大学英语专业综英课本Unit 4-5 Sentence Knowledge

Unit4-5SentenceKnowledge1.SentenceStructures2.SentenceFunctions3.SentenceExpansion4.SentenceAdjustment2011.10.Sixstrategiesofmaking

andrevisingsentences1.Useparallelism2.Useaconsistentpointofview3.Usespecificwords4.Useactiveverbs5.Useconcisediction6.Varyyoursentences7.Confirmpunctuations8.Editsentencescarefully1.Useparallelism

Wordsinapairoraseriesshouldhaveparallelstructure.Bybalancingtheitemsinapairoraseriessothattheyhavethesamekindofstructure,youwillmakethesentenceclearerandeasiertoread.Noticehowtheparallelsentencesthatfollowreadmoresmoothlythanthenonparallelones.(1)Myjobincludescheckingtheinventory,initialingtheorders,andtocallthesupplies.(2)Thegame-showcontestantwastoldtobecheerful,charming,andwithenthusiasm.(3)Grandmalikestoreadmysterynovels,todoneedlepoint,andbrowsingtheInternetonherhomecomputer.(4)Wepaintedthetriminthelivingroom;thewallpaperwasputupbyaprofessional.Exe:---Thenoveltystoresellshandbuzzers,plasticfangs,andinsectsthatarefake.---Manypeoplesharethesamethreeintensefears:beinginhighplaces,workingwithnumbers,andspeeches.---Todecideonacareer,studentsshouldthinkcloselyabouttheirinterests,hobbies,andwhattheyareskilledat.---Peopleintoday’sworldoftentrytoavoidsilence,whetheronthejob,inschool,orwhenrelaxingathome.---Ifwearenotcareful,wewillleavethenextgenerationpollutedair,contaminatedwater,andforeststhataredying.2.Useaconsistentpointofview(1)ConsistencywithverbsDonotshiftverbtensesunnecessary.Ifyoubeginwritingapaperinthepresenttense,donotshiftsuddenlytothepast.Ifyoubeginwithinthepast,donotshiftwithoutreasontothepresent.Noticetheinconsistentverbtensesinthefollowing:----Jeanpuncheddowntherisenyeastdoughinthebowl.Thenshedumpsitontotheflouredworktableandkneadeditintoasmooth,shinyball.----“Myboyfriendissodumb,”saidMary,“thathewenttoLasVegas,hetriestoplaythesodamachines.”----Fromhisperchhighuponthrockycliff,theeaglespotsawhite-tailedrabbitandswoopeddowntowardhisvictim.-----AfterIfinishesthewritingwork,Iwentoutforawalkwithmypuppy,Jack.(2)ConsistencywithpronounsWhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotshiftyourpointofviewunnecessarily.Beconsistentinyouruseoffirst-person,third-person.Thefollowingexamplesarenotconsistentinpersonalpronouns.----Oneofthebenefitsofmyjobisthatyoucanuseacompanycreditcardforgasoline.---Thoughwelikemostofourneighbors,thereareafewyoucannotgetalongwith.---WhenIbuylipstickornailpolish,youneverknowhowthecolorwillactuallylook.----Itisexpensiveforustotakepublictransportationtoworkeveryday,butwhatchoicedoyouhaveifyoucannotaffortacar?----Peopleoftentakeafirst-aidcoursesothatwecanlearnhowtohelpchokingandheartattackvictims.----Onecanneverthinksofwhatwewillbelikeinfuture.----Whenyoudriveonthehighway,IgetdisgustedattheamountoftrashIsee.----Iwouldliketogotoschoolwhereonecanmeetmanypeoplewhoaredifferentfromme.3.UsespecificwordsTobeaspecificwriter,youmustusespecificwordsratherthangeneralwords.Specificwordscreatepictureinthereader’smind.Theyhelpcaptureinterestandmakeyourmeaningclear.Comparethefollowingsentences:Shewalkeddownthestreet.AnnewanderedslowlyalongRogersLane.Animalscameintotheplace.Hungrylionspaddedsilentlyintothesawdust-coveredarea.Theflagmovedinthewind.Theflagflutteredinthebreeze.Thatwomanjogsfivemilesaday.Thatfragile-looking,gray-hairedwomanjogsfivemilesaday.Anoisetoldthecrowdthattheyhadtwomintuestoleavetheplace.Apiercingwhistlewarnedthecheeringcrowdthattheyhadtwominutestoleavethesupermarket.Whenhereturned,allthathefoundintherefrigewasbreadandmilk.Whenhereturnedfromhislongjourney,allthatTomfoundwasstalebreadandsourmilk.Trytoaddthespecificdetailtothesentencesbelow.Thechildstartedtocry.Thegamewasexciting.Apassengeronthebuswasactingstrangely.Theloungeareawasbusy.4.UseactiveverbsWhenthesubjectofasentenceperformstheactionoftheverb,theverbisintheactivevoice.Whenthesubjectofasentencereceivestheactionofaverb,theverbisinthepassivevoice.Thepassiveformofaverbconsistsoftheverbtobeplusthepastparticipleofthemainverb.Forexample:----ManyunhealthyfoodsareincludedinthetypicalAmericandiet.Revised:ThetypicalAmericandietconcludesmanyunhealthyfoods.----Thefamilypicnicwasinvadedbyhundredsofbitingants.Revised:Hundredsofbitingantsinvadedthefamilypicnic.---Finalgradeswillbedeterminedbytheinstructorsonthebasisofclassperformance.Revised:Theinstructorswilldeterminethefinalgradesonthebasisofclassperformance.5.UseconcisedictionWordiness---usingmorewordsthannecessarytoexpressameaning---isoftenasignoflazyorcarelesswriting.Yourreadersmayresenttheextratimeandenergytheymustspendwhenyouhavenotdonetheworkneededtomakeyourwritingdirectandconcise.Herearetwoinstances:----Inthispaper,IamplanningtodescribethehobbythatIenjoyofcollectingoldcomicbooks.Revised:Ienjoyedcollectingoldcomicbooks.---InBen’sopinion,hethinksthatcabletelevisionwillchangeandalterourlivesinthefuture.Revised:Benthinksthatcabletelevisionwillchangeourlives.---Trytorevisethefollowingsentences.(1)Inconclusion,Iwouldliketoendmyessaybysummarizingeachofthemajorpointsthatwerecoveredwithinmypaper.(2)Controllingthequalityandlevelofthetelevisionshowsthatchildrenwatchisacontinuingchallengetoparentsthattheymustmeetonadailybasis.(3)Ingeneral,Iamthesortofpersonwhotendstobeshy,especiallyinlargecrowdsorwithstrangersIdonotknowwell.(4)Someonewhoisanalyzingmagazineadvertisingcanfindhiddenmessagesthat,onceuncovered,areseentobecleverandpersuasive.(5)MygreatestmistakethatImadelastweekwastohurtmybrother’sfeelingsandthennottohavethenervetoapologizeandsayhowsorryIwas.(6)Intoday’suncertaineconomicclimate,itisclearthatpeople,namely,averagemiddle-classworkingpeople,havegreatdifficultysavingmuchmoneyorputtinganythingasideforemergincies.(7)Wethoughtthetelevisionprogramthatwasonlastnightwasenjoyable,whereasourparentsreactedwithdisliketothecontentoftheshow.6.VaryyoursentencesOnepartofeffectivewritingistovarythekindsofsentencesyouwrite.Ifeverysentencefollowsthesamepattern,writingmaybecomemonotonoustoread.Herewewillexplainfourwaysyoucancreatevarietyandinterestinyourwritingstyle.Italsodescribescoordinationandsubordination---twoimportanttechiquesforachievingdifferentkindsofemphasisinwriting.1.Addasecondcompletethought(coordination)2.Addadependentthought(subordination)3.Beginwithaspecialopeningwordorphrase.4.Placeadjectivesorverbsinaseries.----Howtomakecoordinativesentencesorcompoundsentencewithand,or,but,so,for,nor,yet.Acompoundsentenceisasentencethatconsistsoftwoormoreclausesthatarejoinedbythecoordinativeconnetcivewordslikeand,or,but,so,for,nor,yet.Acompoundsentencecontainstwoideasthatshouldbeequ