张汉熙高级英语rhetorical-devices-Unit-5-Speech-on-Hitler's-Invasion-of-the-U.S.S.R

Book1SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.RWinstonS.ChurchillLesson5Ⅱ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:ParallelismFeatures:acontinuedcomparisonoftwoormoresimilarobjects,showingthepointsofresemblanceandofdifferences;inequivalentpositions

Function:conciseinlanguage,balanceinstructure,forcefulintone,distinguishedinsignificance,addclarityandcoherencetowhatonewishestocommunicateⅡ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:ParallelismE.g.Withthisfaithwewillbeabletoworktogether,topraytogether,togotojailtogether,tostandupforfreedomtogether,knowingthatwewillbefreeoneday.Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway.

e.g.IseetheRussiansoldiersstanding…Iseethemguarding…IseethetenthousandvillagesofRussia…Iseeadvancingupon…Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmasses…IseetheGermanbombersandfighters…Iseethatsmallgroupofvillainous…Ⅱ.WritingDevices

Hehopes,nodoubt,thatallthismaybeaccomplishedbeforethewintercomes…Hehopesthathemayonceagainrepeat,uponagreaterscalethaneverbefore,thatprocessofdestroyinghisenemiesonebyone…(Para.12)Ⅱ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:ParallelismRhetoricalDevices:AlliterationItistheuseofsuccessionofwordswiththesameinitialletterorsound,suchas“proudasapeacock”and“blindasabat”.

Therepetitionofsoundusuallyoccursatthebeginningofthewords,butsometimesatthemiddleorendofthem.Itisameredeviceforimpressingthememoryorpleasingtheear.Alliterationisoftenusedinpoetrytogiveemphasistowordsthatarerelatedinmeaning.Ⅱ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:Alliteratione.g.Butthesedifficulties,thesedifferences,shouldnotdeterus.(RichardNixon)Allofthesearewrittentoshowushowwecansqueezeallwewanttodooutofday,thosetwenty-fourhourswhichcannotbestopped,storedorstretched.

Ⅱ.WritingDevicesDumbdogsaredangerous.Nexttohealth,heart,home,happinessformobileAmericansdependsupontheautomobile.NewJerseyisastoryofstruggle,successandsadness.RhetoricalDevices:Alliteratione.g.chopandchangemightandmainrackandruintimeandtidehaleandheartymudandmirerhymeorreasonwealandwoesinkorswim多变力量毁灭岁月健壮泥沼条理祸福沉浮Ⅱ.WritingDevicese.gIseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.HearthandhomeLetuslearnthelessons

Simile:acomparisonbetweentwounlikethingshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon;alwaysintroducedbytheword"like"or"as".Function:Increasingtheimpactofthelanguage.e.g.

Thewaterlaygreyandwrinkledlikeanelephant'sskin.RhetoricalDevices:SimileⅡ.WritingDevicese.g.Hereyeswerejetblack,andherhairwaslikeawaterfall.

Omylove’slikeared,redrose.(RobertBurns)Thatmancan’tbetrusted.He’sasslipperyasaneel.Theoldman’shairisaswhiteassnow.lsee…Hunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.RhetoricalDevices:SimileMetaphor:acomparisonbetweentwodifferentthings,butthecomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Contrarytoasimileinwhichtheresemblancebetweentwounlikethingsisclearlystated,inametaphornothingismentioned.

TheessentialformofametaphorisXisY.e.g.Heisthesouloftheteam.Irrigationisthelifeblood,ofagriculture.Becauseofhiswealth,hewasafountainofgenerositytohisrelativesandfriends.RhetoricalDevices:metaphore.g.Theywillberoundedupinhordes.(Para.1)IseeRussiansoldiersstandingonthethreshold...(Para.8)cataractofhorrors(Para.9)ridtheearthofhisshadow...liberatepeoplefromhisyoke(Para.10)IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,stillsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.(Para.8)RhetoricalDevices:metaphorN,v,adj,adve.g.Thepictureofthosepoorpeople’sliveswascarvedsosharplyinhisheartthathecouldneverforgetit.Snowclothestheground.Theshipploughedthesea.Heoftenprefacedhisremarksby“Ican’thelpthinking…”.Therewasastormydiscussionatourlastmeeting.Thecharcoalfireglowedanddimmedrhythmicallytothestrokesofthebellows.RhetoricalDevices:metaphorRhetoricalDevices:OnomatopoeiaItisawordthatimitatesorsuggeststhesourceofthesoundthatitdescribes.

e.g.Ontheroofoftheschoolhousesomepigeonsweresoftlycooing.Asthewindblowswecanheartheleavesrustleinthetrees.Ⅱ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:Onomatopoeiae.g.Thecreakofthefloorboardsgavehimaway.Thedoorbangedafterhim.Thereweretinkling(叮当声)ofsmallbells.Wecouldhearthegurgleofwateragainstthebodyoftheship.Thefireworkscrackedoverhead.Asyouapproachit,atinklingandbangingandclashingbeginstoimpingeonyourear.Ⅱ.WritingDevicesAntithesisisthejuxtapositionofcontrasting

words(phrases,sentences)orideas,usuallyinabalancedway.

Itisemphasizedbycontrastingonethingwithanother,ashealthwithsickness,warwithpeace,richeswithpoverty.Inthisfigureofspeech,verbsareusuallycontrastedwithverbs,adjectiveswithadjectives,nounswithnouns.RhetoricalDevices:AntithesisⅡ.WritingDevicesE.g.Whenthereisneedofsilence,youspeak,andwhenthereisneedofspeech,youaredumb;whenyouarepresent,youwishtobeabsent,andwhenabsent,youdesiretobepresent;inpeaceyouareforwar,andinwaryoulongforpeace;incouncilyoudescantonbravery,andinthebattleyoutremble.RhetoricalDevices:AntithesisⅡ.WritingDevicese.g.1.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.2.NotthatIlovedCaesarless.ButthatIlovedRomemore.(Shakespeare)RhetoricalDevices:AntithesisⅡ.WritingDevicese.g.E.G.Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath.Speechissilver;silenceisgold.Nobees,nohoney;nowork,nomoney.Toreadwithoutreflectionisliketoeatwithoutdigestion.RhetoricalDevices:AntithesisⅡ.WritingDevicesⅡ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:RepetitionRepetitionistheuseofthesameword,phrase,speech

soundortherepeateduseofthesynonymouswordsetc.inapoem,speechetc.tomakeadeeperimpressionontheaudience.e.g.◆We’vebutoneaim,andonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.◆HehaslongthrivedandprosperedⅡ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:RepetitionE.g.Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheairAnymanorstate...Anymanorstate...Letus...Letus...Nothingwillturnus---nothingWewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate...ThisisourpolicyandthisisourdeclarationasweshallfaithfullyandsteadfastlyⅡ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:

RhetoricalquestionAquestionthatyouaskwithoutexpectingorwantingananswer不知细叶谁裁出？（问）二月春风似剪刀。（答）（贺知章：《咏柳》）Butdoyouknowbywhomtheseyoungleavesarecutout?Theearlyspringwindisassharpasscissorblade.E.g.

◆Butcanyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?

(Para.10)Ⅱ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:Inversion

thereversalofthenormalorderofwords

E.g.Fromoutoftheforestrushedatiger.Nextdoortoourslivesanoldmanwhohasjustretiredfromwork.Camefrightfuldaysofsnowandrain,hedidnotknowwhenhemadecamp,whenhebrokecamp.

Fromthis,nothingwillturnus–nothing.(Para.10)ButthisIwillsay.(Para.11)Norwasitnecessary.(Para.1)Ⅱ.WritingDevicesRhetoricalDevices:IronyThewordsofthespeakerorwriterseemtomeanonething,butinrealitymeanjustthecontrary.Wearelucky.Whatyousaidmakesmefeelreallygood.Thisdiligentstudentseldomreadsmorethananhourperweek.

Well,ofcourse,Iknewthatgentlemenlikeyoucarryonlylargenotes.

e.g.Itexcelsallformsofhumanwickednessintheefficiencyofitscrueltyandferociousaggression.(Para.8)RimmonHouseofRimmonBiblicalallusionAnallusionisanindirectreferencetosomeoneorsomethingPandora’sbox:TrojanHorse:Achille’sHeelWaterloo:PeriodicSentenceFunction:Asentencehasitsmainideaattheendofthesentence.Thisbringsaneffectoftenseness,suspenseanddramaticclimax.Addvarietytoanotherwisemonotonoussentencestructure.Increasethedifficultyofunderstanding.Ⅱ.WritingDevicese.g.1.IfHitlerimagin