2022 年 9 月 英语四级真题及参考答案

2022年9月英语四级真题及参考答案英语四级试卷采用多题多卷的形式，大家核对答案时,找出具体选项，忽略套数。【听力】听力原文NEWS1Whitemeatsuchaschickenmayraisebloodcholesterollevelsasmuchasredmeatdoes.Thisfindingsurprisedresearcherswhoadmittedtheydidn'texpectthateatingwhitemeatwouldleadtohigherbloodcholesterollevels.Inthestudy,researcherslookedat113healthypeople.Theparticipantinthreedifferentdiets.Thesewerearedmeatdietwhichisprimarilybeef,awhitemeatdietwhichismostlychickenandturkey,andavegetarianproteindiet.Eachdietperiodwasfourweeks.Betweenthedietperiods,participantshadabreakduringwhichtheyatetheirregularfoods.Inaddition,participantshadbloodtestsatthestartandfinishofeachnewdiet.Theresultsshowedthatwhiteandredmeatdietshadthesameeffectsonbloodcholesterollevels.Further,bothdietsincreasedbloodcholesterollevelscomparedtothedietbuiltonvegetarianproteinsources.Theteamacknowledgedthatitispossiblethatwhitemeatisbetterforourhealththanredmeat,despitetheirfindings.Thisisbecauseothereffectsofredmeatconsumptioncouldcontributetoheartdisease,independentofcholesterol.Theirmainrecommendationsarethatpeopleeatlessofbothkindsofmeat.Andmorevegetarianprotein.Q1:Whatdowelearnfromthenewsreportaboutthestudy?Q2:Whatdidtheresearchersacknowledge?NEWS2Ataroundhalfpastninethismorning,atrailerattachedtoalorryturnedoveratthecrossingofhighstreetinMilton.Hundredsoffrozenturkeyswerespilledallovertheroad.Itisreportedthatnobodywashurtintheincident,butpolicesaiditmayaffecttrafficandChristmasdinners.WithjustoneweektogobeforeChristmas,thereareworriesthatlocalsupermarketsuppliesofthisholidayfavoritemaybeaffected.Apolicespokeswomansaidthatofficerswerecurrentlyinattendanceatthescene.Shestatedthatthedriverofthelorryhadbeenarrestedonsuspicionofdangerousdriving.Thecrossingonhighstreetisawell-knownaccidentblackspot.Thisyearalone,therehavebeenseventrafficaccidentsatthislocation.Thankfully,noneoftheseaccidentshaveresultedinseriousinjury.Q3:WhatdoesthenewsreportsayabouttheaccidentatthecrossingofhighstreetandMilton?Q4:Whatdowelearnaboutthecrossingonhighstreet?NEWS3IndialauncheditshelicoptertaxiserviceonMondaypromisingtoferrycustomers,the40milesbetweenBangalore'selectroniccitytechhubandtheinternationalairportterminalin15minutes.Customerscanbooktheirhelicopterridethroughamobileapp.Theservice,whichclaimstobethefirstofitskindinIndiaoffersonlyoneroom.ButBangaloreairportwilladdmoreonceitgetsapproval.Helicoptertaxiisnotanaffordableoptionformanytravelers.Acarrideforthesamejourneycostslessthanhalfasmuch.ButBangaloreairportsaysitisacompetitivealternativetoacarridefortechexecutivesinahurry.Alargenumberofhighclasstravelers,includingCEOshavetospendmorethanthreehoursbyroadtogetthere.Andthatisalossoftime.ABangaloreairportspokespersonsaidthisisnotalowcostoption,butitisanoption.Sheadded.Thehelicoptersferriedaround8customerstotheairportontheirfirstday.ThecompanythatownsandoperatestheserviceiscalledLoinboThumbyaviation.Itpreviouslyspecializedinprivatecharterflightsforgovernmentofficials.Q5:WhatisBangaloreairporttryingtodoaboutthehelicoptertaxiservice?Q6:Whatdowelearnfromthenewsaboutthehelicoptertaxiride?Q7:Whoarethetargetedcustomersofthehelicoptertaxiservice?COVERSATION1W:Hi,Iwishtobuysomecheeseforabarbecuethisweekend.M:Whatkindwouldyoulike?W:Sorry,Idon'tknowmuchaboutcheese.Whattypedoyouthinkwouldbesuitableforabarbecue?M:That'seasy.Forabarbecue,youcouldhaveanycheeseyouwant.Iimaginetherewillbedifferentfoodsandpeoplewilljusthelpthemselvesandeatattheirownpace,right?W:Yes,exactly.Itwillbeverycasual.WewilljustbeasmallgroupoffriendsgatheringtogetheratWashingtonpark.Therewillbearound20ofus,includingchildren.M:Great，soyoucouldhavedifferenttypesofcheese.Howmuchwouldyouliketospend?W:Notverymuch.Let'ssay$30.M:Iwouldsuggesthavingatleastonesoftcheeseandonehardcheese，thatwillofferyouagoodvarietytosuitdifferentpeople'stastes.W:Thatsoundsgood.What'sthedifferencebetweenasoftcheeseandahardcheese?M:Well,butgenerallyspeaking,softcheesesarecreamyandgowellwithsweetthingslikehoneyandjam.IwouldsuggestsomethinglikethisSpanishgoatcheese,it'sonly$15,averygoodprice.Youcanspreaditonbreadwithaknifeandthenaddatinybitofhoneyontop.It'sdelicious.Childrenloveit.W:Okay,great.Whataboutahardcheese?M:Yes,forhardcheese,IwouldrecommendthisItalianonehere.Ithasaverystrongsmellandadryflavor.Youcancutitintothinslicesandeatitonitsown.It's$16.W:Okay,I'lltakeboth.Thankyouforyourhelp.Q8:Whatdoesthewomanplantodofortheweekend?Q9:Whatdoesthemansuggestthewomando?Q10:WhatdoesthemansayaboutSpanishgoatcheesequestion?Q11:Whatisthewomangoingtodoattheendoftheconversation?COVERSATION2M:OurschoolisreplacingprintedtextbookswithEtextbooksnextsemester.Ican'twait.W:Really?Whataboutthecost?Notonlybuyingallthosetablets,butthesoftware,andelectronicinfrastructurethatgoeswithit,nottomentionretrainingalltheteachersandadministrationstaff.M:Sure.TheinitialexpenditurewillbehighButmuchlowerafterwards.Besidesthattabletpricescontinuetodropandarebecomingincreasinglyaffordable.Anyway,tabletshelpstudentslearnupto80%faster.W:Notnecessarilytabletshavetoomanydistractions.Studentsmaypayattentiontoapps,games,andwebsitesinsteadoftheirteachers.Infact,Researchsuggeststhatpeoplewhoreadprintedtextcomprehendmore,remembermoreandlearn30%morethanthosewhoreaddigitaltext.M:Yes,buttabletscontainmanytechnologicalfeaturesthatarenotfoundinprintedtextbooks.Thinkaboutit.Studentsareabletohighlightandedittext,writenotesandsearchforinformationmuchmorequicklythantheycanwithprintedtextbooks.Andwhataboutallthosetreesthatarecutdowntomakeprintedbooks?W:Actuallymanufacturingtabletsisenvironmentallydestructiveanddangeroustohumanhealth.Thehealthimpactsfrommakingoneelectronicreaderare70timesgreaterthanthosefrommakingasingleprintedbook.Alotofmineralsareextractedfromtheearthtomakeelectronicreader.Itdoesfarmoredamagetotheenvironment?M:Yes,butthesoftwareforelectronicreaderscanbeupdatedinstantlywithouttheneedforbuyingawholelotofnewbooks.that'sbetterfortheenvironment,W:Butthecorecurriculumdoesn'tchangethatmuchprintedtextbooksthatarenotbrandnew,stillcontainthebasicrelevantinformationofcoresubjects.M:Well,I'mlookingforwardtothechange.I'llstickwithmyprintedbooks.Q12:WhatdoesthewomansayaboutusingEtextbooks?Q13:Accordingtotheman.Howcantheuseoftabletsbenefitstudents?Q14:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutstudentsusingtablets?Q15:Whatdoesthewomansayaboutmakingelectronicreaders?PASSAGE1Insocialpsychology,theterm“personperception”referstothementalprocessesthatweusetoformimpressionsofotherpeople.Itincludesnotjusthowweformtheseimpressions,buttheconclusionswemakeaboutotherpeoplebasedourimpressions.Considerhowoftenyoumakethiskindofjudgmenteveryday.Whenyoumeetwithanewcoworker,youimmediatelybegintodevelopaninitialimpressionofthisperson.Whenyouvisitthegrocerystore,youmightdrawconclusionsaboutthecashierwhochecksyouout.Obviously,personperceptionisaverysubjectiveprocessthatcanbeaffectedbyanumberofvariables,includingthecharacteristicsofthepersonyouareobserving,thecontextofyoursituation,yourownpersonaltraitsandyourpastexperiences.Oneofthetechniquesweuseinpersonperceptionissocialcategorization.Inthisprocess,wementallycategorizepeopleintodifferentgroupsbasedoncommoncharacteristics.Problemswiththistechniqueincludethefactthatitcanleadtoerrorsandprejudice.Imaginethatyouaregettingonabus.Thereareonlytwoseatsavailable.Oneisnexttoasmallelderlywoman.Theotherisnexttoamuscular,fiercelookingman.Yousitnexttotheelderlywomanwhounfortunatelyturnsouttobequiteskilledatpickingpockets.Becauseofsocialcategorization,youimmediatelyjudgethewomanasharmless,andthemanasthreatening,leadingtothelossofyourwallet.Q16:Whatdoesthepassagesaywetendtodoeveryday?Q17:Whatdowelearnaboutpersonperceptionfromthispassage?Q18:Whatistheproblemwithusingsocialcategorizationinpersonperception?PASSAGE2Youngpeopletodayareassociallycompetentasthosefromthepreviousgeneration.Atleastthisiswhatanewstudysuggests.Forthestudy,researcherscomparedteacherandparentevaluationsofAmericanchildrenwhostartedkindergartenin1998,withthosewhobeganschoolin2010.Theformergroupenteredkindergartenwhenmobilephoneswereluxuries.Thelattergroupstartedschoolwhenmobiledeviceswerewidespread.Resultsshowedbothgroupsofchildrenwereratedsimilarlyonimportantsocialskills.Theseincludedtheabilitytoformandmaintainfriendshipsandgetalongwithpeoplewhoweredifferent.Theywerealsoratedsimilarlyonself-controlsuchastheabilitytoregulatetheirtemper.Invirtually,everycomparisonmaderatingsofsocialskillseitherremainingconstantorimprovedforthechildrenbornlater.Therewasoneexception.Socialskillswereslightlylowerforchildrenwhoaccessedonlinegamesandsocialnetworkingsitesmanytimesaday.Adultsareworriedwhentechnologicalchangestartstounderminetraditionalrelationships,particularlytheparent-childrelationship.Theintroductionoftelephones,automobilesandradiosallledtomoralpanicamongadultsofthetimebecausethetechnologyallowedchildrentoenjoymorefreedomFearsoverscreenbasedtechnologyrepresentthemostrecentpanicinresponsetotechnologicalchange.Butoverall,thestudyfoundlittleevidenceattimespentonscreenswashurtingsocialskillsformostchildren.Q19:Whatdoesthenewstudysuggestaboutyoungpeopletodayandthosefromthepreviousgeneration?Q20:Whatdidthestudyfindaboutchildrenwhoaccessedsocialnetworkingsitesmanytimesaday?Q21:Whatdoesadultsworryabouttechnologicalchange?PASSAGE3Youcanfindincrediblevideos,articles,andthosestoriesaboutthesuccessofothers.Theproblemisthatconsumingthesuccessandideasofothersispassiveinspiration.Everytimeyoureadanarticleorlistentoaninterview,youarepracticingpassiveinspiration.Youmightlearnsomething,butyoudon'tactuallyhavetodoanything.Hearingaboutotherpeople'ssuccessisn'tthesameascreatingyourownsuccess.Instead,itisthroughtheprocessofactiveinspiration-theactofcreatingthings,applyingnewideastoourgoalsandmakingmistakes-thatwediscoverwhoweareandwhatisimportanttous.Furthermore,activeinspirationiswhatresultsinlongtermpassionandenthusiasm.Watchingsomeoneelse'ssuccessmightleaveyoufeelingexcitedforafewminutes.However,takingactionandapplyinganewideatoyourlifewillinspireyoumorethananythingsomeoneelsecouldsay.Learningandlisteningcanhelpyouthinkaboutthingsinadifferentway,butcreating,producing,andexperimentingiswhatdrivesyouforward.Passiveinspirationcangiveyouideas,butactiveinspirationwillgiveyoupower.Toooftenwespendourlivesconsumingtheworldaroundusinsteadofcreatingit.Andwhatmattersisthepoweryouractionshavetoinspireyou.Thebestinspirationcomesfromtheapplicationofideas,nottheconsumptionofthem.Q22:Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutinspirationfromconsumingothers'ideasandsuccessstories?Q23:Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutactiveinspiration?Q24:Whatdoesthepassagesaypassiveinspirationcando?Q25:WheredoesthebestinspirationcomefromAccordingtothepassage?听力题SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA).B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.1.A)Itexaminestheeffectofcholesterolonpeople'shealth.B)Itsparticipantsallhadhighbloodcholesterollevels.C)Itquestionsthebenefitsofavegetarianproteindiet.D)Itsfindingcameasasurprisetotheresearchers.2.A)Theydonotknowalltheeffectsofeatingmeat.B)Redmeatitselfdoesnotcauseheartdiseases.C)Whitemeatmaybehealthierthanredmeat.D)Vegetarianproteinmaybeeasiertoabsorb.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.3.A)Itmayhavebeenduetothelorrydriver'sdrunkdriving.B)ItmayaffectthelocalsupplyofturkeysforChristmas.C)Itinterruptedtrafficforseveralhoursrunning.D)Itwascausedbyalorryrunningintoatrailer.4.A)Ithasbeenthesceneofseveralfatalaccidentsrecently.B)Itisthespotthatcausesthelocalpolicealotofworry.C)Ithaswitnessedseveraltrafficaccidentsthisyear.D)Itisalocationfrequentedbylocaltrafficpolice.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.5.A)Getapprovaltoaddmoreroutes.C)Advertiseitthroughamobileapp.B)Attractmoreinternationaltourists.D)Makeitaffordabletocommonfolk.6.A)Itcostsmorethantwiceasmuchasacarride.B)ItisgainingpopularityamongordinaryIndians.C)ItsymbolizesIndia'sadvancementinhigh-tech.D)Itcangetanywhereinthecitywithin15minutes.7.A)Internationaltourists.C)Prominentsuperstars.B)High-classtravelers.D)Customersinahurry.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachcomver.sation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA).B).C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.8.A)Treatherfriendsinabar.C)Makesomecheese.Jonobvor(AB)TakeatriptoWashington.D)Throwaparty9.A)Spendnomorethan30dollarsC)Helphimpreparethebarbecue.B)Buydifferentkindsofcheese.D)Findoutdifferentpeople'stastes.10.A)Itisthebestkindofhardcheese.C)Itismoredeliciousthanhoney.B)ItisthemostpopularinSpain.D)Itisagoodchoiceforchildren.11.A)Buywhatthemanrecommended.B)Haveatasteofbothofthecheeses.C)Chooseoneofthetwotypesofcheese.D)Askthemantocutthecheeseintoslices.ogtrool'oQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.12.A)Newteachersandstaffhavetoberecruited.B)Itmighttakesometimeforstudentstoadapt.C)Itinvolvesbuyinglotsoftabletsandsoftware.D)Thesoftwarehastobeconstantlyupgraded.13.A)Itcangreatlyimprovetheirlearningefficiency.B)Itcanhelpthemtointeractmorewithteachers.C)Itcansavetheirtroubleofcarryingprintedbooks.D)Itcandeveloptheirskillsinusingelectronicdevices.14.A)Theymayhavetroublecomprehendingtexts.B)Theymayencountertechnologicalproblems.C)Theymaypaylessrespecttoteachers.D)Theymaygetdistractedmoreeasily.15.A)Itgeneratesagreatdealofelectronicgarbage.B)Itdoesalotofdamagetotheenvironment.C)Itemitshugeamountsofharmfulradiation.D)Itacceleratestheexhaustionofrareminerals.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.16.A)Communicatewithourcoworkers.B)Encounterpeopleindifferentplaces.C)Judgepeoplebasedonourfirstimpressions.D)Engageinavarietyofpsychologicalactivities.17.A)Itisanobjectiveevaluationofaperson'scharacter.B)Itisamentalprocessinfluencedbymanyfactors.C)Itcontributestotheformationofpersonaltraits.D)Itvariesgreatlyamongdifferentsocialgroups.18.A)Itcanleadtoincorrectjudgments.C)Itcanresultininstantlosses.B)Itcancausemistrustamongpeople.D)ItcangiverisetogenderbiasQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.19.A)-Bothgroupsspendalotoftimeonmobiledevices.B)Bothgroupsattachimportancetosocialconnections.C)Theyareequallycompetentinusingnewtechnology.D)Theyaresimilarintermsofsocialskills20.A)Theirsocialskillswerenegativelyaffected.B)Theirschoolperformancewasslightlylower.C)Theiremotionsweremuchhardertoregulate.D)Theirrelationswithpeerswerebadlystrained.21.A)Itmayposeathreattotheirchildren'ssafety.B)Itmayaffectsociety'straditionalvalues.C)Itmayhurttheirrelationswithchildren.D)Itmaychangetheirchildren'sethicalvalues.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)ItismotivatingC)ItisincredibleB)Itispassive.D)Itisimpracticable.23.A)Itresultsinshort-termexcitement.B)Ithelpsusavoidmakingmistakes.C)Itbreedslong-termpassionandenthusiasm.D)Itisboundtohelpusachievegreatersuccess.24.A)Driveusforward.C)Spurustoaction.B)Bringuspower.D)Giveusideas.25.A)ListeningtosuccessstoriesC)Followingtheadviceofexperts.B)Applyingideastoone'slife.D)Consumingtheworldaroundus.听力答案1.D)Itsfindingcameasasurprisetotheresearchers.2.C)Whitemeatmaybehealthierthanredmeat.3.B)ItmayaffectthelocalsupplyofturkeysforChristmas.4.C)Ithaswitnessedseveraltrafficaccidentsthisyears.5.A)Getapprovaltoaddmoreroute.6.A)Itcostsmorethantwiceasmuchasacarride.7.B)High-classtravelers.8.D)Throwaparty.9.B)Buydifferentkindsofcheese10.D)Itisagoodchoiceforchildren.11.A)Buywhatthemanrecommended.12.C)Itinvolvesbuyinglotsoftabletsandsoftware.13.A)Itcangreatlyimprovetheirlearningefficiency.14.D)Theymaygetdistractedmoreeasily.15.B)Itdoesalotofdamagetotheenvironment.16.C)Judgepeoplebasedonourfirstimpresssions.17.B)Itisamentalprocessinfluencedbymanyfactors.18.A)Itcanleadtoincorrectjudgements.19.D)Theyaresimilarintermsofsocialskills.20.A)Theirsocialskillswerenegativelyaffected.21.C)Itmayhurttheirrelationswithchildren.22.B)Itispassive.23.C)Itbreedslong-termpassionandenthusiasm.24.D)Giveusideas.25.B)Applyingideastoone'slife.【阅读】PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)选词填空SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthe.wordsinthebankmorethanonce.PublicperceptionofsuccessintheU.S.mightbetotallymisguided.While92%ofpeoplebelieveotherscaremostaboutfameand26,fewerthanl0%factorthosequalitiesintotheirownsuccess.Thisisaccordingtothenewly27studybyHarvardGraduateSchoolofEducationprofessorToddSmith.Smithsayshewas28byhowpaststudiesonsuccess“assumedwhatpeoplewillcareabout".Inthisstudy,histeam"wentthe29direction"byspendingyearscarryingoutindividualinterviewsandgroupsurveystoseewhatpeoplereallytalkaboutwhentheytalkaboutsuccess.Asascientist,Smith30studiedindividualityforaliving,andevenhewassurprisedtofindyoungerrespondentscaredmoreabouthavinga31inlife.Thosebetweentheagesof18and34prioritizeditmost,andthatprioritizationdroppedoffasrespondent’sageswentup.Perhapsthisisbecauseolderpeoplehadfeweroptionswhentheywerestartingtheircareers,atatimewhenvaluesfocusedmoreonstableincomesthan32personalmissions.Othertrendsincludedanemphasisontheimportanceofparenting.Beingaparent33veryhighacrosstheprioritiesofallstudyparticipants.Ultimately,Smithhopesinstitutionswilltakenoteoftheseinsights34.Highereducationinstitutionstendtofocusonpreparingstudentsforhigh-payingjobs.Forsuchinstitutions,fromuniversitiestoworkplaces,tobetter35peopleintheU.S.,they’llneedtounderstand“whattheAmericanpublichighlyprioritizes,”Smithsays.I.oppositA.accommodateB.accordinglyJ.professionC.acquiringK.purposeD.botheredL.rankedE.fortuneM.releasedF.fulfillingN.similarlyG.identifyO.wrongH.literally选词填空答案:26-30:E)fortune;M)released;D)bothered;I)opposit;H)literally31-35:K)purposeF)fulfill;L)ranked;B)accordingly;A)accommodate26.While92%ofpeoplebelieveotherscaremostaboutfameandE)fortune27.ThisisaccordingtothenewlyM)released28.SmithsayshewasD)botheredbyhowpaststudiesonsuccess29.Inthisstudy,histeam"wenttheI)oppositedirection"30.Asascientist,SmithH)literallystudiedindividualityforaliving31.hewassurprisedtofindyoungerrespondentscaredmoreabouthavingaK)purposeinlife32.whenvaluesfocusedmoreonstableincomesthanF)fulfillingpersonalmissions33.BeingaparentL)rankedveryhighacrosstheprioritiesofallstudyparticipants34.SmithhopesinstitutionswilltakenoteoftheseinsightsB)accordingly35.tobetterA)accommodatepeopleintheU.S段落匹配SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Howarabbitstudyandanex-studentboostmyhopesforafutureof'loveanddignity'[A]Atwhatevergradelevelteachersfindthemselves,fromkindergartentothefinalclassatmedicalorlawschool,fewmomentsstirtheemotionsasdeeplyaswhenformerstudentsreappearyearsandoftendecadeslaterwithanupdateonwheretheirjourneyhastakenthemandwhatresiliencies(韧性)havebeenthepavementonwhichthey'vetraveled.[B]SoitwaswhenarecentlettercamefromKelliHarding,astudent21yearsagoinmyPeaceStudiessummercourseinWashington.Theweeklytuition-freeclass,inaroomyspacethatRalphNaderandhisPublicCitizennonprofitgroupprovided,wasdiscussion-basedandrequirednouselesshomeworkorexams.Justcomeinandfigureouthowtoincreasepeaceanddecreaseviolence.Anddoittoday,tomorrowistoolate.Thecourseattractedmostlycongressionalinterns(实习生)，withafewexceptionslikeKelliwhowasinWashingtonasanAmeriCorpsvolunteer.[C]Heryear-longserviceincludedcomfortingAIDspatientsatafreehealthclinicanddeliveringmealstothehomebound.ItwasaworldapartfromherundergraduatedaysattheUniversityofCaliforia-Berkeleymajoringinpoliticalscience.TheWashingtonexperience,whichKelliwouldlatercall"transformative,"wasthefuelthatcarriedherintomedicinetoearnamaster'sdegreeinpublichealthfromColumbiaUniversityandamedicaldegreefromtheUniversityofRochester,andalmosttwodecadesofpracticeasanemergency-roompsychiatrist(精神科医生)atNewYork-PresbyterianHospitalandaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryatColumbiaUniversityIrvingMedicalCenter.[D]Kelli'sletter,aliterateupdateonbothherpersonalandprofessionallife,touchedmyhear,andespeciallysowhensayingthattwodecadeslatershestillhasthecoursetext,"SolutionstoViolence,"andthat"itremainsoneofmyfavoritepossessions."ShelivesinLowerManhattanwithherhusband,Padraic,whomshemetonaflighttoLondon,andtheirthreeboys.[E]IfKellistandsout,it'sbecausesheisalsoagiftedwriter.Lastmonth,AtriaBookspublishedherbookTheRabbitEffect:LiveLonger.Happier,andHealthierwiththeGroundbreakingScienceofKindness.[F]Withablendingoffree-flowingconfessionalproseandscholarlyresearchfoundin461notes,Kellimetmyexpectationsthatherideasandidealswouldbesoundandsingular."Despiteourscientificprogress,"shewrites,"Americansareremarkablyunhealthy.In2016,theUnitedStatesrankedforty-thirdintheworldforlifeexpectancy....Itisalsobyfartheworld'smostexpensiveplacetogetsick."[G]Entertherabbits-notthoserunningaroundinourwoodlandsbutonesservingintwomonth-longmedicalexperimentstotesttheeffectsofeatingahigh-fatdietandtheconnectionsbetweencholesterolandheartdisease.Withsimilardiets,theexpectationswerethatalltherabbitswouldhavesimilarcloggingsoftheirarteries(动脉堵塞).Yetonegrouphad60%fewerofthem.[H]Thereason?Insteadofreceivingthestandardcaregiventolabanimals,the60%groupwaswatchedoverbyanewcomertothelabwho,Kelliwrites,"handledtheanimalsdifferently.Whenshefedherrabbitsshetalkedtothemandpettedthem.Shedidn'tjustpassoutfood,shegavethemlove....Thestudiesindicatesomethingismissinginthetraditionalbiomedicalmodel.Itwasn'tdietorgeneticsthatmadeadifferenceinwhichrabbitsgotsickandwhichstayedhealthy.Itwaskindness."[I]AmidthepoliticalnoiseaboutObamacare,Medicare,Medicaid,healthinsuranceandthievingpharmaceutical(医药的)companies,KelliHardingstandsapartfromthecrowdcallingforquickfixes,thesimplerthebetter.Shehaswalkedtoomanymilesinthehallsofhospitalsvisitingtoomanyfar-gonepatientsandseeingtoomanymedicalmistakestogoalongwithconventionalthinking.[J]"Therabbiteffect,"she