医学英语学术文章写作

AcademicWritingAcademicorNot?Anessayaboutlifeinone’shomevillageAtermpaperabouttheinfluenceofSigmundFreudonPabloPicasso’paintingsNarrowlydefinedconcept:personal≠academicAcademicwritingemphasizes:SummarizingorsynthesizinginformationandideasgatheredfromresearchExplaining,comparingandcontrasting,evaluating,oranalyzingconcepts,events,andphenomenonArguingfororagainstapositioninanongoingdebateAWcallsforCRandCTCriticalreading(CR):notonlyfortocomprehend(throughannotating,outlining,paraphrasing,summarizing,andsynthesizing),butalsotoanalyzethevaluesandassumptionsembodiedinthetextsCriticalthinking(CT):tothinkfromdifferentperspectives,andtoadoptaskepticalattitudetowardauthorityandpublishedpapersUsinganddocumentingsourcesAsJosephGibaldipointsout,“Nearlyallresearchbuildsonpreviousresearch.Researcherscommonlybeginaprojectbystudyingpastworkintheareaandderivingrelevantinformationandideasfromtheirpredecessors.”AvoidingplagiarismPlagiarismTheuseoffacts,opinions,andlanguagetakenfromanotherwriterwithoutacknowledgementDeliberateplagiarismAccidental/UnconsciousplagiarismParaphrasewithnocitationMisplacedcitations3waystousesourcesSummarizingParaphrasingQuotingWhy?

Torecordtheinformation,todocumentthesource,tounderstandandorganizetheideasWhen?Whilereading.Where?Cards(sheetsofpaper)/Notebook/ComputerWhat?Whateveryouthinkisusefulinyourresearchpaper:thoughts,quotes,facts,statistics...How?Summarize/paraphraseasmuchaspossibleUsedoublequotationmarksaroundanycopiedmaterialTakingnotes10/9/202381.Documentingsources:theauthor,thetitle,theplaceofpublication,thepublisher,thedateofpublicationorthecopyrightdate,andthepagenumber(s)2.Beingthoroughandconcise.Writedownwhatisnecessary(whatisrelevanttoyourtopicbutunknowninordifferentfromothersources.3.Puttingoneitemononecard/page.4.Toavoidplagiarism,allnotesmustbeproperlydocumented!DirectquotationsParaphrasenotesSummarynotesCombinationnotesTipsonnote-taking10/9/20239Asamplenote10/9/202310Guidelines1.Beginanewnoteonanewpage2.Writesomekeywordsoneachpage3.PutthenoteswiththesamekeywordsintoasinglefileTakingnotesoncomputers10/9/202311SummarizingAsummaryisacondensedversiontheoriginalabriefrestatementofthemainpointsofthesourceinyourownwordsHowtosummarizeStep1CriticalreadingStep2DraftingStep3RevisingStep4EditingHowtowriteasummary.pdfSupermanandMe.docx1.Reading:Readthroughandgetthegist(bymarkingthekeywords)2.Writing:

wordlimit(1/3to¼oftheoriginal)

avoidapatchwork(madeupofphrasesandsentencesquotedfromtheoriginal) ensureallessentialpointsincluded followthelogicalorderoftheoriginal3.Revision compareitcarefullywiththeoriginal furthercompressit correctmistakesExample1Inthearticle“Livinggreenshouldtakerootinourcities”,Dr.AnthonyKachenkowritesabouttheimportanceoflivinggreeninoursociety.Livinggreenimproveshealthandwellbeing,aswellasthelivabilityofcommunities.Theauthorsuggeststhatthelocalgovernmentshouldlaunchsomepoliciestosupportthisidea.Infact,theauthormentionstwocurrentprojects:TheStreetTreeMasterPlan2011andtheUrbanForestStrategy2012-2032.Thesecampaignssupportthecreationofasustainableandthrivingurbanlandscapeswithanurbanforestandmoretreesalongthecity’sstreets.However,weshoulddomoretosupportthiscause.(Seetheoriginalinthemailbox)Example2Inthearticle“AnalysisofStudent’sErrorsinEnglishforMedicalPurposes”,ZoricaAntić（2010）analyzestheerrorswhichmedicalstudentsarelikelytomakeintheirEnglishlearning.Thestudywascarriedoutwiththe200studentsintheFaculty

ofMedicineinNiš.Theresultsofaplacementtestandteachers’observations

inclasswereappliedtomaketheanalysis.Itisfoundthatthestudentsoftenmakemistakesingrammar,suchastenses,modalverbs,nouns,andtheuseofpassiveandrelativepronouns.Itisconcludedinthearticlethatteachersshoulddesigntheircoursesbyanalyzingtheproblemsofthestudentstoguaranteethesuccessfuldevelopmentoftheirprofessionalcommunication.(Seetheoriginalinthemailbox)

Techniquesofcompressionomitthedetailsreducetheexamplessimplifythesentenceseliminateallrepetitionscompresswordysentences;changephrasesintowords.usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwordsusetheshortestsimpletransitionsputthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeechExpressionsinSummaryThisarticle/passagemainlytells(astory)about……Thispassagemainlydealswith/discusses/explores/……Inthispassage(about……),theauthor……Theauthorbegantheessay/passagebytelling/presenting……First/Firstly/Inthebeginning/Inthefirstpart,theauthorargues/explains/mentions/states/pointsout(that)……Secondly/Next/Furtheron/Then/Inthenextpart/Inthemainpart,theauthorgoesonwith……Finally/Asaconclusion/,theauthorconcludes/adds/stressesthat……Finally,theauthorsummarizesthat……(Seemoreexpressionsinthemailbox)ParaphrasingParaphrasemeans“toexpressinashorterorclearerwaywhatsomeonehassaidorwritten”.(LongmanDictionary)InyourownwordsInaboutthesamenumberofwordsMoreguideinParaphrase.pdf

(inthemailbox)Sample

AsianAmericanshavebeendescribedinthemediaas“excessively,evenprovocatively”successfulingainingadmissiontouniversities.AsianAmericanshopkeepershavebeencongratulated,aswellascriticized,fortheirubiquityandentrepreneurialeffectiveness.--From“TheharmfulmythofAsianSuperiority”byRonaldTakaki,theNewYorkTimes(June16,1990).Seetheoriginalinthemailbox.

WehaveallheardofthesuccessstoriesofAsian-Americans,particularlythatofChinese-Americans.Wehaveallfeltproud.NeverhadIknowntherewasanythingmoretoituntilIreadTakaki’sessay“TheHarmfulMythofAsianSuperiority”.AccordingtoTakaki,themainstreammediainAmericahasreportedthatAsianAmericanshavebeentoosuccessfulingettingacceptedbyuniversitiesandtheirsuccesshasmadeothersfeeluncomfortable.AsianAmericanshopkeepershavebeenpraisedandblamedatthesametimebecausetheyaredoingbusinesseverywhereandarebeingsuccessfulintheirbusinessendeavors.QuotingToquoteistoexpressthesource’sideasinexactlythesource’sownwords.1.fewandsignificant(Yourpapershouldnotbeacut-and-pastejob!)2.accurate3.introducedwithcommentoranalysistoindicatetherelevancytothediscussion4.grammaticallyandlogicallyincorporatedintotheflowofyourownwriting5.Useblockformforlongquotations.(MLA:indent10spacesforquotationslongerthan4typedlines;APA:5-7spacesforthosemorethan40wordsIn-textcitationcapitalization,quotes,anditalics/underliningAlwayscapitalizepropernouns,includingauthornamesandinitials:D.Jones.

Ifyourefertothetitleofasourcewithinyourpaper,capitalizeallwordsthatarefourletterslongorgreaterwithinthetitleofasource:PermanenceandChange.Exceptionsapplytoshortwordsthatareverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs:WritingNewMedia,ThereIsNothingLefttoLose.(Note:inyourReferenceslist,onlythefirstwordofatitlewillbecapitalized:Writingnewmedia.)Italicizeorunderlinethetitlesof

longerworkssuchasbooks,editedcollections,movies,televisionseries,documentaries,oralbums:TheClosingoftheAmericanMind;TheWizardofOz;Friends.Putquotationmarksaroundthetitlesofshorterworkssuchasjournalarticles,articlesfromeditedcollections,televisionseriesepisodes,andsongtitles:"MultimediaNarration:ConstructingPossibleWorlds";"TheOneWhereChandlerCan'tCry."

ShortquotationsIfyouaredirectlyquotingfromawork,youwillneedtoincludetheauthor,yearofpublication,andthepagenumberforthereference(precededby"p.").Introducethequotationwithasignalphrasethatincludestheauthor'slastnamefollowedbythedateofpublicationinparentheses.AccordingtoJones(1998),"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime"(p.199).

Jones(1998)found"studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(p.199);whatimplicationsdoesthishaveforteachers?Iftheauthorisnotnamedinasignalphrase,placetheauthor'slastname,theyearofpublication,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthequotation.Shestated,"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(Jones,1998,p.199),butshedidnotofferanexplanationastowhy.SummaryorparaphraseIfyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference,butAPAguidelinesencourageyoutoalsoprovidethepagenumber(althoughitisnotrequired.)AccordingtoJones(1998),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners.

APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners(Jones,1998,p.199).Verbstointroducecitationconcludeinsistsadmitrejectremarkagreeargue,assert,claim,believe,pointout,state,stress,suggest,note,putforwardMoreexamplesDevelopingathesisstatementAgoodthesisstatementshould:Beinafull,declarativesentence(notaquestion,notastatementofpurpose,notmerelyatopic)Bespecific(limitingthesubjecttoanarrowfocusthatgrowsoutofresearch)5.Writingthepaper10/9/202328Theinstructorofacourseon19th-centuryAmericahandsoutthefollowingessayassignment:CompareandcontrastthereasonswhytheNorthandSouthfoughttheCivilWar.1.TheNorthandSouthfoughttheCivilWarformanyreasons,someofwhichwerethesameandsomedifferent.2.WhilebothsidesfoughttheCivilWarovertheissueofslavery,theNorthfoughtformoralreasonswhiletheSouthfoughttopreserveitsowninstitutions.3.WhilebothNorthernersandSouthernersbelievedtheyfoughtagainsttyrannyandoppression,NorthernersfocusedontheoppressionofslaveswhileSouthernersdefendedtheirownrighttoself-government.Samples:Badtobetter10/9/2023292typesofoutlinesymbolsStandardoutlinesymbolsI.MajorheadingA.Minorheading1.Detailheadinga.Exampleheading(1)Minorexampleheading(2)Minorexampleheading2.DetailheadingB.MinorheadingII.Majorheading...Workingoutanoutline10/9/202330Decimaloutline1.Majorheading1.1Minorheading1.1.1Detailhe