医学心理学sensation-and-perception-课件

Perception&SensationArwenFlynnJonChapmanPerception&SensationArwenFl1SensationSensation:ProcessbywhichourBrainreceivesstimulifromtheoutsideenvironment.SensationSensation:Processby2PerceptionPerception:Theprocesswherebythemindinterpretsoutsidestimuli,andconstructsamentalparadigm.PerceptionPerception:Theproc3SensationSensationcanbeexperiencedinmanydifferentmanners.Sight,Sound,Smell,Taste,andTouch.ThesearereferredasVisual,Auditory,Olfactory,Gustatory,andTactile.SensationSensationcanbeexpe4AuditorySoundwavestravelthroughtheair,andmakecontactwiththeeardrum.Vibratingtheeardrum,thevibrationsareinterpretedintosensationsthatthemindcanunderstand.AuditorySoundwavestravelthr5OlfactoryTheexactnatureoftheolfactionsystemisamystery,howeverthebasicsincludeodormoleculescomingintocontactwithreceptorslocatedintheuppernasalcavity,thestimuliisthensenttothebrainwhereitisprocessed.OlfactoryTheexactnatureoft6GustatoryFourBasicsensationsareencompassedwithintaste.TheseareSweet,Sour,Salty,andBitter.Eachtastebudcontainsaporewhichcatchesfoodchemicals.Ittakes1/10ofasecondtoregisterthetaste.GustatoryFourBasicsensations7TactileTheepidermiswhichregisterstouch,isthelargestorganofthebody.ThefourmaintypesofTactilesensationare:PressureWarmthColdPainTactileTheepidermiswhichreg8Therearefourdistinctstagesintheoverallbiologicalprocessofsight.SignalgenerationSignalmanipulation(intheretina)SignalprojectionSignalManipulation,andperception(inthecortex)VisualTherearefourdistinctstages9VisualprocessLightenterstheeye,andpassesthroughthecornea.Itthencomesincontactwiththeretina,whichdoestheactuallightsensingintheeye.TherearetwotypesofcellswithintheeyeRods-primarilyconcernedwithgenerallightgathering,andvisioninlowlightconditions.Cones-handlecolorvisionanddetails.Whenlightstrikesthesespecializedcellsthereisaseriesofchemicalreactionsthattakeplace,andultimately,thelightisconvertedintoelectricalimpulses.Generally,theoutersegmentofrodsarelongandthin,whereastheoutersegmentofconesaretotheirnamesake.VisualprocessLightentersthe10医学心理学sensation-and-perception-课件11医学心理学sensation-and-perception-课件12VisualVisualsensationisconsideredtobethemostvitalforeverydayfunctionofallthesenses.Morethan50%ofthecerebralcortexisdevotedtovisualprocessing.VisualVisualsensationiscons13VisualPerceptionMorethanjustsensation,visualperceptionisderivingmeaningfromthesensation.HomoSignificans-meaningmakers.Intoeachexperiencewebringwithussomethingcalledaperceptualset.Thisisbasicallyyourownpreferredinterpretation.

VisualPerceptionMorethanjus14Perceptionlinkedwithsensation.Thetwoareirrevocablylinked.Perceptionlinkedwithsensati15VisualtricksYourmindwilltrytomakesenseofthisimage,bygroupingtheboxesintorows,columnsorgroups–allinanattempttomakepatternsfromthisimage.VisualtricksYourmindwilltr16Whichavocadohasthepitstillinit?Thatmightjustalldependonyourperspective….Whichavocadohasthepitstil17YoungLady

Evengiventhesamesensation,thebraincanshifttheparadigmtomeansomethingelse.OrOldLady?YoungLadyEvengiventhesa18Whichdidyouseefirst,thehareortheduck?Thedonkey,ortheseal?Whichdidyouseefirst,Thedo19CluestoperceptionHowvisualperceptionoperates:DistanceSizeMotionRelationshiptoenvironmentCluestoperceptionHowvisual20AmesRoomAmesRoom21Theillusionofa9fttallgirlisacarefullyconstructedone,butitplaysonseveralsimplestricks.LackofstereoscopicviewLackofdistancecues,theroomisn’tcubicasitappears,butrathertrapezoidal.Theillusionofa9fttallgi22ExplanationoftheAmesRoomExplanationoftheAmesRoom23Shaperecognition:BasicformusedtoidentifyobjectsSimplelinedrawingscanbeusedtocommunicateessentialaspectsofobjectsorscenes.SuchasthecavepaintingsofLauscaux.Writtenwordsarecomposedofletterswhicharesimplyuniqueconfigurationsoflinesandangles,thereforereadingissimplyshape-processing.Shaperecognition:24PatternRecognition:CrucialtoidentifyinglandmarksMovingthroughabuilding ReadingabookInanygivenfieldexpertsareidentifiedbytheirabilitytorecognizemultiplepatternsatonceandrespondappropriately.PatternRecognition:25

AoccdrnigtorscheearchatCmabrigdeUinervtisy,itdeosn'tmttaerinwahtoredrtheltteersinawrodare,theolnyiprmoatnttihngistahtthefristandlsatltteerbeattherghitpclae.Thersetcanbeatotalmsesandyoucansitllraeditwouthitaporbelm.Tihsisbcuseaethehuamnmniddeostnoraederveylteterbyistlef,btuthewrodasawlohe.Aoccdrnigtorscheearchat26Therearestillareasofvisualperceptionthatarenotunderstood:Theactualprocessbywhichwetakeshapes,lines,contours,andapplythemtoobjects.HowthemindmovesfromidentifyingtheshapeofanobjecttotheobjectitselfWhatpartaperson’spastknowledge,experiences,expectations,motivesandgoals,influencetheirperception.Therearestillareasofvisua27InfluencesonPerceptionTherehavebeenmanystudiestodeterminetheinfluencesonperceptionNeeds,i.e.hungerandtheambiguouslines.Mood,i.e.hypnosisexperimentwithpictures.Values,thefootballexample