高中英语语法（十三）

高中英语语法（十三）1并列结构作主语时的主谓一致⒈由and连接主语时and连接的两个或多个单数可数名词、不可数名词或代词作主语时根据意义或概念确定谓语用单数或复数①并列主语表示不同的人、物或概念时谓语动词用复数如：Likemanyothers,thelittletrampandthenaughtyboyhaverushedthereinsearchofgold.小流浪汉和调皮的小男孩也赶到那里寻找金子。②并列主语表示同一个人、物或概念时，谓语动词用单数形式如：Theprofessorandwriterisspeakingatthemeeting.那位教授兼作家正在会上发言。HislawyerandformercollegefriendwaswithhimonhistriptoEurope.他的律师兼大学时代的朋友陪他去欧洲旅行。注意：指同一个人或物时，并列主语前只用一个冠词；指不同的需要分别加冠词；但两个名词具有分别的对立的意思时只需要一个冠词即可如：thewriterandtheeducatorhavevisitedourschool.thewriterandeducatorhasvisitedourschool.Aboyandgirlareplayingtennis.③并列主语前有each,every,manya，no等修饰时谓语动词用单数如：Eachdoctorand(each)nurseworkinginthehospitalwasaskedtohelppatients.Everyman,womanandchildisentitledtotakepartintheactivity.Everyboyand(every)girladmireshimforhisfinesenseofhumour.Manyaboyand(manya)girlhasmadethesamemistake.Noboyandnogirlistherenow.没有任何男孩和女孩在那里注意：manya跟单数可数名词但是表示复数意义翻译为很多如：Manyastudentwasdisappointedafterseeingthemovie.④并列主语为不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数如：Alawandruleaboutprotectingenvironmenthasbeendrawnup.Theknifeandforkhasbeenwashed.Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.注意；常被视为主体的结构Acupandsaucer一副杯碟Ahorseandcar马车Aknifeandfork一副刀叉Alawandrule法规Aneedleandthread一套针线Fishandchips炸鱼加炸薯条Thestarsandstripes星条旗⒉由（either)…or或neither…nor等连接的主语时由either…or；neither…nor；or；notonly…but(also)…连接主语时，谓语动词陈述句中就近原则如：EitheryouorJaneistobesenttoNewYork.Neitheryounorhehasfinishedtheexperiment.Notonlytheoldfarmerbutalsohisfamilywerefriendlytome.Notonlyhisfriendsbutalsohehimselfislookingforwardtotakingpartintheparty.⒊主语由肯定否定两部分构成谓语跟肯定部分走如：NotyoubutIamtoanswerthequestion.I,notyou,amtoanswerthequestion.2单一主语的主谓一致⒈名词本身自带s作主语时，谓语动词用单数①学科名词：physics物理；mathematics/maths数学；economics经济学；politics政治学；新闻news；体操Gymnastics如：Asweknow,Physicsisafundamentalsubjectinscience.醒是自然科学中的一门基础学科。Mathematicsisarequiredcourseformiddleschoolstudent.数学是中学生的一门必修课。Einsteinoncesaid,"Politicsismuchmoredifficultthanphysics."注意：当mathematics表示运算时谓语动词用单数复数皆可如：Ifmymathematicsis/areright,theansweris56.如果我的运算正确，答案就是56。Thetelevisionnewsisat7clockintheeveningeveryday.Gymnasticsismysistesfavouritesport.②有些名词单复数同行根据是单数概念还是复数概念判断谓语如：means方式方法aircraft飞机works工厂crossroads十字路口deer鹿sheep羊fish鱼Thisworkswasbuildin1982.Byfar,threesteelworkshavebeencloseddowninthiscity.Thismeansoftransporthasbeentried.Allpossiblemeanshavebeentried.③由两部分组成的物体名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数如：chopsticks筷子compasses圆规glasses眼镜gloves手套Jeans牛仔裤shoes鞋子scissors剪子shorts短裤socks短袜trousers裤子Mytrousersarewhiteandhisclothesareblack.我的裤子是白色的，他的衣服是黑色的。Whyareyourshoessodirty?注意：如果这些词由单位词（apairof，asuitof，apieceof,akindof等）靠饰时，单位词的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数如：Apairofscissorsislyinginthatdrawer.Thesekindsofglassesarepopularthissummer.④表示国家、人名、书名、组织机构等的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数如：TheunitedStatesisadevelopedcountryTheNewYorkTimesiswidelyreadintheworld.⑤以-s结尾的群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等专有名词谓语动词用复数如：TheHimalayashaveamagnificentvarietyofplants.植物种类繁多TheNiagaraFallsaresplendidwaterfalls.⑥以-s结尾的名词作主语时谓语动词用复数如：belongings财产clothes衣服plastics塑料制品eamings收入goods货物leavings剩余savings储存Allthegoodsareveryexpensive.⒉集体名词作主语时①mankind,humanity,man作主语时，谓语一般用单数如：Onlymanknowshowtocook.有人懂得烹饪注意：mankind表示“人（类）”有时表示复数意义，其表语是复数。如：Mankindareintelligentanimals人是理智的动物.②people,police,cattle,youte作主语时，只有单数形式，但却表示复数意义谓语动词用复数如：Thepoliceareinvestigatingtheriot.Thecattlearegrazingthethefiled.Manycattlewerekilledforthis.注意：people作民族讲时有复数形式。如：Thereare56peoplesinChina.③family,crowd等作主语时，根据概念确定谓语动词这类集体名词有：Army；assembly；audience；band；class；club；committee；company；congress；youthcrew；crowdenemy；familygang；govermmentgroupherd；jurypopulation；publicteam强调整体，用单数谓语；强调个体，用复数谓语。如：ThefamilyisgoingtomovetoNewYork.Thefarmilyhavedifferentopinionsabouttheirgoingabroad.Thefootballclubcommitteearrangesallthematches.Thefootballclubcommitteehavedecidedtodismisshim.比较：Afamily，agroup,aclass作主语时用单数谓语Families,groups,classes作主语时用复数谓语如：Agroupiscomingtothezoo.人正朝着动物园走来。④baggage/luggage(行李），clothing（衣服），furniture（家具），machinery（机器），poetry(诗），scenery（风景），jewery（珠宝），equipment（设备）等，是不可数名词，只用单数形式，不用不定冠词（当然更不能用数词）如：Ourclothingprotectsusfrom(against)thecold.我们的衣服可以御寒。Haveyoucheckedallyourbaggage?你所有行李都托运了吗?注意：machinery,poetry,jewelry,scenery等相应的个体可数名词是machine,poem，jewel，scene等。如：apoem/apieceofpoetry（一首诗），manymachines/muchmachinery/manypiecesofmachinery（许多机器）。⑤hair的用法hair（头发，毛发）指全部头发或毛发时，为集合名词（可数）；指几根头发或毛发时，为个体名词（可数）。如：Myhairhasgrownverylong.我的头发已长得很长了.Thepolicefoundtwohairsthere.警察在那儿找到了两根头发.⑥fruit的用法fruit（水果）作为集合名词它通常是不可数的。如：Hedoesn'teatmuchfruit.他不大吃水果.Heisgrowingfruitinthecountry.他在乡下种水果.但是，当要表示种类时，它可视为可数名词，即afruit指一种水果，fruits指多种水果。比较：Somefruitshavethickskins.有些水果皮很厚。⒊非谓语动词或从句作主语时①非谓语动词或从句作主语时谓语动词用单数如：Toimproveagriculturallandneedsalotofmoney.Toseeistobelieve.Swimmingisagoodwaytokeephealth.Howtheywillsolvetheproblemremainstobeseen.Whethershewillcomeisnotknown.②多个非谓语动词作主语，表达一个概念谓语用单数，表达不同概念谓语用复数如：Goingtobeearlyandgettingupearlyisgoodforyourhealth.（早睡早起一个概念）Readingbooksandplayingtabletennisaremygreatpleasure.（读书和打乒乓球是两个概念）Listening,speaking,readingandwritingareallimportant.Tobestrictwithoneselfandtobekindtoothersaregoodqualitiesofaperson.3其他情况的主谓一致⒈表示距离、时间、长度、金额、质量等的复数名词作主语时常被看作是整体谓语动词用单数。这类复数名词有：miles,dollars，pounds,kilograms公斤/千克，kilometres公里，centimetres厘米，millimetres毫米，seconds,hours,years等如：Fivedollarsseemsafairprice.是一个公道的价格TwokilometresisnotveryfarfortheyoungmanFivehoursisashorttimeforsuchadifficultjob⒉如果强调数目谓语动词用复数如：Onehundredcentsmakeadollar.Morethantwentyyearshavepassedsincetheygotmarried.⒊算数中的谓语动词一般用单数形式，有时也用复数如：Fivetimeseightis/arefortyFourandeightmakes/maketwelveSixtyminussevenleavesfifty-threeForty-eightdividedbysixiseight⒋复合不定代词作主语时谓语动词用单数如：Everyonesomethinganybodynowhere.Everyoneintheclasswassurprisedatthenews.Listen!Someoneisknockingatthedoor.Isanyonegoingtotellhimthenews?⒌eachoneof…，everyoneof…，anyoneof…，oneof…等作主语时谓语用单数如：Eachofthegirlinourclasshasabalioon.我们班每个女孩都有一个气球Eachofthestudentswasaskedtospeakforthreeminutes.Everyoneofthemisfamiliartome.截对他们都很熟悉⒍each,every作形容词修饰主语时谓语动词用单数，但是each作复数主语的同位语时谓语用复数如：Each/Everyboyinourclasshasaskateboard.副滑板Theyeachhaveastateboard.Each/EverystudenthasanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.ThestudentseachhaveanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.⒎noneof+不可数名词，谓语用单数；noneof,neitherof+可数名词复数/复数代词，谓语动词单复数皆可。eitherof/Noneofthatmoneyinthedeskishis.（不数名词）Noneofhisclassmatesknowsthetruth.=Noneofhisclassmatesknowthetruth.Neitherofthestatementsistrue=Neitherofthestatementsareture.两种说法没有一个真实。如：Eitherofthequalificationsisacceptable=Eitherofthequalificationsareacceptable.⒏neither与either做形容词修饰单数名词时谓语动词用单数如：Eitherqualificationisacceptable.两种资格中的任何一种都可以接受Neitherqualificationisacceptable.⒐分数百分数+of+名词，someof,plentyof,alotof,lotsof,mostof,therestof,all（of）,half（of）谓语常与of后面的名词一致；分数百分数+of+复数名词/复数代词，谓语动词用复数；分数/百分数+of+单数名词/单数代词，谓语动词用单数如：Twothirdsofthestudentssupporttheplan.（复数名词）Onetenthofthemaresufferingfromthiskindofillness.（复数代词）Threefourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.（单数名词）EightypercentoftheemployeesinthecompanyarefromBejing.（百分数数复数名词）Thirtypercentofitsareaisfloodedeachyear.（百分数单数名词）Therestofthemoneybelongstoyou.Therestofthestudentsspeakforit.Halfoftheappleisrotten.Halfoftheapplesarerotten.⒑“morethanone单数名词”结构作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但它的谓语动词用单数形式;“more+复数名词+thanone”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。r如：Morethanonepersonhasknownthenews.不止一个人知道了这个消息。Morestudentsthanoneareforyourproposal.很多学生同意你的计划。⒒anumberof+复数名词谓语用复数（许多的）；Thenumberof名词谓语动词用单数（…的数量）如：AnumberoftreesaregreeninApril.AgreatnumberoftouristshavebeentotheGreatWall.Alargenumberofworkerwereoutofworkbecausethefactorywasdestroyedinflood.Thenumberofstudentsinthecomputerclassislimitedtoten.Thenunberofworkerswhowereoutofworkwas1,000.⒓there/here...引导句子时就近原则如：Therearesomechairsandatableintheroom。Thereisatableandsomechairsintheroom。Herearesomegiftsforyou。Hereisabook,apenandsomepaperforyou.⒔当主语后接修饰语时With,alongwith,togetherwith,but,besides,except,like,including,inadditionto,aswellas,ratherthan,谓语动词与前面的主语保持一致如：Alibrarywithfivethousandbooksisofferedtothenationasagift.被作为礼物送给了这个国家。Theteacher,alongwithherstudents,isgoingtoattend