从句与反义疑问句

从句主语从句A主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：A*Itisafact\apity\aquestion\goodnewsthat...A*Itseems\appears\happened\hasturnedoutthat...*Itisclear\important\likely\possiblethat...A*Itissaid\reported\estimated\hasbeenprovedthat...Itissaidthatcomicbookscreateaconnectionbetweenpeopleofthesamegeneration.AItseemsthattheperformanceisveryuseful.Awhat引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。Whatwelackisexperience.AAwhat,who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。AHowtheplanistobecarriedoutshouldbediscussedagain.AIdidknowwhyIfeltlikecrying.A宾语从句宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。inthat(因为),exceptthat(除了),butthat(只是)已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。A*IpromisedthatIwouldchangethesituation.A*AllthisisdifferentfromwhatAmericanyoungpeoplewouldsayaboutfriendship.A*Heiscertainthatwatchingsomuchtelevisionisnotgoodforchildren.A*Thisarticleiswell-writtenexceptthatitisabittoolong.A宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。AHehasmadeitclearthathewouldnotchangehismind.AA在think,believe,suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。AHedidn'tthinkthatthemoneywaswellspent.表语从句A表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how等引导外，还可由because,asif(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.APerhapsthemostimportantthingtorememberisthatthereisnoonecommontypeoflifeinAmerica.AAThereasonwhysomanypeoplediedthereisthattherewerenotenoughfoodsupplies.AItlooksasifsuccessfulinternationalculturalcommunicationwillmaketheworldsmaller.AA同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。AAShefinallymadethedecisionthatshewouldjointhefashionshow.AAIhadnoideahowmanybooksIcouldborrowatatime.AAThenewscamethattheirteamhadwonthechampionship.A定语从句A定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。AA*限制性定语从句A限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于ofwhich；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。ThecomputersandcableswhichmakeuptheInternetareownedbypeopleandorganizations.Thosewholivealoneorwhoaresickmayhavetroubleingettingclosetootherpeople.AThegirlwhoseparentsdiedinanaccidentislivingwithhergrandmother.AA1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。ThatisallthatI'veheardfromhim.He'sthefirstpersonthatI'mgoingtointerviewthisafternoon.2)关系代词的省略A在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略AThisisoneofthosethingswithwhichwehavetoputup.AAThisisoneofthosethings(which\that)wehavetoputupwith.AA引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。AEvenincomicbookswhere(=inwhich)therearenowords,thestoriesarefullyexpressedthroughthedrawings.Nooneknowsthereasonwhy(=forwhich)hewassoangrythatday.AA*非限制性定语从句A非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。Everyobjecthasagravitationalpull,whichisratherlikemagnetism.*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句A"介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。AAThisisthecomputeronwhichhespentallhissavingsAAItiswrittenbyapersonwithwhomweareallfamiliar.AA*as引导的定语从句Aas引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“thesame...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。AAThesearenotsuchproblemsascanbeeasilysolved.(as代替先行词problems)AAsismentionedabove,nosinglecompanyorgroupcancontrolwhathappensontheInternet.(as代替主语)A状语从句AA*时间状语从句A引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：Awhen,whenever,while,as,after,before,since,till,until,once等。AWehavelearntquitealotaboutitsincewecamehere.assoonas,hardly(scarcely)...when,nosooner...than,each(every)time,themoment,immediately(that)等oAAssoonasIsentane-mailmessage,Ireceivedpositiveresponses.AThemomentheheardthegoodnews,hejumpedwithjoy.AA*地点状语从句A引导地点状语从句的连词是where,wherever.AWherevershewent,shetookherlittledaughterwithher.AA*原因、结果和目的状语从句A1)引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because,as,since,now(that),seeingthat,consideringthat,inthat等。AConsideringthatheisafreshman,wemustsayheisdoingwell.A2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that,such...that,sothat,that,so等。AMickeyMouseissoattractivethatthechildrenarereluctanttoleave.A3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat,lest等，从句常使用may,might,can,could,would等情态动词。Wegotupearlythismorningsothatwecouldcatchthefirstbustotherailwaystation.AA*条件和让步状语从句A1)引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so)longas,onconditionthat,incase,provided(providing)that,supposing等.AAslongasyouhavetherightequipment,youcanuseatelephonelinetotransmitcomputerdata.A2)弓I导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though,although,whether,eventhough,evenif,nomatterwhat(when,how...),whatever(whenever,wherever,however....)等。though,evenif等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词)+as+主语+谓语”。ANomatterwhatyoumaysay,Iwouldnotchangemymind.AYoungasheis,heisquiteexperiencedinthiswork.(=thoughheisyoung)AChildasheis,hecanspeakEnglishfluently.(=thoughheisachild)AA*方式状语从句A引导方式状语从句的连词有as,justas,asif,asthough等。asif,asthough引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。Theyoungmanmadetheexperimentjustastheteacherhadtaughthim.AEverythingwentonasusualasifnothinghadhappened.反意疑问句归纳：1)反意疑问句由两部分组成：前一部分陈述，后一部分提问。2)如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分就用否定形式；如果前一部分用否定，后，部分就用肯定形式。即：前肯后否，前否后肯。3)如果前句的谓语是行为动词，则反意疑问部分需借助助词do,don’tdosedoesn’t或did(didn’t)，需使用哪一个，视乎时态、人称而定。一些特殊的反意疑问句：陈述部分的主语是I'm...句型时，疑问部分要用aren'tIo如：I'manEnglishteacher,aren'tI?我是一名英语老师，不是吗？陈述部分是感叹句时，疑问部分用be+主语。如：Whatbeautifulhats,aren'tthey?多么漂亮的帽子，不是吗？陈述部分是省去主语的祈使句时，疑问部分用willyou。如：Don'tbelatenexttime,willyou?下次不要迟到了，好吗？Comehere,willyou/won'tyou?到这儿来，好吗？注意：Let's开头的祈使句，疑问部分用shallwe，Letus开头的祈使句，疑问部分用willyou。如：Let'sstartwiththesong,shallwe?咱们以这首歌开始，好吗？Letushelpyou,willyou?让我帮助你，好吗？陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may+主语。如:IwishtogotoBeijing,mayI?我希望去北京，好吗？陈述部分用no,nothing,nobody,never,few,seldom,hardly,rarely,little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。如：Theynevergothere,dothey?他们从不去那儿，是吗？含有oughtto的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't/oughtn't+主语。如：Heoughttoknowwhattodo,oughtn'the?/shouldn'the?他应该知道该做什么，对吗？陈述部分有haveto+v.(hadto+v.)，疑问部分常用don't+主语(didn't+主语)。如：Wehavetosleephere,don'twe?我们必须睡在这儿，对吧？must在表"推测”时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。如：HemustbeTom,isn'the?他一定是汤姆，不是吗？Itmustbegoingtoraintomorrow,won'tit?明天肯定要下雨，是吗？陈述部分的谓语是usedto时，疑问部分用didn't+主语或usen't+主语。如：Heusedtobeabadboy,didn'the?/usen'the?他过去是个坏男孩，是吧？陈述部分有hadbetter+v.，疑问句部分用hadn'tyou。如：You'dbettergotherenow,hadn'tyou?你最好现在去那儿，好吗？陈述部分有wouldrather+v.，疑问部分多用wouldn't+主语。如：Hewouldratherreadittentimesthanreciteit,wouldn'the?他宁可读十遍也不愿意背诵，是吗？陈述部分有You'dliketo+v.，疑问部分用wouldn't+主语。如：You'dliketogotobedearlier,wouldn'tyou?你想早点儿睡觉，对吗？陈述部分有must，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。如：Hemustbeadoctor,isn'the?他肯定是医生，是吗？YoumusthavestudiedEnglishforfouryears,haven'tyou?/didn'tyou?你一定学了四年英语，对吗？Hemusthavefinishedityesterday,didn'the?他肯定是在昨天完成任务的，是吗？陈述部分由neither...nor,either...or连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。如：NeitheryounorIamateacher,arewe?你不是老师，我也不是，对吗？陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything,that,nothing,this,疑问部分主语用it。如：Everythingisready,isn'tit?一切就绪，是吗？陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：并列复合句的疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。如：Mr.SmithhadbeentoShanghaiforseveraltimes,heshouldhavebeeninChinanow,shouldn'the?史密斯先生曾几次去过上海，按理说他现在应该在中国，是吗？带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。如：HesaidhewantedtovisitUrumchi,didn'the?他说他想去乌鲁木齐看看