chapter 2 国际供应链管理

MaritimeCargoTransportationChaptertwoMaritimeCargoTransportationcharateristicsofmaritimeshippingcargotypesofmaritimeshippingmaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructure(vessels,channelsandports)maritimeshippingservicesoperationofmaritimeshippingTransportationmodestransportationisdefinedasthemovementoffreightandpassengersfromonelocationtoanother.Thefreightsystemincludesseveraldistinctformsoftransportation,calledmodes.Themodesdifferintermsofoperatingcharacteristicsandcapabilities,givingthemcomparativeadvantagesanddisadvantages.ModesoftransportationMaritime(Ocean)TransportationAirTransportationRailTransportationRoadTransportationPipelineTransportationContainerTransportationInternationalMultimodeTransportation(IMT)ParcelPostTransportationPerformanceComparisonforSelectedFreightModesBargeHoppercar100cartrainunitSemi-trailertruck1500Tons52,500Bushels453,600Gallons100Tons

3,500Bushels

30,240Gallons10,000Tons

350,000Bushels

3,024,000Gallons26Tons;910Bushels

7,865Gallons9,000foratankertruck124tonsCapacity557.7TruckEquivalencyVehicle3.8384.61Post-panamaxcontainership5,000TEU2,1169,330VLCC300,000tons2millionbarrelsofoil747-400FOceanTransportationAdvantagesLargecapacityLowcostEasypassage:notrestrictedbyroadorrailsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerabletobadweatherLesspunctualCargotypes98%ofworldtradeinvolumetermsconveyedbyseatransportBulkcargo散货Break-bulkcargo杂货Neo-bulkcargo件装货Containerizedcargo集装箱货Bulkcargo(散货）

Bulkcargoiscommodity

cargothatistransportedunpackagedinlargequantities.Drybulkcargosuchascoal,grain,iron,cementLiquidbulkcargosuchaspetroleum,liquefiednaturalgas(LNG)MoveinbigquantitiesManyofthemareunprocessedrawmaterialwithlowvalueperunitweightrequiresspecialvesselswiththerightequipmenttoloadanddischargethecargothiscargogenerallyhasasingleorigin,destinationandclientTon-kmShippedbyMaritimeTransportation(inbillions)breakbulkcargo(generalcargo)goodsthatispackedindividually,andtobeloadedandunloadedonapiece-by-pieceorpalletizedbasisGenerallyhashighvalueperunitweightMoveinsmallerquantitiesThiscargotendstohavenumerousorigins,destinationsandclients.Beforecontainerization,economiesofscaleweredifficulttoachievewithbreak-bulkcargoastheloadingandunloadingprocesswasverylaborandtimeconsuming.Neo-bulkcargo件装货Uniformlypackagedgoods,suchasautomobilesandlogs,whichstoreassolidlyasbulk,butthatarehandledasgeneralcargo.Containerizedcargo

GenerallyhighvaluecargothatneedextraprotectionHowever,therangesofcontainerizedcargoisexpending…

Containerforbulkcargo

Cargo,TradeandShipCharacteristicsCargoTypeTradeCharacteristicsVesselSizeGeneralCargoBreak-bulkVariedsmallconsignments,Numerousconsignees,Slowhandlingrates,Variousroutes,NumerousportsSmallUnitized(containers)Moreuniformcargo,Rapidhandling,ManyportsSmalltomediumDryBulkOres/coal/cemetLargeconsignments,Longhauls,Moderatehandlingrates,Specializedterminals,FewportsMediumtoverylargeLiquidCrudeoilVerylargeconsignments,Longhauls,Fewroutes,Specializedterminals,FewportsVerylargetoultralargeOilproductsSmallshipments,Numerousconsignees,ManyportsSmalltomediumMaritimetransportfacility

andinfrastructurevesselschannelsportsVesseltypes(byfunction)Containervessels集装箱船p267Ro/Rovessels滚装船Break-bulkvessels杂货船Combinationvessels多用途船LASH(LighterAboardShip)载驳船Oiltankers油船Bulk/Orevessels散货船Refrigeratedship冷藏船Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)Sizeofvessels--measuredbyDeadWeightTonnage--D.W.T.载重吨

D.W.T.isreferredtothecarryingcapacityintransportation.Itreferstotheamountofcargothatcanbeloadedonanemptyshipwithoutexceedingitsoperationaldesignlimits.Itcanbedividedinto2classes:grossD.W.T.andnetD.W.T.

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage总载重吨

1)GrossDeadWeightTonnage总载重吨Itreferstothemaximumloadedweightthatisrestrictedwiththeloadedline.Itisthetotaloftheweightofloadedcargoes,necessaryfuel,freshwaterandothersparematerial.Totalloadedtonnage=fullloaddisplacement–lightdisplacement

2)DeadWeightCargoTonnage--D.W.C.T.净载重吨Itreferstothemaximumweightofloadedcargoesthatashipiscapableoftransporting.Itisalsocalledasloaded-cargotonnage.Itisthemarginoftheamountofnecessarystorageoffuel,freshwaterandothersparematerialsubtractedfromthetotalofshipload.

OperatingCostsofPanamaxandPost-panamaxContainerships(inUSD)Vesseltypes(bysize,indeadweighttons)DomainsofMaritimeCirculationChannellength(inkm)watchthevedioandfindouthowaportoperatesDischarge卸货Containerstackingarea集装箱堆场Loadsequense装载顺序Crane起重机,吊车Lorry卡车，接驳车Straddlecarrier跨车Typesofoceantransportation

Privatefleets私营船队Chartertransportation包船运输-shiploadsizeshipperLinertransportation班轮运输-lessthanshiploadsizeshipperPrivatefleets私营船队

Privateshipsareshipsthatareownedorleasedonalong-termbasisbythefirmmovingthegoods.Anotherelementofinterestininternationalshippingisthatofshipregistry.AlthoughashipmightbeownedbyanAmericanandplyaroutebetweentheU.S.andthePersianGulf,itmightberegisteredinandflytheflagofLiberiaorPanama,itiscalledflagofconvenience方便旗Theownersderivecertainbenefitsoftaxes,manning,andsomerelaxedsafetyrequirementsbybeingregisteredinthosecountries,ratherthanintheUnitedStates,Canada,orwherever.Charterservices(alsoknownasTramp).Inthisformofserviceamaritimecompanyrentsashipforaspecificpurpose,commonlybetweenaspecificportoforiginanddestination.Thistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofbulkcargo,suchaspetroleum,ironore,grainorcoal,oftenrequiringspecializedcargoships

Linershippingservices.Involvesaregularscheduledshippingserviceoftencallingseveralportsalongafixedroute.ThistypeofshippingserviceisnotablyusedinthecaseofgeneralcargoandcontainerizedcargoMaritimeShippingCharacteristics

TrampingLinerShipping

TransportationDemandNumberofshippersFewManyQuantityLargeSmallDensityHigh(weight)Low(volume)UnitvalueLowHighRegularityLowHigh

TransportationSupplyContractCharterpartyFreight(billoflading)VesselsLiquidandbulkGeneralcargoFrequencyLowHigh

ImplicationsFreightLiquidandmainbulkcommoditiesMinorbulkandgeneralcargo(containerized)

ShareinMaritimeTransportTons70%30%Value20%80%LinertransportationCharacteristicsofLinerregularscheduleddeparturesspecifiedrouterouteswithfixedbaseports

基本港comparativelyfixedfreightrates费率LinertransportationTypesoflinersConferencelinersFreightratequotedbyshippingconferenceStablefreightratesRegularservicesNon-conferencelinersFreightratequotedbyindependentcarriersorvesseloperatorsLessdependableserviceHighflexibilitylinerconference

DefinitionAgreementbetweentwoormoreshippingcompaniestoprovidescheduledcargoand/orpassengerservice

onaparticulartrade

route

under

uniform

ratesandcommon

terms.Alsocalledshippingconference.

班轮运输的货运程序承运人揽货,并向港口预订泊位Cargocanvassing,berthreservation

托运人填写托运单，租船订舱ReservationofShippingSpace

备货，报关Cargopreparation,customclearances装船换单/接