学业bufen vim大三下内科

一、名词解AdeficiencyofvitaminAmaybecausedbyaninsufficientsupplyofthevitaminintherationoritsdefectiveabsorptionfromthealimentarycanal（消化道）.B.Bacterialstomatitis:isusuallynecrotic（坏死的）andismanifestedbyulceration（溃疡）andsuppuration（化脓）,theonlycommononeisoralnecrobacillosiscausedbysphaerophorusncrophorus.DiarrheaExcessiveandfrequentevacuation（排泄）ofwateryfecesusuallyindicatorygastrointestinaldistressordisorder.Enteritis:Thedescriptionoftheinflammationoftheintestinalmucosaresultingindiarrheaandsometimesdysentery（痢疾）,abdominalpainoccasionally,andvaryingdegreesofdehydrationandacid-baseimbalance,dependingonthecauseofthelesion,itsseverityandlocation.Engorgementofruminantsiscausedbyoverloadhighlyfermentable（可发酵的）carbohydrate-richfeedsandgenerateexcessiveproductionoflacticacidintherumen.Clinicallythediseaseischaracterizedbysevertoxaemia,dehydration,ruminalstasis,weaknessandrecumbency(躺andahighmortalityrate.（鼻出血）asusedheremeansbleedingfromthenostrilsregardlessoftheoriginofthehaemorrhage.Encephalitisisinflammationofthebrainbutingeneralusageitistakentoincludethosediseasesinwhichinflammatorylesionsoccurinthebrain.GlomerulonephritisNephritis（肾炎）involvingprimarilytheglomeruli（肾小球）andextendingsecondarilyintothesurroundinginterstitialtissueandbloodvesselsisararediseaseinanimals.Gastritis：Inflammationofthestomachcausesdisordersofmotilityandismanifestedclinicallybyvomiting.Itiscommonlyassociatedwithenteritisinthesyndromeofgastroenteritis.Haemoptysis（咯血）meansthecoughing-upofbloodwiththehaemorrhageusuallyoriginatinginthelungs.Heatstroke：Hyperthermiaistheelevationofbodytemperatureduetoexcessiveheatproductionorabsorption,ortodeficientheatlosswhenthecausesoftheseabnormalitiesarepurelyInflammationofthebladderisusuallycausedbybacterialinfectionandischaracterizedclinicallybyfrequent,painfulurinationandthepresenceofblood,inflammatorycells,andbacteriaintheurine.Ketosisofruminantsisadiseasecausedbyimpairedmetabolism（新陈代谢）ofcarbohydrateandvolatile（挥发性）fattyacids.Biochemicallyitischaracterizedbyketonemia,ketonuria,hypoglycemia（低血糖）andlowlevelsofhepatic（肝糖原LDA:Theabomasum（胃）isdisplacedfromitsnormalpositionontheabdominalfloor(extendingfromthemidlineandtotheright)totheleftsideoftheabdomenbetweentherumenandtheleftabdominalwall.Oesphagealobstruction：Oesphagealobstructionmaybeacuteorchronicandtheclinicalsignsofinabilitytoswallow,regurgitationoffoodandwater,andbloatinruminantsareaccompaniedinacutecasesbyseveredistress.Osteomalacia（骨软化）isadiseaseofmatureanimalsaffectingbonesinwhichendochondralossification（软骨内骨化）hasbeencompleted.Thecharacteristiclesionisosteoporosisandtheformationofexcessiveuncalcifiedmatrix（基质）.Lameness（跛行）andpathologicalfracture（病理性骨折）arethecommonclinicalPrimaryRuminalTympanyisdietaryinoriginandoccursincattleonlegumepastureandinfeedlotcattleonhighlevelgraindiet.Pulmonaryemphysemaisdistensionofthelungcausedbyoverdistensionofalveoliwithruptureofalveolarwallswithorwithoutescapeofairintotheinterstitial;pneumonia(肺炎)isinflammationofthepulmonaryparenchyma（实质）usuallyaccompaniedbyinflammationofthebronchiolesandoftenbypleurisy（胸膜炎）.Rickets（佝偻病）isadiseaseofyounggrowinganimalscharacterizedbydefectivecalcificationofgrowingbone.Theessentiallesionisafailureofprovisional（临时性）calcificationwithpersistenceofhypertrophiccartilageandenlargementoftheepiphyses（变形）Thepoorlymineralizedbonesaresubjecttopressuredistortions.Stomatitis：stomatitisisinflammationoftheoralmucosaandincludesglossitis,palatitis,andgingivitis,clinicallyitischaracterizedbypartialorcompletelossofappetite,bysmackingofthelipsandprofusesalivation.itiscommonlyanaccompanimentofsystemicdisease.Secondruminaltympany（鼓气）isusuallyduetofailureofeructation（打嗝）offreegasbecauseofaphysicalinterferencewithenactation.TraumaticPericarditis：Perforation（穿孔）ofthepericardialsacbyasharpforeignbodyoriginatinginthereticulum（网胃）causespericarditiswiththedevelopmentoftoxaemiaandcongestive（充血性）heartfailureTachycardiafever,engorgementofthejugularveins,anasarca,hydrothoraxandascites（腹水）,andabnormalitiesoftheheartsoundsarethediagnosticfeaturesofthedisease.Approximately8%ofallcasesoftraumaticreticuloperitonitiswilldevelop.B. Articulargoutischaracterizedbytophi,depositsofurates particularlythoseofthe A. B. C. D.Clinicalfindingsofthegastritisisnot A、 B、DehydrationC、VomitD、AbdominalDuringacuteglomerulonephritis,somesymptomsmayoccur A. B. C. D.FogFeverorABPE(AcuteBovinePulmonaryEmphysema)isarapidlydeveloping,respiratorydiseaseofcattlewhichiscausedby fromtheL-tryptophanofrichforage. B、 C、 D、GastritisandAhavemanysimilaritiesbut,inthelatter,thevomitusisprofuseandvomitingisofamoreprojectilenaturealthoughthisdifferenceisnotsomarkedinthehorseinwhichanyformofvomitingissevere.A、GastricdilatationB、EnteritisC、Oesphagealobstruction Glomerulonephritisusuallydonothappenin A. B. C. D.Heatstroke,inmostspeciesthefirstobservableclinicalreactiontohyperthermiaoccurswhentherectaltemperatureexceeds A B C DInEsophagealobstructionsaetiology,themostcommoncauseincattleisobstructionby ,particularlyturnips,potatoes,oranges,applesandpeaches.A、solidobjects Ingeneral,theenteritisisseldomcaused B、 D、InbothformsofbloatthereisA andamarkedelevationoftheheartrateupto100-120／minuteintheacutestages. B、 D、Ininterstitialemphysematheinteralveolarseptaearedistendedwithairmayspreadtobeneaththepleura,tothe andundertheparietalpleura. B、vertebralcolumn LDA A.litter B. C. D.high–producingdairyMostLDAoccurs A.followingparturition B.beforeparturitionC.duringparturition Outbreaksofvisceralgoutinpoultryhavealsobeen Adeficiency,excessdietarycalcium,treatmentwithsodiumbicarbonate,andamycotoxin,oosporein.A.vitamin B.vitamin C.vitamin D.SolidobstructionsintheupperoesophagusofcattlemaybereachedbypassingthehandintotheC throughaspeculumandhavinganassistantpresstheforeignbodyuptowardsthemouth. SelectedcasesoftraumaticpericarditishavebeentreatedsatisfactorilybyC. ThePHoftheruminalfluidwillfallbelow inrumen C. Thepathogenesisof Arespiratoryinfectionsisrelatedtothedepositionofparticlesandinfectiousagentswithintherespiratorytract.A.pulmonarydefencemechanismsB.mycoplasmapneumoniaC.developmentofthedisease enzooticpneumoniaThepresenceofcalculiinthebladdercanusuallybedetectedby A. B. C. D.Themajorbiochemicalmanifestationofketosisincattleis C、bronchitisD、dehydrationWiththeexceptionortheacuteenteritisin farmanimals,mostoftheothercommonenteritishavereasonablydistinctepidemiologicalandclinicalfeatures. WhatisthemainetiologyofA.Lackofvitamin B.LackofcalciumandC.Lackof A,BandWhenananimalhadanenteritis,andthepresenceoftoxaemiaandfevermarkedchangesinthetotalanddifferentialleucocytecountsuggest enteritis,possiblywithsepticaemia.A、fungi whichisn’tthemanifestoftheclinicalfindingsofthe A、lossofappetite B、theanimalsuddenlystopseatingandshowsanxietyandrestlessnessC、painful D、smackingoftheWhichdiseasecan’tmakebellyache A.Engorgementof B.AtonyofC.Reticulitisetperitonitis D.Oesophageal whichdieofbloatarecommonlyfounddeadinthemorning,whichmaybeduetotherelativeinactivityduringthenightorthelackofobservation,detectionandtreatment.A、Pastured B、Feedlot C、Dairy D、Beef B_ includestraumawhiledosing,foreignbodies,maloccludedsharpawnsandspinesonplants,andtheeatingoffrozenfoodordrinkingofhot B、 C、infectionsD、 isacommonprecursorofbovineA.GlomerulonephritisB.Interstitial C. D.Articulargoutisasporadicindividualbirdproblemofmuchimportanceinpoultry.Anevenmorepronouncedgruntandanincreasedareaofcardiacdullnesscannotbedetectedbypercussionovertheprecordialarea,preferablywithapleximeterandhammer.FAnuriaisacommonfindinginacuterumenoverloadanddiuresisfollowingfluidtherapyisagoodprognosticsign. (T)Amoderatestomatitismayalsooccurinacutemercurypoisoning.(FAnelevationofbodytemperatureisnottheprimaryrequisiteforadiagnosisofhyperthermiaandinmostspeciesthefirstobservableclinicalreactiontohyperthermiaoccurswhentherectaltemperatureexceeds39.5℃.（F）Bacteriafrequentlygainentrancetothebladderbutareremovedbeforetheyinvadethemucosabythephysicalemptyingoftheurine. （T）Cystitisoccurscommonlyduetotheintroductionofinfectionintothebladderwhentraumatothebladderhasoccurredorwhenthereisstagnationofthe （FDuringglomerulonephritis,thereisseverehighplasmaalbumininthe（FDehydrationandalkalosiswithtetanyandrapidbreathingmaydevelopifvomitingisexcessive. （T）Epilepsyisusuallytransientandrepetitiveandhasacharacteristicpatternforcefulandtheremaybeasystolicmurmuraudibleonauscultationofthe (T)Generallyspeakingtheetiologyandoccurrenceofosteomalaciaarenotthesameasforricketsexceptthatthepredisposingcauseisnottheincreasedrequirementofgrowthbutthedrainoflactationandpregnancy.（F）Hydrothoraxistheaccumulationofwholebloodinthepleuralsacsmanifestedbyrespiratoryembarrassmentcausedbycollapseoftheventralpartsofthelungs.FInthehorsegastritisisusuallyaccompaniedbyvomitingbutgastricdilatationmaybenot.FInacutediarrhea,largequantitiesofintestinalfluidarelostinthefacesandlargequantitiesarepresentintheintestinallumenwhichaccountsfortheremarkableclinicaldehydrationinsomeaffectedanimals.(T)Inallenteritis,thefaecesaresoft,homogeneousinconsistency,containconsiderablemucusanddonothaveagrosslyabnormalodor.FIngeneralthesignsofacuteemphysemaaresimilartothoseofchronicemphysemabutthedyspnoeaismuchmoresevereandonauscultationthebreathsoundsmaynotbegrosslyabnormal. (T)Iftreatmentisnecessarybecauseoftheseverityordurationofthehyperthermiatwomethodsareavailable.(T)Inthediseaseofpoultrygout,muchurateislostwhentissuesareprocessedforhistology,butevidenceofitspresenceisoftenseenaswhiteamorphousmaterialunderthemicroscope.FInpasturedanimalsosteomalaciaismostcommonincattle,andsheepraisedinthesameareaarelessseverelyaffected.（T）InadultanimalsthesyndromeofthedeficiencyofVitaminAproducedblindness,cornealkeratinization,pityriasis,defectsinthehooves,lossofweight,andinfertility.(F)InyounganimalsthemanifestationsofthedeficiencyofVitaminAaremainlythoseofcompressionofthebrainandspinalcord. （T）Laboratorytestsareusedinoesphagealobstructiondiagnosisradiographicexaminationishelpfultooutlinethesiteofstenosis,diverticulumordilatation,eveninanimalsaslargeasthehorse. （F）Mostaffectedanimalsdieorsufferfromchronicpericarditisanddonottocompletelynormalhealth.Osteomalaciaoccursunderthesameconditionsandinthesameareasasricketsinyounganimalsbutisrecordedlesscommonly.（T）Pneumoniaismanifestedclinicallybydyspnoea,hyperpnoea,cough (TProteinuriaispresentandcastsandredcellscanbedetectedinthe （T）Pulmonaryemphysemacanoccurinadulthorses,andusuallyinanimals (FThepathologyofenteritisormalabsorptionvariesconsiderablydependentontheanimalsthemselves. Theanorexia,depression,ruminalstasiswithgurglingfluidsoundsfromtherumen,diarrhoeaandastaggerygaitwithanormaltemperaturearecharacteristicsofrumenoverload.TThecauseoffeedlotorgrainbloatisuncertaininprimaryruminalbloat.（T）Therapidityoftherespirationisanaccurateguidetothedegreeofpulmonaryinvolvement(F)Toxaemiamaybepresentwhenthestomatitisissecondarytoasystemicdiseaseorwheretissuenecrosisoccurs(T)Thebiochemicalcharacteristicsofketosisincludingdepletionofhepaticglycogenandmajordecreaseinhepaticstoresoftriglyceridesandketonebodieswereproduced.(F)TheevidencethattheirreversiblestageofovineketosisisahypoglycemicWhencattlesufferfromoesphagealobstruction.RuminalmovementscontinuousandSecondruminaltympanyisdietaryinoriginandoccursincattleonlegumepastureandinfeedlotcattleonhighlevelgraindiets.（F）Asithasbeenreproducedbyfeedinghigh-proteindiets,itistemptingtothatitresultsfromexcessproductionofuricAtnecropsyacuteglomerulonephritisarecharacterizedby swellingandpallorofthekidney.Acuteheartfailuremaybemistakenforprimarydiseaseofthenervoussystembutischaracterizedbyexcessivebradycardia(心动过缓)ortachycardia（心动过快）pallorofmucosae,absenceofthepulse,andthemildnessoftheconvulsions.Acuteheartfailuremayoccurastheresultofcardiactamponade（心塞）inwhichthepericardial（心包）sac（囊）issuddenlyfilledwithfluid,inexcessivetachycardiaorventricular（心室）fibrillationsuchasoccursinfallingdiseaseofcattleandenzooticmusculardystrophy(肌肉萎缩).AbomasalatonyisconsideredtobetheprimaldysfunctioninAlltypesofruminantcattleandsheeparesusceptible,butthedisease（rumenoverload）occursmostcommonlyinfeedlotcattlefedonhigh-levelgraindiets.Generallyspeakingtheetiologyandoccurrenceofosteomalacia(骨软化arethesameasforrikets(佝偻病).Gout(痛风)istheresultofabnormalaccumulationofuratesandoccursastwodistinctsyndromes(综合征) Gastritismaybeacuteorchronicbutbothformsofthediseasemaybecausedthesameetiologicalagentsactingwithvaryingdegreesofseverityandforvaryingperiods.Theinflammationmaybecausedbyphysical,chemical.bacterical.viralormetazoanagents.Hyperthermiaistheelevationofbodytemperatureduetoexcessiveheatproductionorabsorption,ortodeficientheatlosswhenthecausesoftheseabnormalitiesarepurelyphysical.Incattle,theobstructionisusuallyinthecervicalesophagusjustabovethelarynxoratthethoracicinlet.Inhorses,theobstructionisoftenintheterminalpartofthethoracicesophagusandcannotbeseenorpalpated.Inflammationoftheairpassagesusuallyinvolvesalllevelsandnoattemptismadeheretodifferentiatebetweeninflammationsofvariouspartsofthetract.Theyareallcharacterizedbycough,noisyinspirationandsomedegreeofinspiratoryembarrassmentInsubacuteandcystitischronicthe wallisgrosslythickenedandthemucosalsurfaceisroughandcoarselygranular.InfeedlotanimalsexcessivephosphorusintakewithoutcomplementarycalciumandvitaminDislikelyasacauseofosteomalacia.Ketosisusuallyoccursinheavilyproducingcowsbecauseallhigh-yieldingcowsinearlylactationareinnegativeenergybalance.Mostanimalencephalitis(脑炎arecausedbyvirus.Listeriamonocytogenesisthemostwidespreadbacterialcauseandoccursinallspecies.Oneofthemostcommonformsofpulmonaryemphysemainfarmanimalsischronicalveolaremphysemaor‘heaves’inhorses.Outbreaksofrenalgoutinwhichkidneysareenlargedandoftendistendedwithuratesresultwhenflocksofyoungchickensareinfectedwithnephrotropicstrainsofinfectiousbronchitisvirus.Passageofastomachtubewilldetectoesophagealobstructionorstenosis,bothofwhichareaccompaniedbydifficult swallowing,andinacutecasesbyviolentattemptsatvomiting.Pneumonia(肺炎)maycausebyvirus oracombinationoffungi,metazoanparasitesandphysicalandchemicalPulmonaryEmphysema(肺气肿isacommonclinicopathologicalfindinginmanydiseasesofthelungsofallspeciesandischaracterizedclinicallybydyspnoea,hyperpnoea,poorexercisetoleranceandforcedexpiration.RuminalTympanyisoverdistensionoftherumenandreticulum（网胃）withthegasesoffermentation,eitherintheformofapersistentfoam(泡沫mixedwiththerumencontentsorintheformoffreegasseparatedfromtheingesta.Thelesionsofstomatitisareproducedbythecausativeagentsbeingapplieddirectlytothemucosaorgainingentrancetoitbywayofminorabrasions,orbylocalizationinthemucosafroma Theabomasaland,toalessextent,ruminallesionswhichoccurinrinderpestandthemucosaldiseasesinruminantsareaccompaniedbymoreextensiveandobviouserosivelesionsinthemouth,oesophagusandintestines.Totheprimaryaetiologicalagentofenteritis,therearemanyinfluencesexertedbythehostandtheenvironmentwhichcanplayanimportantroleinfacilitatingorsuppressingtheabilityofthecausativeagenttocauseenteritis.Themajorclinicalfindinginenteritisormalabsorptionisdiarrhea.Dehydration,abdominal（腹部）pain_,septicaemia(败血症)andtoxaemiawithfeveroccurcommonlyandtheirdegreeofseveritydependsonthecausativeagent,theageandspeciesofanimal,andthestageoftheThemostcommoncauseoftherumenoverloadisthesuddeningestionoftoxicdosesofcarbohydrate-richfeeds,suchasgrain.Tachycardia,feverengorgementofthejugularveins（颈静脉）anasarca(全身水肿)andabnormalitiesoftheheartsoundsarethediagnosticfeaturesoftraumatic(外伤性)pericarditis.TheaetiologyoftraumaticpericarditishasalreadybeendescribedThereisagreatertendencyforperforation穿孔)ofthepericardialsactooccurduringthelast3monthsofpregnancyandatparturitionthanatothertimes.Thechronicglomerulonephritis（肾小球肾炎）ischaracterizedbyashrunkenkidneywithagranular(颗粒的) surfaceandadherent（附着的）capsuleandanarrowingofthecortex.（皮质）ThepresenceofbloodandpusintheurineistypicalofacutecystitisandurinemayhaveastrongodourTheurineiscloudyandcontainsmucusintheacuteTwomajorformsofthediseasearedescribed,thewastingandthenervousVisceraluratedepositionisgenerallyduetoafailureofurinaryexcretion(排泄物).Thismaybeduetoobstructionofureters,renal（肾脏）damage,ordehydration.WhenLDAoccurs,abomasums(皱胃liesbetweentherumenandtheleftabdominalwall.CanyoudiscusstherapeuticmethodofIftreatmentisnecessarybecauseoftheseverityordurationofthehyperthermiatwomethodsareavailable.Theintravenousadministrationoffluids,eithernormalsalineor5℅dextrose,isindicated.Coldapplications,includingimmersion,spraying,rectalenemasorcoldpacks,arealsoeffective.Supportivetreatmentincludesprovisionofadequateglucoseandproteintocompensateforincreasedutilizationandinsomecasesdeficientintake.Thepresenceofadequatedrinkingwaterisessentialandtogetherwithshadeandairmovementisofconsiderableassistancewhenanimalsareexposedtohighairtemperature.Ifanimalshavetobeconfinedunderconditionsofhightemperaturesandhumiditytheuseoftranquillizingdrugsisrecommendedtoreduceunnecessaryactivity.Chlorpromazing,forexample,hasbeenshowntoincreasesignificantlythesurvivalrateofpigsexposedtoheatandhumiditystress.CanyoudescribetheClinicalFindingsofAnelevationofbodytemperatureistheprimaryrequisiteforadiagnosisofhyperthermiaandinmostspeciesthefirstobservableclinicalreactiontohyperthermiaoccurswhentherectaltemperatureexceeds39.5℃.Anincreaseinheartandrespiratoryrates,withaweakpulseoflargeamplitude,sweatingandsalivationoccurinitiallyfollowedbyamarkedabsenceofsweating.Theanimalmayberestlessbutsoonbecomesdull,stumbles，andtendstoliedown.Whenthebodytemperaturereaches41℃respirationislabouredandgeneraldistressisevident.Beyondthispointtherespirationsbecomeshallowandirregular,thepulsebecomesveryrapidandweakandthesesignsareusuallyaccompaniedbycollapse,convulsions，andterminalcoma.Deathoccursinmostspecieswhenatemperatureof41.5-42.5℃isattained.CanyoudiscusstherapeuticmethodofTreatmentofacuteheartfailureisnotusuallypracticableinlargeanimalsbecauseoftheshortcourseofthedisease.Deathsduetosuddencardiacarrestorventricularfibrillationwhileunderanaesthesiacanbeavoidedtoalimitedextentinanimalsbydirectcardiacmassageorelectricalstimulationbutthesetechniquesaregenerallyrestrictedtothemoresophisticatedinstitutionalsurgicalunits.Intracardiacinjectionsisverysmalldosesofadrenalineareusedbutarelikelytodoasmuchharmasgood,especiallyifventricularfibrillationispresent.CanyoudiscusstherapeuticmethodofTreatmentoftheprimarydiseasesisthefirstprincipleandrequiresaspecificdiagnosis.Ancillarytreatmentincludesthewithholdingoffood,theuseofgastricsedatives,theadministrationofelectrolytesolutionstoreplacefluidsandelectrolyteslostbyvomiting,andstimulationofnormalstomachmotilityintheconvalescentperiod.Inhorsesandpigs,gastriclavagemaybeattemptedtoremoveirritantchemicals.Gastricsedativesusuallycontaininsolublemagnesiumhydroxideorcarbonate,kaolin,pectin,orcharcoal.Frequentdosingatintervalsof2-3hoursisadvisable.Ifpurgativesareusedtoemptythealimentarytract,theyshouldbeblandpreparationssuchasmineraloiltoavoidfurtherirritationtothemucosa.Ifvomitingissevere,largequantitiesofelectrolytesolutionshouldbeadministeredparenterally.Detailsoftheavailablesolutionsaregivenundertheheadingofdisturbancesofbodywater.Iftheliquidscanbegivenorallywithoutvomitingoccurring,thisrouteofadministrationissatisfactory.Duringconvalescence,theanimalshouldbeofferedonlysoft,palatable,highlynutritiousfoods.Branmashesforcattleandhorsesandgruelsforcalvesandpigsaremostadequateandarerelishedbytheanimal.DescribeclinicalfindingsofAcutegastritis.Whentheinflammationissevere,pigsandsometimeshorsesandruminantsvomit.Thevomituscontainsmuchmucus,sometimesblood,andissmallinamount,andvomitingisrepeatedwithforcefulretchingmovements.Theappetiteisalwaysreduced,oftenabsent,butthirstisusuallyexcessiveandpigsaffectedwithgastroenteritismaystandcontinuallylappingwaterorevenlickingcoolobjects.Thebreathusuallyhasaranksmellandtheremaybeabdominalpain.Diarrhoeaisnotmarkedunlessthereisanaccompanyingenteritisbutthefaecesareusuallypastyandsoft.Additionalsignsareusuallyevidentwhengastritisispartofaprimarydiseasesyndrome.Dehydrationandalkalosiswithtetanyandrapidbreathingmaydevelopifvomitingisexcessive.Chronicgastritis.Herethesyndromeismuchlesssevere.Theappetiteisdepressedordepravedandvomitingoccursonlysporadically,usuallyafterfeeding.Thevomituscontainsmuchviscidmucus.Abdominalpainisminoranddehydrationisunlikelytooccurbuttheanimalbecomesemaciatedduetolackoffoodintakeandincompletedigestion.Howtotreatthediseaseofstomatitis?(thewayscan’tbelessAffectedanimalsshouldbeisolatedandwateredfromseparateutensilsifaninfectiousagentissuspected.Non-specifictreatmentincludesfrequentapplicationofamildantisepticcollutorysuchasa2%solutionofcopperofasulphonamideinglycerin.Indolentulcersrequiremorevigoroustreatmentandrespondwelltocurettageorcauterizationwithasilvernitratestickortinctureofiodine.Inallcase,soft,appetizingfoodshouldbeofferedandfeedingbystomachtubeorintravenousalimentationresortedtoinsevere,prolongedcases,ifthediseaseisinfectious,careshouldbeexercisedtosurethatitisnottransmittedbythehandsordosingimplements.HowtodiagnosethediseaseofesophagealTheclinicalpictureofOesphagealobstructionistypicalbutcanbemistakenforthatofoesophagitisinwhichlocalpainismoreapparentandthereisoftenanaccompanyingstomatitisandpharyngitis.（2）Ahistoryofpreviousoesophagitisoracuteobstructionsuggestscicatricialstenosis.（3）Mediastinallymphnodeenlargementisusuallyaccompaniedbyothersignsoftuberculosisorlymphomatosis.Chronicruminaltympanyincattlemaybecausedbyruminalatonyinwhichcasethereisanabsenceofnormalruminalmovements.(4)Diaphragmaticherniamayalsobeacauseofchronicruminaltympanyincattleandissometimesaccompaniedbyobstructionoftheoesophaguswithincompletelyregurgitatedingesta.Thisconditionandvagusindigestion,anothercauseofchronictympany,isusuallyaccompaniedbyasystoliccardiacmurmurbutpassageofastomachtubeisunimpeded.Howmanydiseasedoyourememberinwhichdysenterywithorwithouttoxaemiaoccursanddeathmayoccurrapidly?Andwritedownthenameofthesediseaseyouremembered.Includelambdysentery,haemorrhagicenterotoxaemiaofcalves,acuteswinedysenteryandhaemorrhagicbowelsyndromeofpigsandsoon.Howtodiagnosethelaryngitis,tracheitisorInfectionsofthelarynxusuallyresultincoughing,andinspiratoryduspnoeawithastertorandloudabnormallaryngealsoundsonauscultationoverthetracheaandoverthebaseofthelungsoninspiration.Lesionsofthelarynxareusuallyvisiblebylaryngoscopicexamination,thoseofthetracheaandmajorbronchiandarenotsoobviousunlessspecialendoscopicproceduresareused.Howtotreatthelaryngitis,tracheitisorMostofthecommonviralinfectionsofthelarynx,tracheaandmajorbronchiwillresolvespontaneouslyiftheaffectedanimalsarerested,notworkedandnotexposedtoinclementweatheranddustyfeeds.Secondarybacterialcomplicationsmustberecognizedandtreatedwiththeappropriateantibacterialagent.PleasediscussthemainsymptomofThereismarkedoliguriaoranuria,andsevereuraemiaduringtheacutestage.Proteinuriaispresentandcastsandredcellscanbedetectedintheurine.Inthechronicstagethedefectoffunctionislargelytubularandurineoflowspecificgravityandcontainingnoproteinischaracteristic.Atnec?ropsyacutecasesarecharacterizedbyswellingandpallorofthekidney,thepallorbeingmostevidentinthecortex.Thechronicformischaracterizedbyashrunkenkidneywithagranularsurface，anadherentcapsuleandanarrowingofthecortex..TalksabouttheprincipleofthetherapyofTheprinciplesoftreatmentofenteritisare:removalofthecausativeagent,replacementoflostfluidsandelectrolytes,alterationofthedietifnecessaryandthepossibleuseofdrugstoinhibitsecretionandcontrolintestinalhypermotilityifdeemednecessary.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenthephysicalagentsandchemicalagentswhichduetothediseaseofstomatitis?Physicalagentsincludetraumawhiledosing,foreignbodies,maloccludedteeth,sharpawnsandspinesonplants,andtheeatingoffrozenfoodordrinkingofhotwater.Chemicalagentsincludeirritantsubstances,particularlychloralhydrate,administeredinstrongconcentrations,acids,alkalis,andirritantdrugsincludingmercuryandcantharidespreparationsappliedascounterirritantsandimproperlycoverdsothatanimalscanlickthem.Amoderatestomatitismayalsooccurinchronicmercurypoisoning.WhatisthetreatmentofOesphagealTosedatetheanimalbeforeproceedingwithtreatment.AdministrationofanataracticdrugorchloralhydratemayalsohelpinrelaxingtheoesophagealThepassage,ofthestomachtubeorprobangisusuallynecessarytolocateobstructionslowdownintheoesophagus.AllowtheoesophagealspasmtorelaxandtheobstructiontopassSolidobstructionsintheupperoesophagusofcattlemaybereachedbypassingthehandintothepharynxthroughaspeculumandhavinganassistantpresstheforeignbodyuptowardsthemouth.Theanimalmustnotbeallowedaccesstowaterorfooduntiltheobstructionisremoved.Inchroniccases,especiallythoseduetoparalysis,repeatedsiph