冶金工程专业英语

冶金工程专业英语金焱10/13/2023/00:56:18范文讲解：Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingPart2IronmakingPart3Steelmaking/00:56:18Part1FundamentalsofIronandSteelmakingGlobalsteelindustryNewdevelopmentinEuropeFundamentalofironmakingReductionofironoxidesFundamentalofsteelmakingFundamentalsofLadleMetallurgicalReactions/00:56:18Part2IronmakingSinterplantSinterqualityBlastFurnaceBlastfurnacegassystemandhotblaststovesPulverizedcoalinjectiontechnologyBlastfurnaceInstrumentationandControlCOREXplantHIsmelt/00:56:18Part3SteelmakingHotmetalDesulfurizationTechnologyHotmetalpretreatmentprocessBasicOxygenFurnaceProcesscontrolstrategiesofBOFElectricArcFurnaceDirectCurrentElectricArcFurnaceLadleFurnace,TankDegasser,RH,andCAS-OBContinuousCasting/00:56:18Unit1Globalsteelindustry10/13/2023/00:56:181.OverviewTheglobalsteelindustryishighlycyclical,verycompetitiveandstillfragmentedintermsofmarketshare.Currentlytheindustryisattheheightofthebusinesscycleandisgoingthroughaconsolidationphase,whichmightresultinthesmallerplayersbeingacquiredbythelargerones.1.cyclical:周期的；轮转的，循环的。2.fragment:(使)成碎片，(使)分裂。3.marketshare:市场份额。4.consolidation:合并。5.acquire:取得，获得。/00:56:18Thetotaloutputfromtheindustryexceeds1.4billiontonsin2005,mostofitaugmentedbytheincreaseinoutputfromChina.Thisisexpectedtoincreasefurther,makingsteeloutputfromChinaamongthelargestintheworld.6.output:产量；生产，出产，产品。7.augment:(使)扩张，扩大；扩编；(使)增大，增加。/00:56:18Thesteelindustrydemonstratesahighdegreeofvariability,bothintermsofearningsandproduction.Thefactorsattributablefordrivingthisvariabilityareglobaleconomicconditionswithaparticularsensitivitytotheperformanceoftheautomotive,construction,capitalgoodsandotherindustrialproductsindustries.8.variability:变化性；变异性。9.earning:利润。10.factor:要素，因素。11.attributable:由…引起的。12.sensitivity:敏感(性)。13.capital:主要的，资本的。/00:56:18Thecommoditynatureofsteel,theproducersandconsumerslimitedcontrolonprice,andthedemandandsupplydisparityhavemadesteelpricesvolatile.Significantincreasesinpricesformetalsandenergyoverthepasttwoyearshavealsocontributedtoincreasedvariabilityintheindustry.14.commodity:〔常pl.〕商品。15.disparity:不同，不等。16.volatile:易变的，反复无常的。/00:56:182.BriefCompanyOverviews(1)Arcelor-Mittal:Thefive-monthlongduelbetweenNetherlands-basedMittalandLuxembourg-basedArcelorhasconcluded.Mittal’sunprecedentedtakeovervictoryinthebattlefortheglobalsteelgianthasbroughtthefive-monthbattletoahalt,afterthefinalshareholderapproval.InthenewArcelor-MittalcombinetheMittalfamilycollectivelyholdsa43.5percentshare.17.duel:竞争，斗争。18.conclude:结束，终止。19.unprecedented:没有前例的。20.takeover:接收。21.giant:巨人；大汉。/00:56:18Thenewsteelcompanywillhaveabout334,000employeesworld-wide,andrevenuescloseto$70billion.Arceloriswell-positionedinWesternEuropeandcateringthehigh-gradeautoandconstructionindustry.22.halt:暂停前进。23.shareholder:股东。24.approval:批准。25.combine:集团。26.collective:集合的。27.revenue:(国家的)岁入；〔pl.〕总收入。/00:56:18Mittalwithmillsspreadoutthroughthefourcontinentsinlow-costlocationssuchasCzechRepublic,Mexico,andKazakhstan,producingmostlybasicsteelproducts.StilltherearethingstobesettledbetweenArcelorandMittal.Forexample,thefateoftheCanadiansteelmakerDofascoacquiredinApril2006byArcelorisyettobedecided.28.well-positioned:较好的定位。29.cater:为(宴会等)供应酒菜；供应；迎合，投合。30.cost:费用；代价，价格；成本。31.Kazakhstan:哈萨克斯坦〔亚洲国名〕。/00:56:18Mittal’saggressivebusinessmodelhashelpedthecompanycreateaprofitableenterpriseincountries

thatwerenotregardedasobviousinvestmenttargets(suchasUkraineandIndonesia).Ithastrackrecordofbuyingloss-making,bankruptorunder-producingsteelcompanies,andturningthemaroundbyrestructuring,costcuttingandlayoffs,therebycreatingleanerandmorecompetitiveoperations.32.Ukraine:乌克兰。33.Indonesia:印度尼西亚。34.profitable:有利可图的，。35.trackrecord:成绩纪录。36.under-producing:半停产。37.layoffs:临时解雇；停工；停止活动。/00:56:18Thecompanyhasproductionunitsin17countries.Incontrast,Arcelorholdsfrontrunningpositionsinitsmainmarkets:automotive,construction,householdappliancesandpackagingaswellasgeneralindustry.ArceloristhenumberonesteelproducerinEuropeandLatinAmerica.Takingadvantageofitsnowdominantposition,Arcelor-Mittalhasambitionstofurtherexpandinternationallyinordertotakeadvantageofthegrowthpotentialofdevelopingeconomiesandoffertechnologicallyadvancedsteelsolutionstoitsglobalcustomers.38.lean:精干的。39.householdappliance:家庭用具。40.dominant:最有力的，占优势的。/00:56:18Arcelor-Mittalismorethanthreetimeslargerintermsofproductionofandrevenuefromsteel,thanitsnearestrivalNipponSteelCorp.ofJapan.Thecombinedcompanywillnowhaveasignificantadvantageinsettingpricesandnegotiatingthetermsofvariouscontractswithkeycustomers.Thenewsteelindustrytitanwillbebetterequippedtocombatthevolatilenatureofthesteelindustry.Thisisduetothefactthatitwillhavegloballydiversifiedoperationsandadiversifiedproductlinegivingitthepowertonegotiatewithlargecustomer.41.rival:竞争者，对手。42.titan:巨头。43.diversified:多样化的。/00:56:18

(2)NipponSteelCorporation:

NipponSteelCorporationisJapan’sNo.1steelmakerandtheworld’sthirdlargest,intermsofcrudesteelproduction,withannualconsolidatedoutputofapproximately33milliontons.Itisbackedbyasolidbusinessfranchisesupportedbydiverseproductlineswithafocusonhighvalueaddedproducts,outstandingproductdevelopmentcapability,aswellasastrongcustomerbase.TheCompanyhasalsosecuredasolidpresenceoverseas,fueledbydistinctiveresearchanddevelopmentcapabilitiesandstrategicalliances.44.consolidated:加固的；整理过的，统一的。45.franchise:某种特许权。46.diverse:多种多样的。47.presence:存在。48.fuel:(给…)加[供给]燃料。49.distinctive:独特的。50.strategic:战略(上)的。51.alliance:同盟。/00:56:18(3)Posco:ThePohangIronandSteelCompanybasedinPohang,SouthKorea,itisoneofthetopsteelproducers.PoscooperatestwosteelcompaniesinSouthKorea,oneinPohangandtheotherinGwangyang.Inadditiontothis,PoscooperatesinajointventurewithUSSteelwithnameofUSS–Posco,locatedinPittsburgh.52.jointventure:合资(企业)。/00:56:18InJune2005,PoscosignedamemorandumofunderstandingwiththeStateGovernmentofOrissa,Indiaandplanstoinvest$12billiontoconstructaplantwithfourblastfurnaces,anelectricityplant,housing,andanannualproductioncapacityof12milliontonsofsteelandisexpectedtostartproductionin2010.53.memorandum:记录；备忘录；便笺[函]；通知书；寄售物品通知书。54.blastfurnace:高炉，鼓风炉。55.housing:房屋；住宅。/00:56:18

(4)Severstal:SeverstalisthelargestRussiansteelproducer,with2005annualsteelproductionof17.1milliontons.Inaddition,SeverstalownsSeverstalNorthAmerica,thefifthlargestintegratedsteelmakerintheU.S.with2005productionof2.7milliontons,andLucchini,Italy’ssecondlargeststeelgroupwith2005productionof3.5milliontons./00:56:18Severstalisoneoftheworld’slowestcostandmostprofitablesteelproducers,with2005EBITDAofapproximately150eurosperton.Severstal-Resource,itsownsubsidiaryowns70yearsofironorereservesand84yearsofcoalreserves,2005revenueandEBITDAwereapproximatelyEUR1.12billionandEUR506million,respectively.Severstal-Resourceproducescokingcoal,thermalcoal,ironorepelletsandironoreconcentrate.56.EBITDA:未计利息、税项、折旧及摊销前的利润。57.euro:欧元。58.subsidiary:子公司。59.reserve:储备。60.respectively:各自。61.cokingcoal:炼焦煤。62.thermalcoal:动力煤。63.ironore:铁矿石。64.pellet:球团矿。65.ironoreconcentrate:铁精矿。/00:56:18(5)Corus:Corusisacustomerfocused,innovativesolutionsdrivencompany,whichmanufactures,processesanddistributesmetalproductsaswellasprovidingdesign,technologyandconsultancyservices.Thecompany’sheadquartersareinLondon,withfourDivisionsandoperationsworldwide.66.innovative:创新的。67.manufacture:(大量)制造，加工。68.consultancy:咨询，顾问服务。69.headquarters:总部。70.division:政府或公司的一个部分位。/00:56:18Corusranksamongthe10largeststeelproducersintheworld,withabout18milliontonnesofcrudesteelproductionin2005.Activitiesincludecarbonsteelproductionwhichare90%ofsalesandaluminumsmelting,rolling,andextrusion10%ofsales.Thegroup'smainproductionbasesaretheU.K.,theNetherlands,Sweden,Germany,France,Belgium,andtheU.S.Itisoftenspokenaboutasapossibletakeovercandidate.71.crudesteel:粗钢。72.carbonsteel:碳素钢。73.smelt:精炼。74.roll:轧钢。75.extrusion:挤压成型。76.takeover:接收；接管。

/00:56:183.GlobalSteelIndustry

ThesteelindustryintheEuropeanUnionisstructureddifferentlythanthesteelindustryintheUnitedStates.Thekeydifferenceistheconsolidationoftheindustry.Arcelor-Mittal,ThyssenKrupp,andCorusenjoysubstantialmarketshareinalargelyconsolidatedmarketplace./00:56:18ThesteelindustryintheUnitedStatesiscompletelydifferentcomparedtootherindustriesglobally.UScorporatebondissuershaveahigherhistoricaldefaultratethananyothersteelproducerglobally.77.bond:契约；联盟；证券，。78.issuer:发行者。79.default:不履行；违约；拖欠；不履行债务；缺席。/00:56:18ThisreflectshighlyleveragedcapitalstructuresoftheUSsteelproducerscomparedtotheEuropeancounterpartswhoholdhighercashbalancesplacingsignificantimportancetoacautiousapproachtoliquidity.ThehighdefaultrateintheUSsteelindustrycanbeattributedtoanelevatedlevelofshareholderpressureforhighshort-termreturns,whichthenforcesthemanagementtodeployhigher-riskstrategies.80.leverage:为…提供杠杆装置；以“杠杆收购法”投资于(某个基金)。81.liquidity:流动性，流畅。/00:56:18OversupplyinChina,particularlyincommoditybasedflatproductsandlongproducts,andtheinventorybuild-upinAsiancountriesarepressuringtheregion’sprofitabilityandcashflowandthuscontributingtothevariabilityintheglobalsteelindustry.Anewrecordhighwassetforworldtradeinsteel,whichgrew8%in2005toabout1.3billiontons.82.oversupply:过度供给。83.commodity:商品。84.flatproduct:扁平材产品。85.longproduct:长材产品。86.inventory:存货。87.build-up:上升，升高。/00:56:18Thelargeststeelexportingcountriesin2005wereEU32.4milliontons,Japan32milliontons,Russia30.9milliontons,Ukraine27.3milliontonsand,enteringthetop5forthefirsttime,China27.4milliontonsupasolid37percent.ThelargestimportingcountrieswereChina27.5milliontons,theEU25.1milliontonsandJapan13.2milliontons.Themajorexportersofironorein2005wereAustralia239milliontonsandBrazil224milliontons.88.break-up:明细表。/00:56:18ImportsintoChinaincreasedby32%in2005,comparedto2004,importsintotheEUandJapanactuallyfellby2%.ImportsintoChinafromAustraliain2005were112milliontons,anincreaseof34milliontonson2004.ImportsfromIndia,at68.5milliontons,wereupby18milliontonson2004whichmeansthatimportsfromIndiahaveincreasedtenfoldsince1998.ImportsintoChinafromBrazilreached55milliontons,andincreaseof8milliontons.Thebreak-upofChineseimportsbycountryoforiginshowsthatAustraliasupplied41%,India25%andBrazil20%,othercountriessuchasSouthAfricacontributetotheremaining14%./00:56:18(1)China:In2005steelproductioninChinawas349milliontonsup25%from2004.Incomparison,productionin2004was280milliontons,2003was222milliontonsand2002182milliontons.Importsin2005fell18%to27.3milliontonsfrom33.2milliontonsin2004./00:56:18Importshadpreviouslyrisensignificantlyin2003toreach43milliontons.Exportsgrew36%in2005toreach27milliontonscomparedwith20milliontonsin2004and8milliontonsin2003.SinceSeptember2004exportshaveexceededimportstomakeChinaanetsteelexporteralthoughthiswasreversedfromJuly2005.However,inDecember2005,exportsagainexceededimports.RealGDPinChinaisexpectedtobearound10percentin2006andwillmostlikelyremainhighin2007intherun-uptothe2008BeijingOlympics,hencefeedingdemand./00:56:18China,whichisamajorproducerandconsumerglobally,isanetexporterofsteelanditsincreasedsupplyofproductsmightfinditswaytotheNorthAmericamarkets.ThesuddenincreaseinsteelimportsfromChinaisnotonlyfueledbytheBeijingOlympicsscheduledfor2008,butalsobecauseoftheincreaseindomesticdemandforinfrastructureignitedbytherapidindustrializationinChina.CurrentlytherearenumeroussmalllocalsteelcompaniesinChina,andingeneralviewtheChinesesteelindustryisripeforarapidconsolidationphase.AfterBeijingOlympicsin2008,thereareprospectsofaslowdownintheindustry.89.infrastructure:基础设施。90.ignite:点燃。91.ripe:成熟的。92.beripefor:…的时机成熟。/00:56:18(2)UnitedStates:TheUS,whichistraditionallyasteelimporter,recordedimportsof30.2milliontonsin2005adropof8%on2004.Thekeyimportedproductsweresemis6.3milliontons,hotrolledcoil3.7milliontons,weldedtubes3.6milliontonsandwirerod2.8milliontons.KeysupplyingcountriesincludetheNAFTAmembersCanada5.6milliontonsandMexico3.8milliontonsfollowedbyBrazil2.4milliontonsandChina2.3milliontons.USsteelmillexportsin2005were9.4milliontonscomparedwith7.8miliiontonsin2004.93.appetite:胃口。94.semis:半成品。95.hotrolledcoil:热轧钢卷。96.weldedtube:焊管。97.wire:钢丝。98.rod:线材。99.NAFTA:NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement北美自由贸易协定。100.steelmill:钢厂。/00:56:18(3)EuropeanUnion:

EUimports,afterreachingtheirhighestleveleverinQ12005at8.7milliontons,fellbacksharplyinthesecondquartertodownto7.7milliontonsandalsoinquarter3downto5.3milliontons.Henceinthefirst9months2005imports,at21.7milliontonswere11%downonthesameperiod2004./00:56:18Consequently,overthefirst9monthstheEUhasresumeditspositionasanetsteelexporterwithasurplusof2milliontonsimports21.7milliontonsandexports23.7milliontons.KeyproductsimportedbytheEUincludesemis,hotrolledcoil,wirerod,galvanizedsheet,hotrolledplatesandcoldrolledsheet.KeyimportsourcesincludeRussia3.9milliontons,Turkey2.1milliontons,Ukraine2.2milliontons,China1.5milliontons,India0.9milliontonsandBrazil1.1milliontons.101.resume:拿回。102.surplus:盈余。103.galvanizedsheet:镀锌薄板。104.hotrolled:热轧的。105.plate:（中厚板）。106.coldrolled:冷轧的。107.sheet:薄板。/00:56:18Readingmaterial1:NewdevelopmentinEurope10/13/2023/00:56:181.SteelproductioninEuropeSteelisaglobalproduct,andduetotherapidinformationtransferworldwidetherearenofundamentaldifferencesregardingtheproductionprocesses.Nevertheless,therearedistinctionsinthetechnologiesapplied,causedbytherawmaterialsandenergysituation,consumerorientation,andalsocausedbythespeedoftheintroductionofinnovationsandnewprocessdevelopmentsinoperationalapplication.1.distinction:区别,分清。2.orientation:定位熟悉。3.innovation:革新,创新。/00:56:18TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isoneofthemostimportanteconomicblocksintheworld.ThetreatyonthefoundationoftheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),establishedin1952,wasoneoftheoriginsoftheEuropeanUnionwhichtodaycomprises15memberstates.Thisregionhasabout376millioninhabitants;in1999theproductionofcrudesteelamountedto155milliont.4.economicblock:经济板块。5.theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity:欧洲煤钢联营体。/00:56:18Geographically,EuropecontainsseveralothersteelproducingcountriesoutsidetheEU.WithoutconsideringtheshareoftheCISmemberstates,thereisanadditionalcrudesteelproductionofabout50milliont.AnoverviewofthesteelproductionlocationsinEuropehavingacapacityofmorethan4milliont/yearcrudesteelrevealsthatthecityofDuisburginGermanyistheareawiththehighestproductionlevel.6.CIS:CommonwealthofIndependenceStates独联体。/00:56:18Theshareofbasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakinginintegratedplantsisheadingtowards60%,andthatofscrapbasedelectricsteelmakingtowards40%.Today,andinthefuture,onlythoseproductionprocesseswhichachievehighproductivity,costefficiency,andalsoeasyandsufficientenvironmentalcontrolwillhaveachancetosurvive.Therefore,theBasicBessemerandOpen-Hearthprocesseshavebeenphasedout.7.basicoxygenfurnace:碱性氧气转炉。8.integratedplant:钢铁厂。9.scrap:废钢。10.electricsteelmaking:电炉炼钢。11.BasicBessemer:碱性贝塞麦转炉炼钢法。12.Open-Hearthprocess:平炉工艺。13.phaseout:分阶段停止使用。/00:56:18SinteristhemainferrousburdencomponentfortheblastfurnacesintheEuropeanUnion.TheaverageburdencompositioninEUcountriesis62.4%sinter,26.1%pelletsand11.5%lumporesandothers.OnlySwedenhasshutdownallitssinterplants.14.sinter:烧结物；烧结矿。15.burden:含铁原料。16.blastfurnace:高炉。17.lumpore:块矿。2.Sinterplants/00:56:18Intheothercountries,theshareofsinterrangesfromabout45to85%.In1999,41sinterplantswereoperatedintheEUproducing100milliontofsinter.Over50%aremediumtolargeplantswith200to500m2effectivesuctionarea–thelargestbeingstrandNo.3atSollacDunkerquewith525m2.18.effectivesuctionarea:有效抽风面积。/00:56:18SinterplantsintheEUarefocusingonreducingdioxinemissionstoextremelylowlevels.Therefore,severalactivitiestoreducedioxinemissionsarecarriedout.UreaisaddedtothesinterplantinLlanwern,UnitedKingdom.Thisresultedinadecreaseindioxinemissions.Onepossiblemechanismforthedioxinreductionusingureaisthereductionofchlorinelevels.Theaveragedioxinemissionlevelscouldbedecreasedto0.6ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.)inthewastegas.19.dioxin:二恶英。20.emission:散发。21.urea:尿素。22.chlorine:氯。23.TEQ:由于环境二恶英主要以混合物形式存在，在对二恶英的毒性进行评价时，国际上常把不同组分折算成相当于2,3,7,8-TCDD的量来表示，称为毒性当量(ToxicEquivalentQuantity，简称TEQ)。24.s.t.p.标准温度和压力。/00:56:18AtCorusinIjmuiden,theNetherlands,halfofthewastegasquantityisrecycledviahoodstothesinterstrand,whilsttheresidualgasiscleanedusingthewetscrubbingAirfinesystem.ThiscombinationofEOS(EmissionOptimisedSintering)andAirfineenabledthereductionofdioxinemissionstoapprox.0.20to0.24ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).TheauthoritiesintheNetherlandsprescribeamaximumallowableemissionvalueof0.5ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).25.hood:烟罩。26.strand:（烧结机）一台；（连铸机）一流。27.residual:残余的，剩下的。28.scrub:(使)(气体)净化；(从气体中)分离出，提出。29.wetscrubbing:湿法喷淋。/00:56:18WithintheframeworkofaEuropeanconsortium,adrygascleaningsystemtoreducedioxinemissionswasdiscussedwiththeGermanauthorities.ThesystemwastobetestedataThyssenKruppStahlsinterplant,withtheaimtoreachavalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).Twomethodshavebeentesteduptonow:Theinjectionoflignitecokedustintothewastegasinfrontoftheelectrostaticprecipitatorandtheuseofcatalystsinfrontofthestack.ForthefutureofsinterplantsinGermanyitisessentialtoclarifythehealthrelevanceofadioxinemissionvalueof0.1ngTEQ/m3(s.t.p.).30.consortium:(国际)财团。31.drygascleaningsystem:干法气体清洗系统。32.lignite:褐煤。33.coke:焦(炭)。34.electrostaticprecipitator:静电除尘器。35.catalyst:触媒，催化剂。/00:56:183.Blastfurnaces72blastfurnaces(BF)areoperatedintheEU,producing91millionthotmetal(HM)peryear.Mostofthefurnacesareintherangeof9to13mhearthdiameter,6furnaceshaveahearthdiameterofover13m.Averageannualproductionperblastfurnace,isapprox.1.26millionthotmetal;thelargestfurnace,SchwelgernNo.2ofThyssenKruppStahl,producesover4milliont/a.36.hotmetal:铁水。37.hearth:(平炉的)炉床；(高炉的)炉膛，炉缸。38.hearthdiameter:（高炉）炉缸直径。/00:56:18Highestproductivitiesachievedareintherangeof3.0t/m3workingvolumeper24h.TotalreductantrateoftheEUfurnaceshasonaverageremainedatalowlevelduringthelasttenyears(approx.485kg/tHM).Therelativedistributionofreducingagentshaschangedremarkably.Averagecokeratesdecreasedby60kg/tHMto358kg/tHM,resultinginasavingofcokecapacitiesofaround5.5milliont/a.39.productivity:生产率；生产能力；（高炉）利用系数。40.workingvolume:有效容积。41.totalreductantrate:总还原剂比。42.reducingagent:还原剂。43.cokerate:焦比。44.HM:hotmetal的简称。/00:56:18Thesesavingsincokewerebasicallyachievedbyincreasingtheaveragecoalinjectionrate.In1999thehighestcoalinjectionratesachievedbysomeblastfurnaceswereintherangeof190to200kg/tHM.Astodaycertainblastfurnacesarealreadyconstantlyoperatedatacokerateof300kg/tHMandbelow,itcanbeexpectedthattheaveragecokelevelcanbedecreasedfrom358kg/tHMtoapprox.320kg/tHMbytheyear2005.45.injectionrate:喷吹比。46.coalinjection:煤粉喷吹。/00:56:18Thiscanberealizedbyfurtherincreasingtheinjectionratesandbyreplacingoilinjectionbycoalinjectioniftheoilpriceremainsatahighlevel.Toimprovecoalgasificationatthelancetipduringinjectionathighrates,ademonstrationprojectfortheinjectionofpreheatedpulverizedcoalisbeingcarriedoutwithintheECSC.47.lancetip:喷枪端部。48.pulverizedcoal:煤粉。/00:56:18Atthreeblastfurnaces,alllocatedinGermany,processedwasteplasticsareinjectedasareplacementforoil.Plasticinjectionrateswereupto44kg/tHM,andtheevaluatedoilreplacementratiowas1:1.Theblastfurnacesusingtheseplasticsarepaidanagreedpremiumbytheplasticsrecyclingindustry.49.replacementratio:置换比。50.premium:奖赏，奖励；奖金；奖状，奖品；奖分。/00:56:18Theplasticsusedhavetofulfillextremelyexactingrequirementsregardingchemicalcompositionandgrainsizedistribution.In1999,104000tofplasticswereinjectedintotheseblastfurnaces.AfurtherincreaseofplasticsinjectioninEuropeisnotlikelyatthemoment.51.grainsize:颗粒粒度。/00:56:18Inthefieldofblastfurnaceplantequipment,newdevelopmentsincoolingtechnologyshouldbehighlighted.Inadditiontocastironcoolingstaves,thenewlydevelopedcopperstavesarebecomingincreasinglyestablishedinthemiddleshaftareadowntotheheartharea.Comparedwithcastironstaves,copperstavesenablesignificantlyhigherheatremoval.52.castiron:铸铁。53.coolingstave:冷却壁。54.copperstave:铜冷却壁。55.middleshaftarea:（高炉）炉身中部区域。56.heatremoval:散热。/00:56:18Theyareconsiderablythinner,thusincreasingthefurnacevolumewithoutchangingtheshellsize.Itisadvisabletoinstallcopperstaveswithoutrefractorybrickworkinthelowershaftandbellyarea,becauseduetotherapidheatremovaldepositsareformedontheirsurfaceandprotectthestavesagainstabrasivewear.BlastfurnaceNo.2StahlwerkeBremen(12.0mhearthdiameter)wasthefirstfurnaceintheworldequippedwithcoppercoolingstavesinthehearthduringitsreliningin1999.57.furnacevolume:炉容。58.shell:炉壳。59.refractory:耐火材料。60.brickwork:砖砌体。61.lowershaft:（高炉）炉身下部。62.belly:（高炉）炉腹。63.deposit:淤积[沉积]物。64.abrasive:有磨损力的。65.wear:磨损。66.reline:（换衬）大修。/00:56:184.BasicoxygenfurnacesteelmakingThetotalEUbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)productionofabout100milliont/ahasremainednearlyconstantduringthelastl0years,althoughtheshareofthisprocesslineisslightlydecreasing.ThestrongincreaseinvacuumtreatmentcapacitiesintheEUreflectsthedemandforhighqualitysteelgrades.ThelastfewyearshavebeencharacterizedbythetrendofintegratingladlefurnacesinBOFshopstoenablelowertappingtemperaturesandindependenttemperaturemanagement.67.basicoxygenfurnace(BOF):碱性氧气转炉。68.vacuumtreatment:真空处理。69.steelgrade:钢种。70.ladlefurnace:钢包炉。/00:56:18HighqualityflatproductsaremainlyproducedbytheBF-BOFsteelmakingrouteinintegratedsteelplants.Scrapbasedflatsteelproductionrequiresscrappreparationandselection,andhighamountsofvirginmaterialslikeDRIandhotmetal.Thecomparisonoflongandflatproductionandthescrap/hotmetalsituationintheworldandintheEU，makesitobviousthatthehighshareofflatproductsintheEU，andespeciallyinGermany,islinkedwithahighhotmetalinputforsteelmaking.71.BF:blastfurnace的简称，高炉。72.virginmaterials:纯净的原料。73.DRI:DirectReducedIron的简称，直接还原铁。/00:56:18"Extreme"situationscanbeidentifiedinJapanandtheUnitedStates，theformerbeingcharacterizedbyverylowscrapinputandthelatterbyhighscrapinput(alsoforflatproduction).InsomeEuropeancountriesthespecificscrapinputinBOFsteelmakinghasbeendecreasedsincel980；thesecountrieshavestillsomepotentialforloweringCO2emissionsbyincreasingscrapconsumption./00:56:18Ameasuretoincreasescrapconsumptionintheconverteristheachievementofahighdegreeofpost-combustion.Pilottrialsusingajetofhotairat1200℃,bottomblowingofoxygenandfinecoal,haveledtopost-combustiondegreesof60to65%andexcellentheattransfertothemelt.Successfultrialswitha10tconverterhaverecentlybeenperformedatNeueMaxhfutteinGermany.74.converter:炼钢炉，转炉。75.post-combustion:二次燃烧。76.finecoal:煤粉。/00:56:18DevelopmentsinBOFsteelmakinginEuropearemainlyaimedatimprovingproductivity.DynamicBOFmodelsandstandardizingtheblowingoperationareundercontinuousdevelopment.Neuralnetworksforprocessconditionpredictionofferagreatpotential,particularlywhererelationshipsarenon-linearorinputdataaremissing.Withhighscraprates,strictdemandsconcerningtheresidualelementsareanecessity.TheproductivityofEuropeanBOFvesselsisabout400to550t/hworkingtimefor280to380tvessels.Topproductivityismostlyobtainedinsteelshopsworking