高考英语一轮复习基础过关练习专题15阅读理解之细节理解题与推理判断题 (含解析)

专题15阅读理解之细节理解题与推理判断题解题技巧一．学细节理解题解题技巧细节理解题题型特点(一)细节理解题常见设问方式1．特殊疑问句形式。以when,where,what,which,who,howmuch/many等疑问词引出的问题。2．判断是非形式。含有TRUE/FALSE,NOTtrue或EXCEPT等的判断是非的问题。此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如not,never等。3．以“Accordingto...”开头的提问形式。4．填空形式。如Thebiggestchallengeformostmothersisfrom________.(二)细节理解题正确选项特征同义替换指对原文句子中的关键词进行同义替换。如把loseone'sjob换成了beoutofwork。有些细节理解题把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，如把important变换成ofimportance；改变原文中句子的语态，如主动语态与被动语态的转换。信息归纳用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，设置为正确答案。正话反说把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。原文原词利用原文原词作为正确选项。(三)细节理解题干扰选项特征张冠李戴是原文信息，但不是题目要求的内容。无中生有符合常识，但不是文章的内容。曲解文意与原文的内容极其相似，只是在某个细节处有些变动。颠倒是非在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反。正误参半部分正确，部分错误。直接信息题考生可以采取“关键词定位法”，即“带着问题找答案”的方法，通过定位找题眼。先从题干中提取关键性词语(题眼)，然后以此为线索，运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此关键词相关的段落、语句，快速定位该题与哪一段哪一句有关，然后仔细推敲，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定答案。解题流程如下：第一步：依据题干信息，择定位关键词细节理解直接信息题一般是对文章局部内容的考查,且题目相对简单,所以,不必通篇细读全文,可先通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。关键词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词,即问题的核心信息第二步：依据关键词,回原文定位信息进行比对确定了定位关键词后,运用略读及寻读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与题于有关的关键词,回到原文进行信息定位,然后将选项内容与原文信息比对,得出正确答案。例子1…（2021全国乙卷·A）TheBiggestStadiumsintheWorldPeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Inaround8A.Q.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld'sbestknownstadiumarecontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.Thesedays,safetyregulations-nottomentionthemodernsportsfan’sdesireforagoodviewandacomfortableseat-tendtokeepstadiumcapacities（容量）slightlylower.Evensoccerfanstendtohaveaseateach;gonearethedaysofthousandsstandingtowatchthematch.Forthebiggeststadiumsintheworld,wehaveuseddatasuppliedbytheWorldAtlaslistsofar,whichranksthembytheirstatedpermanentcapacity,aswellasupdatedinformationfromofficialstadiumwebsites.Allthesestadiumsarestillfunctional,stillopenandstillhostingthebiggesteventsinworldsport.•Rungrado1stofMayStadium,Pyongyang,D.P.R-Korea.Capacity.150,000.Opened.May1,1989.•MichiganStadium,AnnArbor,Michigan,U.S.Capacity:107,601.Opened.October1,1927.•BeaverStadium,StateCollege,Pennsylvania,U.S.Capacity:106,572.Opened:September17,1960.•OhioStadium,Columbus,Ohio,U.S.Capacity:104,944.Opened:October7,1922.•KyleField,CollegeStation,Texas,U.S.Capacity:102,512.Opened:September24,1927.21.HowmanypeoplecouldtheCircusMaximushold?A.104,944. B.107,601. C.About150,000. D.About250,000.22.Ofthefollowingstadiums,whichistheoldest?A.MichiganStadium.B.BeaverStadium.C.OhioStadium.D.KyleField.[解题示范]第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：CircusMaximus，hold锁信息定位：用CircusMaximus，hold寻读，在文中找到信息源——However,thatwassmallfrycomparedwiththecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people.第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思定位A104,944。曲解文意B107,601。曲解文意C大约About150,000。D大约250,000。原词再现[分析]选D比对选项和信息句可知，根据第一段最后一句信息“……thecity’sCircusMaximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people”可知CircusMaximus最多容纳250,000人。选项和原文中均出现250,000，故为直接细节理解题。故选D。间接信息题相比直接信息题，命题的隐蔽性更强，正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。此类题目需要考生将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，有时还需要进一步的加工或整理。例子2…Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.…24．Whatdoestheauthorseemtolikeaboutcherries?A．Theycontainprotein.B．TheyarehighinvitaminA.C．Theyhaveapleasanttaste.D．Theyarerichinantioxidants.[解题示范]第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：cherries锁信息定位：用cherries寻读，在文中找到信息源——Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思定位A它们含有蛋白质。张冠李戴B它们富含维生素A。张冠李戴C它们口感好。同义替换D它们含有丰富的抗氧化物质。张冠李戴[分析]选C根据该段最后一句“Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC．”可知，原文中的theyaresodelicious被替换成选项中的Theyhaveapleasanttaste，为间接细节理解题。故选C。概括、归纳信息题是指命题人用精炼的语言来概括原文中比较分散或复杂的信息，这是命题人设计细节理解题的正确选项时经常使用的手段之一。考生首先应依据题干指向，找到文中相应的信息区间，然后尝试用自己的语言去归纳总结文中的信息或事实，然后再看选项，挑选出和自己所归纳总结的信息最接近的选项作为正确答案。例子3…Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.…30．Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A．About6,800. B．About3,400.C．About2,400. D．About1,200.[解题示范]第一步：定信息区间抓关键题干中的关键词：6,000锁信息定位：用6,000寻读，在文中找到信息源——Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.第二步：比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位A大约6800种。6800为现在世界现存语言数量。张冠李戴B大约3400种。世界语言总量的一半即为3400。信息归纳C大约2400种。2400为非洲语言数量。张冠李戴D大约1200种。数字1200在原文中没有出现，也无法做出有效归纳。无中生有[分析]选B根据本段第一句“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.”可知，目前世界上有大约6800种语言；再根据最后一句“Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworld'slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.”可知，目前世界上一半的语言的使用人数少于6000，也就是说有大约3400种语言的使用人数少于6000。根据以上数据的归纳概括可知B项为正确选项。正误判断题是细节理解题中解题比较繁琐的题目，说其繁琐，因为其信息不像其他类题目那样集中在文章的某一句或某一段，而是分散在文章的各个角落。对于这类题目，考生要静下心来，看清范围，确定方向，找到每一个选项的对应信息后，谨慎排除，综合选优。例子4FoodfestivalsaroundtheworldStiltonCheeseRollingMayDayisatraditionaldayforcelebrations,butthe2,000EnglishvillagersofStiltonmustbetheonlypeopleintheworldwhoincludecheeserollingintheirannualplans.Teamsoffour,dressedinavarietyofstrangeandfunnyclothes,rollacompletecheesealonga50­metrecourse.Ontheway,theymustnotkickorthrowtheircheese,orgointotheircompetitors'lane(赛道)．CompetitionisfierceandthechiefprizeisacompleteStiltoncheeseweighingaboutfourkilos(disappointingly,butunderstandablythecheesesusedintheracearewoodenones).Allthecompetitorsareservedwithbeerorportwine,thetraditionalaccompanimentforStiltoncheese.FieryFoodsFestival—TheHottestFestivalonEarthEveryyearmorethan10,000peopleheadforthecityofAlbuquerque,NewMexico.TheycomefromasfarawayasAustralia,theCaribbeanandChina,buttheyallshareacommonaddiction—foodthatisnotjustspicy(辛辣),buthotenoughtomakeyourmouthburn,yourheadspinandyoureyeswater.TheirdestinationistheFieryFoodandBBQFestivalwhichisheldoveraperiodofthreedayseveryMarch.Youmightliketotryachocolate­coveredhabaneropepper—officiallythehottestpepperintheworld—oranyoneofthethousandsofproductsthatareonshow.Butonething'sforsure—ifyoudon'tlikethefeelingofaburningtongue,thisfestivalisn'tforyou!LaTomatina—TheWorld'sBiggestFoodFightOnthelastWednesdayofeveryAugust,theSpanishtownofBuñolhostsLaTomatina—theworld'slargestfoodfight.Aweek­longcelebrationleadsuptoanexcitingtomatobattleasthehighlightoftheweek'sevents.Theearlymorningseesthearrivaloflargetruckswithtomatoes—officialfight­startersgetthingsgoingbycastingtomatoesatthecrowd.…59．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．ThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetitionisbeerorportwine.B．Morethan10,000ChinesetakepartintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.C．ThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshowintheFieryFoodandBBQFestival.D．AnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginningofLaTomatina.[解题示范]第一步：定信息区间选项选项关键词信息区间AThechiefprizefortheStiltoncheeserollingcompetition第一段第四句BMorethan10,000Chinese第二段第一、二句CThousandsofspicyfoodsareonshow第二段倒数第二句DAnexcitingtomatobattletakesplaceatthebeginning第三段第二句第二步：逐一比对定答案选项选项意思原文意思定位AStilton滚动奶酪比赛的主要奖品是啤酒或波尔图葡萄酒。奖品是acompleteStiltoncheese。张冠李戴B一万多名中国人参加FieryFoodandBBQFestival。参加者来自世界各地。曲解文意C在FieryFoodandBBQFestival上，成千上万种辛辣食物被展出。展出了成千上万种食物。同义替换D在LaTomatina节日的开始，会举行一场激动人心的“西红柿大战”。“西红柿大战”发生在节日结尾，而不是节日的开始。曲解文意[答案]C二、学推理判断题解题技巧推理判断3题型(一)细节推理判断题细节推理判断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能作出准确的推断。注意题干中常用的六个动词：infer(推断),indicate(象征，暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),conclude(得出结论)和assume(假定，设想)。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat________.Comparedwithothersimilarproducts,thenewdesign________.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat________.Thewriter/authorindicates/suggests/impliesthat________.(二)观点、态度推理判断题1．文章的观点或结论推理判断题此类试题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全文观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测文中某一观点，仍离不开对全文中心思想的把握，因为它们在语义上是紧密相连的，次要的观点是支撑说明全文主要论点的。所以了解全文的主要观点或中心思想对正确解答此类试题至关重要。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Whatistheauthor’sopinionon...?·Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...?·Fromthepassagewecanconcludethat________.2．作者态度、语气推理判断题此类试题往往通过作者在文章里的措词、感情色彩表现出来，并常常用一些词汇进行表述。如：褒义词useful,interesting,admiring,positive等；贬义词disappointed,critical,negative等；中性词indifferent,humorous,neutral等。因此考生必须透过字里行间察其端倪，以此作为前提进行推理。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：·Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomebody/somethingis________.·Theauthor’sattitudetowards...canbebestdescribedas________.·Thetoneofthispassageisbestdescribedas________.(三)写作意图推理判断题写作意图推理判断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这类题型不但要求考生能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：Themainpurposeofthistextis________.What’stheauthor’spurposeinwritingthisarticle?Itcanbeconcludedthatthepassageismainlywrittenfor________.Theauthorwritesthispassageto________.Theauthorinthispassageintendsto________.典例1Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices(装置)wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.…32．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofnewdevices?A．Theyareenvironment­friendly.B．Theyarenobetterthantheold.C．Theycostmoretouseathome.D．Theygooutofstylequickly.[解题示范]题干信息Whatdoestheauthorthinkof：作者态度newdevices：新设备文体特点科技说明文：一项研究新旧设备耗能的报告。原文查找That'sbadnewsfortheenvironment—andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythantheneweronesthatdothesamethings.信息整合①做同样的事情旧设备耗能高(consumemuchmoreenergy)②旧设备不利于环境保护(badnewsfortheenvironment)③旧设备更浪费钱财(ourwallets)信息推断上面旧设备的缺点是在和新设备相比较(thanthenewerones)得出的结论，故新设备可以克服以上缺点。选项分析A．新设备是环保的(Theyareenvironment­friendly)；属于正确信息推断。B．新设备并不比旧设备好(Theyarenobetterthantheold)；属于“无中生有”型错误。C．新设备在家中使用的费用更高(Theycostmoretouseathome)；属于“无中生有”型错误。D．新设备很快就过时了(Theygooutofstylequickly)；属于“曲解文意”型错误。得出结论由以上信息分析可知，A项正确。深层推断5注意(1)严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推断，切忌掺杂自己的经验、态度、观点或爱好去理解文章的内涵。(2)有些选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，而非推断出来的结论。(3)注意文中的虚拟语气和情态动词，这些往往能流露出作者的弦外之音。(4)有时作者只是客观地叙述事实，并未做评论，考生阅读时如果主观地进行推断就容易出错。如文中提到一样东西贵，并不意味着就买不起。(5)某些细节看似在原文中出现过，但与原文不符，或断章取义，或因果倒置等。典例2We'veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.…32．Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A．Addictiontosmartphones.B．Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C．Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D．Impatiencewithslowservice.[解题示范]细研题干定题型由题干可知本题是对文章局部(第一段)进行深层理解的考查。细读语段明大意地点公共场合：①电梯中；②在银行排队中；③飞机上人物①专注地盯着自己的手机；②苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中甄别选项定答案细研干扰项A项为原文中的事实，不是推断出的内容。B项，文中提及的这些行为是否“合适”原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。D项在原文中没有提及，属于“无中生有”型错误。断定答案该段提到在公共场合中，周围都是人的情况下，人们只是专注地盯着自己的手机，或者苦苦挣扎于令人不自在的沉默中，从中可以推断出文章首段描述了陌生人之间缺少交流的现象。故选择C项。此题型常常是考查作者对某个事件的态度和想法，这种题型一定要关注作者叙述时的口吻。①有时作者描述自己某种并不愉快但又搞笑的经历来娱乐读者，是一种自嘲；②有时作者以貌似调侃的口吻描述对某种社会现象进行抨击；③有时作者描述某个或几个事件表达自己的情感，可能是不满、讽刺或感激等。这种题型，解题的关键都是要把握文章主旨，正确选项一定是与文章主旨紧密相关的。典例3[1]ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstonefruitsareinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia'sfieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.[2]Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,becauseoftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白质),ironandzinc(notthatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighinantioxidants(抗氧化物质).TheyellowandorangestonefruitssuchaspeachesarehighinthecarotenoidsweturnintovitaminAandwhichareantioxidants.Asforcherries(樱桃),theyaresodeliciouswhocares?However,theyarerichinvitaminC.[3]Whencombinedwithberriesorslicesofotherfruits,frozenbananasmakeanexcellentbaseforthick,coolingfruitshakesandlowfat“icecream”.Forthispurpose,selectripebananasforfreezingastheyaremuchsweeter.Removetheskinandplacetheminplasticbagsorcontainersandfreeze.Ifyoulike,asqueezeoffreshlemonjuiceonthebananaswillpreventthemturningbrown.Frozenbananaswilllastseveralweeks,dependingontheirripenessandthetemperatureofthefreezer.[4]Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft­serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.27．Fromwhichisthetextprobablytaken?A．Abiologytextbook. B．Ahealthmagazine.C．Aresearchpaper. D．Atravelbrochure.[解题示范]细研题干定题型文章出处题。文章内容本文介绍了丰收的七月给我们带来的多种浆果和核果，并告诉我们这些果实富含的营养成分和可以制作成各种美食。文章语气第一段介绍了七月是水果丰富的季节；第二段介绍了各种莓类所含的营养成分；第三、四段介绍各种水果搭配的食用方法。在这一过程中作者使用了客观的语气，通俗易懂的方法，形象地说明了水果搭配的技巧。确定答案本文是向大众介绍饮食方法，跟健康有关，应该出自健康杂志。所以B项正确。典例4[1]IbeganreadingwordswhenIwaseightmonthsold.BythetimeIwastwo,IhadreadCharlotte'sWeb.Myparentsthoughtitwasodd,butbecauseIdidn'thaveanysiblingsforthemtocomparemewith,theydidn'trealizejusthowodd.[2]Atpre­schoolinNorthport,NewYork,Iquicklyovertookeveryone.Atseven,Iwasgoingintohighschoolformyclassesbutstilldoingallmysocialactivitieswithkidsmyage.ButwhenIwasnine,thepublicschooladministrationsaidthatIhadtogotohighschoolfull­timewith16­year­olds.Ididn'twantto,becausesomekidstherewerealwaysteasingme.Itwasprettyhorriblewhentheycalledmeaknow­it­allandtriedtograbmyhomework.[3]Myparentstriedtofindmeanotherschoolbut,intheend,becauseIwassoadvanced,theonlyplacethatwasonthesamelevelasmewasStateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook.[4]TheadmissionspeoplesaidthatifIthoughtIcouldmanageIcouldhaveaplace,aslongasmymotheraccompaniedmetoclasses.[5]So,aged10,Istartedanundergraduatedegreeinappliedmathematics.Iwasfrightenedonmyfirstday,butIwasalsoexcitedthatIwasgoingtoattendmyfirstrealphysicsclass.Mostoftheteacherswerenicebutoneortwodidn'tlikeme.OneprofessorsaidthatjustbecauseIdidaswellastheothermalestudents,itdidn'tmeanIwasasgoodasthem.ButthestudentsweresupportiveandmyparentsalwaysmadesurethatIhadagroupoffriendsofmyownage;theydidn'twantmetobeasocialmisfit.[6]Igraduatedsummacumlaude(withthehighesthonor)whenIwas14—theyoungeststudentevertodosointheUS.[7]Iwasaperfectionist;Idon'tthinkIwouldhavesettledforlessthanthat.IwentontoDrexelUniversityand,at17,IwasawardedaMaster'sandcontinuedtostudyforaPhD.[8]But_that_was_when_I_grew_disillusioned_with_the_science_world.Isawbadconductandrealisedthatsomeprofessorsweren'tmotivatedbyaloveofscience.IfelloutwiththeadviserwhowassupervisingmyPhD.IchargedDrexelUniversityinacivillawsuitandthecasehasnowgoneintoprivate,bindingarbitration(仲裁)．[9]Ibelievemyadviserappliedforgrantsandpatentsusingmyideas,andtookcreditforthem.Hedeniesthisandhasaccusedmeofstealinghiswork.Eventhoughtheuniversityhasclearedmeofplagiarism(剽窃)ithasstillrefusedtoawardmemyPhD.[10]AtthetimeIwasfullyexpectingtoreceivemyPhD,IappliedforapostteachingadvancedtechnologyfusionatKonkukUniversityinSeoul.WhenIwasappointed,Iwasjustunder19,soImadeitintoGuinnessWorldRecords.[11]InSouthKorea,Iwastreatedasaminorcelebrity.PeoplestaredatmewhereverIwentoncampus,andIwasaskedtogiveinspirationaltalkstoteenagers.ButIdidn'trenewmycontract:I'dhadagreatyear,butIwantedtocomehome.[12]Istilldon'thavemyPhDandIamangryanddisappointedaboutthat.Iworkedsohardallmylifeandmyresearchendedupgoingnowhere.[13]There'salwayshope,buttheexperienceatDrexelhasderailedme.Ifauniversitygavemeaplacetocompletemystudies,Iwouldtakeit.ButIamsomeonewhoissuingherformeruniversity,soalotofcollegesareafraidtotouchme.[14]Fornow,I'menrolledinlawschoolandtrainingtobealawyer.IwanttocombinelegalandscienceknowledgesothatIcanprotectpeople'sresearchrights.[15]It'sstrangebeingbackatschool:I'm21yearsoldandforthefirsttimeinmylife,I'mthesameageastheotherstudents.1．Theunderlinedsentence“ButthatwaswhenIgrewdisillusionedwiththescienceworld.”suggeststhattheauthor________.A．feltdisappointedwithwhatsomescientistsdoB．grewoldenoughtobeascientistC．wastreatedasarealscientistD．becamemotivatedbyaloveofscience[解题示范]细研题干定题型由题干可知，该题属于第一种题型，类似词义猜测题。通读全文定基调细读出处推答案读画线部分的上下文，尤其是下文中“Isawbadconduct...bindingarbitration(仲裁)．”提到她发现学校里不好的做法，意识到有些教授不是出于对科学的热爱，所以感到失望，故选A项。2．Howdoesthewriterfeelwhenshewaswritingthispassage?A．Proudandfrustrated.B．Excitedandangry.C．Calmandsatisfied.D．Excitedanddisappointed.[解题示范]细研题干定题型由题干可知，该题属于第二种题型，需要通过作者的描述和措词来推断作者态度。关注细节1.关注几个年龄段2.关注第六段“highest”和“youngest”→再次凸显自豪之情3.关注第八段中作者的挫折→开始失望4.关注第十二段中作者因未拿到博士学位而“angry”和“disappointed”→遭遇不顺利5.关注第十五段用词，“21岁”又和“同龄人”一起学法律→无奈→挫败感确定答案由以上可看出作者在字里行间对自己天赋的一种肯定和自豪，同时也有着一连串的挫折和无奈，故选A项。解题关键这类题目常以文章出处为命题方式，要求通过阅读文章内容来推断文章的写作背景。理解文章的写作目的、作者的措辞、语气和文章所涉及的具体内容等是这类题的解题关键。以环保类文章为例：(1)如果作者的目的是呼吁人们保护环境，措词比较主观，而语气以激励吸引为主，这样的文章往往会出现在报纸上，也许会是某个环保活动的广告；(2)如果是为了说明某个方面存在的问题，措辞比较严谨客观，语调较严肃，那么文章很可能出现在比较正式的媒体上，很可能出现在关于社会问题的版块上；(3)如果是为了告诉读者有关新发现，在文中提到了调查研究及其结果，则文章很可能出现在报纸或杂志的科学发现版块上。[注意]一定要关注文章的措词、语气和写作目的，仅关注文章大意是不够的。考点练透【真题再现】Passage01（2022年甲卷A篇）TheatresandEntertainmentStDavid’sHallStDavid’sHallistheawardwinningNationalConcertHallofWalesstandingattheveryheartofCardiff’sentertainmentcentre.Withanimpressive2,000-seatconcerthall,StDavid’sHallishometotheannualWelshPromsCardiff.Itpresentsliveentertainment,includingpop,rock,folk,jazz,musicals,dance,worldmusic,filmsandclassicalmusic.TheHayes,CardiffCF101AHwww.stdavidshallcardiff.co.ukTheGleeClubEveryweekendthisis“Wales”premiercomedyclubwherehavingagreattimeistheorderforbothaudiencesandcomedystarsalike.Itishardtonameacomedystarwhohasn’tbeenonthestagehere.Ifyouarelookingforthebestcomediesontourandbrilliantlivemusic,youshouldstarthere.MermaidQuay,CardiffBay,CardiffCF105BZwww.glee.co.uk/cardiffShermanCymruShermanCymru’stheatreintheCathaysareaofCardiffreopenedinFebruary2012.Thisspecialbuildingisaplaceinwhichtheatreismadeandwherechildren,artists,writersandanyoneelsehavetheopportunity(机会)todocreativethings.ShermanCymruisexcitedtopresentapackedprogrammeoftheverybesttheatre,dance,familyshowsandmusicfromWalesandtherestoftheworld.SenghennyddRoad,CardiffCF244YEwww.shermancymru.co.ukNewTheatreTheNewTheatrehasbeenthehomeofqualitydrama,musicals,danceandchildren’sshowsformorethan100years.PresentingthebestoftheWestEndalongwiththepickoftheUK’stouringshows,theNewTheatreisCardiff’soldestsurvivingtraditionaltheatre.Besuretopayavisitaspartofyourstayinthecity.ParkPlace,CardiffCF103LNwww.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk21.WhereistheWelshPromsCardiffhosted?A.AttheNewTheatre. B.AttheGleeClub.C.AtShermanCymru. D.AtStDavid’sHall.22.WhatcanpeopledoattheGleeClub?A.Watchmusicals. B.Enjoycomedies.C.Seefamilyshows. D.Docreativethings.23.WhichwebsitecanyouvisittolearnaboutCardiff’soldestsurvivingtheatre?A.www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk B.www.shermancymru.co.ukC.www.glee.co.uk/cardiff D.www.stdavidshallcardiff.co.uk【语篇导读】文章介绍了英国威尔士的首府加的夫市的四家剧院及其特色。【答案】D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章“StDavid’sHall”部分中的“StDavid’sHallishometotheannualWelshPromsCardiff(StDavid’sHall是Cardiff一年一度的WelshProms的举办地)”可知，Cardiff的WelshProms活动在StDavid’sHall举办。故选D。22.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章“TheGleeClub”部分中的“Ifyouarelookingforthebestcomediesontourandbrilliantlivemusic,youshouldstarthere(如果你正在寻找巡演中最好的喜剧和精彩的现场音乐，你应该从这里开始)”可知，人们可以在TheGleeClub享受喜剧。故选B。23.【答案】A【解析】细节理解题。根据文章“NewTheatre”部分中的“TheNewTheatrehasbeenthehomeofqualitydrama,musicians,danceandchildren’sshowsformorethan100years(100多年来，NewTheatre一直是优质戏剧、音乐家、舞蹈和儿童节目的发源地)”以及其下面的网站“www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk”可知，可以在www.newtheatrecardiff.co.uk网站找到Cardiff存在最久的剧院。故选A。Passage02（2022年甲卷B篇）Goffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(对称的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstepaccordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(线索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?A.Byfollowinginstructions. B.Byusingatool.C.Byturningtheboxaround. D.Byremovingthelid.25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?A.Usingakeytounlockadoor. B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole. D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.26.Whatdoesthefollow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?A.Howfartheyareabletosee. B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys. D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters【语篇导读】通过实验发现，澳大拉西亚地区戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉的形状识别能力相当于两岁的人类幼儿。24.【答案】B【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.(虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就能熟练地使用工具)”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect“keys”wouldletoutthenut.(研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。25.【答案】C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage(在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。26.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.(根据研究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。27.【答案】D【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.(科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters(凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。故选D。Passage03（2022年乙卷B篇）In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—DorothyWoodruffandRosamondUnderwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRockyMountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmithCollege.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothingDaunted:TheUnexpectedEducationofTwoSocietyGirlsintheWestbyDorothyWickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothyWoodruff'sgranddaughter.Whydidtheygothen?Well,theywantedtodosomethinguseful.Soon,however,theyrealizedwhattheyhadundertaken.Theymovedinwithalocalfamily,theHarrisons,and,likethem,hadlittleprivacy,rarebaths,andablanketofsnowontheirquiltwhentheywokeupinthemorning.Somemornings,RosamondandDorothywouldarriveattheschoolhousetofindthechildrenweepingfromthecold.Inspring,thesnowwasreplacedbymudoverice.InWickenden'sbook,sheexpandedonthehistoryoftheWestandalsoonfeminism,whichofcourseinfluencedthegirls'decisiontogotoElkhead.Ahair-raisingsectionconcernsthebuildingoftherailroads,whichentailed（牵涉）drillingthroughtheRockies,ofteninblindingsnowstorms.ThebookendswithRosamondandDorothy'sreturntoAuburn.Wickendenisaverygoodstoryteller.Thesweepofthelandandthestoicism（坚忍）ofthepeoplemovehertosomebeautifulwriting.HereisapictureofDorothyWoo