildingsinEuropeandAmericaarebuiltinthisstyle---includingtheWhiteHouse.AnotherlegacyfromAncientGreecewasthesport.TheGreeksinventedthesportscompetitionstohonortheirgods.ThemostfamousofthesewasheldeveryfouryearsinaplacecalledOlympia.ItisfromthiswegettheOlympics.Frompoliticstoculture,fromarchitecturetosport,AncientGreece'sinfluenceonlaterEuropeancivilizationhasbeenextremelyimportant.Outline:AncientGreecewasreallythestartororiginofwesterncivilization.Geography:mountainousPolitics:city-states/poleisslave-baseddemocracypoliticsPhilosophy:philosopherslikeSocrates,Plato,andAristotleScience:mathematics,astronomyApolisorcitystateisstatemadeupofacityanditssurroundingcountrysideandtownsLiterature:epics(IliadandOdyssey),poetry,anddramaReligion:polytheists,mythologyArchitecture:standardstyleSport:OlympicsII.LearningobjectivesTogetabriefviewofthehistoryanddevelopmentofGreekCivilizationTobefamiliarwithGreekcultureinmythology,religion,philosophy,history,literatureandartsToknowsomerepresentativephilosophersandtheircontributionsIII.WordstudyNeolithic

['niə'lɪθɪk]

adj.[古]新石器时代的；早先的Cretan

[‘kritən]

n.克里特岛人adj.克利特岛的Myceneancivilisation

迈锡尼文明Thessaly[‘θesəli]

n.塞萨利（希腊地名)Trojan[‘trodʒən]adj.特洛伊的；特洛伊人的Iliad英

[‘iliəd]

n.伊里亚特（相传为荷马所做的古希腊史诗）Odyssey英

美

['ɑdəsi]

n.奥德赛（古希腊史诗）Ajax

['eidʒæks]n.【希腊神话】（亦作AjaxTelamon]／'teləmən／，GreatAjax(大)埃阿斯(特洛伊围攻战中的希腊英雄，骁勇和膂力仅次于阿喀琉斯。在夺回阿喀琉斯尸体之战中立了功，但当阿喀琉斯的盔甲给予奥德修斯时，怒而自刺身亡)Achilles

[ə'kili:z]n.【希腊神话】阿喀琉斯(或译阿基里斯；出生后被其母握脚踵倒提着在冥河水中浸过，因此除未浸到水的脚踵外，浑身刀枪不入；希腊勇士，曾参加围攻特洛伊城)IV.InterpretationofCulturalTermsTheNeolithic新石器时代:Itisaperiodinthedevelopmentofhumantechnology,beginninginaboutA.theHeroicAgeB.theGoldenAgeC.theCretanCivilization9500BCintheMiddleEastthatistraditionallyconsideredthelastpartoftheStoneAge.TheNeolithicisameasuredprogressionofbehavioralandculturalcharacteristicsandchanges,includingtheuseofwildanddomesticcropsandtheuseofdomesticatedanimals.Minos米诺斯:InGreekmythology,MinoswasakingofCrete,sonofZeusandEuropa.Afterhisdeath,MinosbecameajudgeofthedeadinHades.TheMinoanCivilizationofpre-HelleneCretehasbeennamedafterhimbythearchaeologistArthurEvans.V.ComprehensionExercises：multiplechoice.(1)____isthemajorfoundationintheWesterncultureandmakesapowerfulimpactonthedevelopmentofhumancivilization.A.AncientEuropeanculture B.AncientGreekculture C.AncientChineseculture D.AncientEgyptianculture(2)Greekculturecandatebackto____.A.theNeolithicAge B.theBronzeAge C.theStoneandBronzeAge D.theOldStoneAge(3)MycenaeanculturewasinfluencedthemostbyCretancultureon____.A.farmingB.handicraftandtradeC.religionD.philosophy(4)TheTrojanWarbrokeoutattheendof____.D.theMycenaeanCivilization(5)ThefirstOlympiadbeganinthe____periodoftheGoldenAge.A.archaic B.central C.dependent D.darkVI.ThinkandDiscussGiveabriefintroductiontotheTrojanWarandcheckreferencestoknowmoreaboutthewar.TheTrojanWarbrokeoutattheendoftheMycenaeanCivilization.Allthecity-statesinMycenaesenttroopstohelpformacoalitionarmyforthebattles.Notlongafterthewar,theDoriansfromthenorthwestofGreeceinvadedanddestroyedMycenaeinaboutthe12th–11thcenturiesBC.ThinkandDiscuss(1)GreekMythologyandReligionGreekmythologyisbasedonareligionwhichtookshapeduringtheHomericAgeandwasdevelopedfromanimismandfetishismintopolytheism.ThereligioustalesbecamefullydevelopedmythsintheHomericepicandthuscontributedgreatlytothelaterdevelopmentofallGreekarts.InGreekmyth,allthegodsliveonMountMainIdeasMainIdeasVI.TextStudyMainIdeasGod&GoddessCharacterZeustheheavenlykingofthegodsandrulerofmankindPoseidonthemoodygodoftheseasHadesthegloomygodoftheunderworldHestiathecalmgoddessofthehearthHerathematuregoddessofthefamilyAresthefiercegodofthewarAthenathesophisticatedgoddessofwisdomandartsApollotheyouthfulgodofthesunandthemusicAphroditethesensualgoddessofloveandbeautyHermesthecunninggodofthetradeArtemisthewildgoddessofthehuntHephaestustheill-favoredgodofmetallurgy(2)GreekPhilosophyGreekphilosophyemergedfromthebondageofreligionandwentthroughaprocessoffruitfultheoreticalresearchcombinedwithpracticalexperiencebeforeitachieveditshighpointinthehistoryofhumanintellectualdevelopment.IthasinfluencedmuchofWesternthoughtwithawidevarietyofsubjects,includingpoliticalphilosophy,ethics,metaphysics,ontology,logic,biology,rhetoricandaesthetics.MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasEarlyGreekPhilosophersandTheirNobleIdeasSchoolNameMainIdeaMaterialismThalesTheworldoriginatedinwaterandpredictedatotaleclipseofthesun.AnaximanderTheoriginofeverythingintheworldisunlimitedandallthingssplitintotwoopposites.HeraclitusFireisthefundamentalsubstanceintheuniverse,andtheuniverseisinastateofongoingchange,struggleorflux.MaterialismDemocritusMaterialworldiscomposedoftiny,inseparableparticlescalledatoms.IdealismPythagorasEverythingisnumbers.Anditispossibletoacquiremysticalknowledge.ProtagorasManisthemeasureofallthings.TheMostInfluentialPhilosophersinGreeceNameLife&AchievementsMainInterestsNotableIdeasWorksSocrates(470BC–399BC)aclassicalGreekAthenianphilosopher,oneofthefoundersofWesternphilosophyepistemology,ethicsSocraticmethod,SocraticironySocraticdialogueswrittenbyhisstudentsPlatoandXenophonPlato(427BC–347BC)aclassicalGreekphilosopher,mathematician,studentofSocrates,founderoftheAcademyinAthens,andoneofthefoundersofWesternphilosophyandsciencerhetoric,art,literature,epistemology,justice,virtue,politics,education,family,militarismPlatonicrealismwriterofphilosophi-caldialogues,Apology,Protagoras,Gorgias,Phaedo,Symposium,Padres,TheRepublic,TheLawAristotle(384BC–322BC)aGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlato,oneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophyphysics,metaphysics,poetry,theatre,music,rhetoric,politics,government,ethics,biology,zoologygoldenmean,reason,logic,syllogism,passionTheCategories,ThePeriHermeneias,ThePriorAnalytics,ThePosteriorAnalytics,TopicsandtheSophisticalRefutations,Physics,ThePolitics,OnthePartsofAnimals,ZoologyandHistoryofAnimalsTextStudy_III_1.3.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas(3)LiteratureGreekliteratureisconsideredtoconsistofepic,lyricalpoetryanddrama.CategoryTypeWriter’sNameCharacterWorksPoetryEpicHomernarrativepoemsabouttheperiodofTrojanWarIliad,OdysseusLyricCallimachuselegiacpoemsHymnspoetryLyricTheocritushymns&epigramsTheSyracusanWoman,TheGraces,TheSorceressesAratushexametersPhenomenaNicanderscientificpoemsTheriacaSappholovepoems

Pindarodesthe14OlympianOdesDramaTragedyAeschylus70–90tragedies,only7survivedPrometheusBound,ThePersians,Agamemnon,ThePhrygians,TheSevenagainstThebes,TheSuppliantMaidensandTheOresteiaSophocles

OedipustheKing,ElectraandAntigoneEuripidesaboutwomenAndromache,MedeaandTrojanWomenDramaComedyAristophanessenseofcomicKnights(4)HistoryandDissidentIdeasGreekhistoryhascontributedconsiderablytotheconstitutionofGreekandWesterncivilizationwithitsabundantdocumentsofavarietyofhistoricaleventsandfiguresscatteredinsocial,political,militaryandculturalfields.ThemostfamoushistoriansareHerodotus(485BC–425BC)andThucydides(about460BC–404BC).HerodotusisgenerallyacknowledgedasthefirstreputedhistorianofGreece.HiswritingHistoriesobjectivelydescribesthewarbetweenPersiansandGreece.ThucydidesisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofthegreatestofancientGreeceforhistruthfulness,concisenessandimagination.HisHistoryofthePeloponnesianWarrecountsthestrugglebetweenAthensandSpartainthe5thcenturyBC,asthefirstrecordedpoliticalandmoralanalysisofanation’swarpolicies.Besides,PolybiusproducedHistoriesaboutAlexandriawith40volumesinall,covingthegrowthofRomein120yearsfromthebeginningoftheFirstPunicWartillthesurrenderofGreece.Butunfortunatelyithasn’tsurvivedintactandonlysomefragmentswerepreserved.Aswell,thereweresomedissidentscholarsinancientGreece,whoseviewpointswerequiteabnormalorevendifferentfromthemainstreamopinionsoftheday.TheirchiefrepresentativeswereIsocratesandXenophon.Isocrateswasarhetorician,regardedasoneofthetenAtticorators.Inhistime,hewasprobablythemostinfluentialrhetoricianinGreeceandmademanycontributionstorhetoricandeducationthroughhisteachingandwrittenworks.HisworksarePanegyricus,Areopagiticus,OnthePeace,etc.XenophonwasaGreekhistorian,soldier,mercenary,andacontemporaryadmirerofSocrates.Heisknownforhiswritingsonthehistoryofhisowntimes,the4thcenturyBC,preservingthesayingsofSocrates,anddescriptionsoflifeinancientGreeceandthePersianEmpire.HisworksareHellenica,Memorabilia,Apology,etc.MainIdeasTextStudy(5)ArtandScienceArtAspectRepresentativesCharacterArchitecturePhidiasthegrandestbuildinginAthens－ParthenonSculptureMyron,PolyclitusfamousforitsnoblesimplicityandcalmgrandeurPaintingvasedecorationStage1:typicalinmythologicalscenesPaintingvasedecorationStage2:portrayalofelementsofbeautyinobjectswithmythologicalsubjectsStage3:variousformsoftechnicalskillsdevelopedinanumberofschoolsinAthens,andothercity-statesScienceScientistFieldsAchievementsPytheasgeographyexploredthenorthernpartsofEurope,measuredshadowswiththeaidofasortofsundialcalledagnomon,andcalculatedthecircumferenceoftheearthHipparchusastronomyperfectedmeasuringinstrumentsandcalculatedthemovementsofstarsTextStudy_III_1.5.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasEuclidmathematicsestablishedthescienceofplanegeometryArchimedesmathematics&physicsdiscoveredtheratioofradiusofacircleinmathematics,foundouttherelationshipbetweenthevolumeandsurfaceofasphereVII..InterpretationofCulturalTermsMountOlympus奥林匹斯山:ThehighestmountaininGreece,well-knownasthe“homeofthegods”inGreekmythology.ThedeitieswhodwelledonthismountainwereruledbyZeus,includedhiswife,hisbrothers,hissistersandhischildren.Thespis泰斯庇斯:HewasthoughtasasingerofdithyrambsbyAristotle.HewonagreatreputationforimportantinnovationsandreformationinGreekplay.Todayitisageneraltermforanactor.Insomeliterature,hewasdepictedasthefirstwell-knownactorinwrittenplaysonstage，andheintroducedthefirstprincipalactorinadditiontochorus.HisgreatcontributiontodramaishisoriginalGreektragedyasweknowtoday.Ptolemy托勒密:AnEgyptiandynastyruledbyMacedoniankingsfrom323BCto30BC.ThePtolemieslastedthelongperiodfromPtolemyI(367?–283?),whowaseverageneralinAlexandertheGreat’sarmyandthenbecamethekingofEgyptasAlexander’ssuccessor(323–285),toPtolemyXV(47–30),andwhosharedthethrone(44–30)withhismother,Cleopatra.TheBattleofCnidus奈达斯战役(394BC):Thenavalbattlewhichhappenedin394BCbetweenthejointAthenian-PersianfleetandtheSpartanfleet.FinallytheSpartanfleetwasdefeatedowingtolackoftheexperience,thusbreakingSparta’sdreamofnavalsupremacy.Afterthisbattletheanti-SpartanunionwasstrengthenedandattackedtheSpartanhegemonyduringtheCorinthianWar.Myron米隆(c.480BC–440BC):AGreeksculptor,borninEleutheraeandlivedinAthens.HewasconsideredthefirsttoachievelifelikerepresentationinArt.Heiswell-knownforhisbronzesculptureofathletesinaction.However,nowadaysonlytwoofhisworksareleft,includingthegroupofAthenaandMarsyas,andthe“Discobolos”(DiscusThrower).Polyclitus波利克里托斯:AnotedGreekbronzesculptorinthe5thandtheearly4thcenturiesBC.HebelongedtotheschoolofArgos.HisworksincludedthecolossalgoldandivorystatueofHera，afamousbronzemalenudeknownasthe“Doryphoros”(“Spear-carriVIII.ComprehensionExercisesTrueorfalsequestion.(1)TheplayOedipusatColonuswaswrittenbyAristophanes.(2)GreekphilosophystartedwithAristotle.(3)Thefamousbronzesculptureofathletes,DiscusThrower,wascreatedbyMyron.(4)Eucliddiscoveredtheratioofradiusofacircleandtherelationshipbetweenthevolumeandsurfaceofasphere.(5)ThechiefGreekphilosophersareSocrates,PlatoandAristotle.1)GiveabriefaccountofthemajorachievementsofGreekculture,suchasthoseinreligion,philosophy,literatureandscience.GreekreligionreallytookshapeduringtheHomericAgeandfeaturedpolytheismwithgodstakinghumanformandfeeling.GreekreligionmadeagreatcontributiontoGreekliterature,philosophyandart.ItisanimportantoriginofGreekmythologywhichwasfullydevelopedbythereligioustalesoftheHomericepicandthusaffectedthelaterdevelopmentofallkindsofGreekculture.GreekphilosophystartedwithThales(640BC–547BC)whobelievedthatthematerialworldoriginatedinwater.Hisphilosophywasmaterialism.HewasfollowedbyPythagoraswhoassumedthatthekeytotheunderstandingoftheworldisnumbers,ontheoppositionofthespokesmanforidealism.ThecoreGreekphilosophersareSocrates,PlatoandAristotle.Socrateshadscantregardformaterialwealth,butwaskeenonprobingintothedefinitionofsomeethicalandbehavioralissues,suchas“friendship”and“courage”.PlatoestablishedtheAcademy－thefirstGreekinstitutionofhigherlearning.Hiscontributionsincludedhistheoryofideasandhisargumentson“republic”whichwassupposedtoembracehisidealsaboutafuturestatewherehumanscouldenjoyahappylife.Aristotl