锅炉整体启动停止过程

锅炉整体启动锅炉冷态启动

CFB锅炉的冷态启动操作

OperationsofcoldstartofCFBB

锅炉参数Two.Boilerparameter额定蒸发量Ratedevaporation75t/h额定蒸汽压力Ratedsteampressure5.3MPa额定蒸汽温度Ratedsteamtemperature485℃给水温度Feedwatertemperature150℃排烟温度Smoke-exhaustedtemperature150℃锅炉设计效率Boilerdesignedefficiency88.2%排污率Sewagerate2%1.开车前的准备工作preparedworksbeforestart1.1煤仓上满煤，上煤前关闭煤仓下部的闸板Fullfillthesilowithcoal,shutthebottomflashboardbeforefilling1.2给锅炉上水，通常上到-100毫米Feedwaterfortheboiler,usuallytothelevelof-100mm1.3上床料，上10mm筛下的底料，上到静止的料层450---550mmFeedmaterialwhichunderthescreenof10mmmeshonbed,tothequietthicknessof450---550mm1.4点火4小时前，投上电除尘瓷瓶电加热装置PutontheelectricalheaterofthewireconnectingpolesofESP4hoursbeforeignition1.5检查所有风机和冷渣器冷却水，确保水量水压正常流量Checkthecoolingwaterforallkindsoffansandbottomashcoolers,toensurethepressureandflowamountarenormal1.6通知电气值班人员，给所有的辅机送电Informtheelectricalwatchersofsupplyingpowertoalltheauxiliaryequipment1.7通知热控值班人员，投有所有热控仪表InformtheI&CwatcherstoputalltheI&Cdevicesintouse1.8检查并关闭所有风机进出口挡板调节门Checkandclosetheinletandoutletdamperoffans,1.9启动点火油泵备用，将油泵出口油压调整到1.5--2.0MPa之间Startupignitingoilpumpandregulatetheexitpressurebetween1.5--2.0MPaforstandby.2.开车startup2.1按程序启动引风机，然后启动送风机StartuptheIDfan,FAfaninsequence.2.2逐渐增加一次风量，打开燃烧室人孔，用肉眼观察床料的流化情况，当所有床料完全流化时停止加风，记下当时风量作为本次点火的最小流化风量。Increasetheamountofprimaryairgradually,openthemanholeofthedenseregion,observethefluidizingstatusbynakedeye,stopincreasingtheairwhenallthematerialsonbedarefluidized,andrecordtheairflowasthecriticalfluidizingairflow.2.3关闭人孔，增大一次风量，让床料彻底强烈流化，突然停掉一次风，打开人孔观察床面是否平整，床面平整表明布风均匀，如果哪里床料有堆积，一定要清理床料检查风帽。Closethemanhole,increasetheairflowagaintomakethematerialsfluidizingviolently,then,stopthePAfansuddenly,openthemanholetocheckwhetherhasanuniformsurfaceofthedepositedmaterials,auniformsurfacerevealsagoodairdistribution.Materialwherehasapilemustbecleanedandnozzlesshouldbechecked2.4重新启动一次风机，增加一风量略大于临界流化风量StartupthePAfanandincreasetheairflowalittlemorethenthecriticalfluidizingairflow.2.5启动反料风机，增加风量到冷态试验时确定的风量Startuptheboostfanandincreasetheairflowtotheamountthatconfirmedinthecoldstatetest2.6送入床下油枪和电子点火器，点燃油枪，然后退出点火器Pushintheoilgunandtheelectronicsparkproducerwhichunderthebed,ignitetheoilgunandthenpulloutthesparkproducer2.7通过控制风量一油量来控制热风温度和床温上升速度，通常热风温度不超850℃过较安全，床温升温速度控制在每分钟3--5℃Controlthehotairtemperatureandtheincreasingspeedofthetemperatureonbedthroughcontrollingtheairflowandtheamountofoil,usually,itissafeforthehotairtemperaturenomorethan850℃,thespeedis3--5℃/m.2.8点火初期，可以通过调节油枪前头手动阀开度的大小来控制床温的上升速度，当床温升速减缓，或停止上升时，可以全开手动阀并且提高油压来提高床温Intheearlystageofstarting,cancontroltherisingspeedofbedtemperaturethroughadjustingthemanualvalvebeforetheoilgun,whenthebedtemperaturerisesslowlyorstoprising,canthroughincreasingtheoilpressureandopenthevalvefullytoincreasethebedtemperature.2.10当床温高于煤的着火点以后，启动给煤分布风机，启动给煤机，打开煤仓下闸板Whenthebedtemperaturehigherthantheburningpointofcoal,startupthecoaldistributingairfan,startupthecoalfeeder,openthebottomflash-gateunderthecoalsilo.2.11加煤初期，先投用一台或两台给煤机，通常加5%给煤量，加5分钟后停止给煤，观察床温的变化趋势,如果床温下降，表明不但是煤没有燃烧，并且加煤量过多对床料起到了冷却作。Putoneortwosetsofcoalfeedersinuseintheinitialtime,usuallyputon5%ofthefullspeedandstopit5minuteslater,seethetrendofbedtemperaturechange,droppingrevealsnotonlythatthecoalnotburntbutalsothattheamountofcoaltoomuchandmakeacoolingfunctiononthebedmaterial.如果加煤后床温上升，表明煤进入炉内后已开始燃烧,如果温长减缓或停止，说明加入的煤已燃尽，应立即投入给煤机。加煤过程中，给煤机应间断加煤，并且几台给煤机切换投用。Ifthebedtemperatureincreasesafterfeeding,revealsthecombustionofcoal,whentherisingspeedsloworceased,itmeansthatthecoalfedininitiallyburnedout,feedersshouldputonimmediately.Intheprocessoffeeding,feedersshouldbeputinuseperiodicallyandonshift.2.12当床温超过750℃以后，根据床温的上升速度适当降低油压，关小油枪前手动阀门开度Whenthebedtemperatureover750℃,decreasetheoilpressureandtheopeningofthemanualvalvebeforeoilgunslightly,accordingtotherisingspeedofbedtemperature.2.13当床温超过800℃以后，停掉油枪，同时适当增加给煤量，调整风量，将床温控制在900℃附近Whenthebedtemperatureover800℃,stoptheoilgun,atthesametimeincreasetheamountofcoalproperly,adjusttheairflowtocontrolthebedtemperaturenear900℃.2.14当床温稳定以后，停掉油泵，将油枪吹扫后退出Whengetastabletrendofthebedtemperature,stoptheoilpump,blowouttheoilgunandpullitout.2.15增加风量和煤量，提高锅炉负荷，调节风煤配比，提高燃烧效率，实现经济运行Increasetheairflowandtheamountofcoaltoraisetheloadofboiler,adjusttheratioofthemtogetasufficientandeconomicalcombustion.3.点火过程中汽水系统的操作

Theoperationsofsteam-watersystemduringtheprocessofigniting3.1在点火过程中，应该间断上水保持水位正常，当上水的时候应关闭在循环阀，停止上水时打开再循环阀Duringtheigniting,youshouldfeedwaterdiscontinuouslytoensureaordinarywaterlevel,whenfeedingwater,thevalveonre-circulatingpipeshouldbeclosedandafterfeedingwater,itshouldbeopen.3.2在点火过程中，高低过和减温器上的疏水应该打开Duringtheigniting,drainagevalvesonlowtemperaturesuper-heater,hightemperaturesuper-heater,temperaturereducershouldbeopened3.3点火过程中，应加强排污来改善水循环Duringtheigniting,youshoulddischargethewastewaterperiodically,toimprovethenaturalcirculation.3.4当汽温、汽压达到正常值时，可以并汽，关闭所有疏水，投入连排Whenthetemperatureandpressurereachtheordinaryvalue,youcancombinethesteamtothemotherpipe,closeallthedrainagevalvesandputthecontinuousdischargewastewatervalvesinuse.4.冷渣器的操作Theoperationsofashcooler1点火过程中，当加煤以后，料层差压会增加，这时应该增加一次风量来保证料层流化正常，否则，就应该启动冷渣器，通过排渣保持料层稳定Duringtheprocessofigniting,whenyoufeedcola,thematerialdifferentialpressurewillincrease,soyoushouldincreasetheamountprimaryairflowtokeepagoodfluidization,otherwise,youshouldputtheashcoolerinusetokeepthematerialdifferentialpressureconstantly2打开冷渣器循环水阀，投用冷却水Openthevalvesoncirculatingwaterpipes,putthecoolingwateroftheashcoolerinuse.3启动冷渣器，给定一个合适的转速Startuptheashcooler,giveaspeedappropriately电除尘器的操作TheoperationsofESP1当停掉油枪30分钟以后，可以投入电除尘的电场Aftertheoilgunhasbeenstopped,Atleast30minuteslateryoucanputonelectricalfieldoftheESP2停止电加热，切到自动加热位置Stoptheelectricalheater,changetoautomatism3打开灰仓下部手动（气动或电动）阀Openthemanual(pneumaticormotordriven)valveundertheashsilo6.点火过程中的结焦问题Theproblemofslagingduringtheprocessofignition6.1结焦时的现象Thephenomenawhenslaging当结焦发生时，床温比正常情况增长迅速，通常每分钟上升20—50℃，有时接近每分钟100℃，在一些严重的结焦过程中，从煤的着火点到结焦只有几分钟时间Whenslaging,thebedtemperaturewillincreasefasterthanordinary,usually20—50℃/min,sometimesnear100℃/min,insomeseriousprocessofslaging,fromtheburningpointtothemeltingpointonlyconsumesseveralminutes.烟气含氧量迅速降低，有接近到零Theproportionofoxygendecreasefast,sometimesnearzero.炉膛负压大幅度波动Thefurnacepressurefluctuatesinalargerange汽压、汽温、水位快速升高Thesteampressure,steamtemperaturewaterlevelincreasesfast6.2结焦原因Thecausationsofslaging在低温结段加煤太多，不时没有燃烧，当床温超过煤的着火点后造成爆燃Feedtoomuchcoalatalowtemperature,andcannotbeburnedatthattime,whenthebedtemperatureovertheburningpoint,causedburstingcombustion一次风量太小，低于临界流化风量，煤颗粒沉积在床面上燃烧并粘结到了一起Theprimaryairflowlessthanthecriticalfluidizationairflow,coaldepositsonthebed,burnandadheretogether个别风帽小孔堵塞，造成局部流化不良Somenozzlesoftheaircapblocked,causedpartialunfluidization6.3预防结焦的措施Themethodsofpreventslaging在上底料之前检查所有风帽小孔，确保每一个风帽畅通Checkeverynozzletoensurealltheaircapventilatingwellbeforefeedingmaterialonbed点火之前做临界流化风量试验，点火过程中一次风量不能低于该风量takeoutacriticalfluidizingairflowtestbeforeigniting,theprimaryairflowkeptnolessthanitduringtheignitingprocess.控制加煤量，整个点火过程中加煤总量不能超过床料量的20%，以少量多次加煤较好Controltheamountofcoal,thetotalamountofspongecokewouldnotover20%ofthematerialonbedduringtheigniting,itwouldbebettertofeedthespongecokeinasmallamountandinmanytimes当床温接近正常后及时停掉并撤出油枪，如果忙乱中忘掉这一环节可能倒至结焦Stopandpullouttheoilgunwhenthebedtemperatureapproachtheordinaryvalue,itwouldcausedseriousresultifyouforgetthisstep第二节流化床锅炉的压火操作

Section2TheOperationsofBankingFire1.压火的概念thenotionofbankingfireCFB锅炉有一个特点，在它的密相区，有大量的床料，当把送风和给煤突然停下后，物料沉积在床面上并保持较高温度，于是床内有较大的热容，如果锅炉密封良好，床温可以保持较长时间，通常能保持在着火点以上4—6个小时，如果密相区和风室内没有受热面，床温可以保持8—10个小，这个过程叫做压火。CFB-boilerhasacharacteristic,thatinitsdenseregion,hasalargeamountofmaterial,whentheairandfuelsupplyshutdownsuddenly,particlesdepositonthebedwithhightemperature,sotheyhaveabigcapacityofthermalenergy,ifboilerhasagoodsealing,thetemperaturecanlastalongtimeusually4—6hours,keptabovetheburningpointoffuel.Itmaybe8—10hoursifthereisnotheatingsurfaceindenseregionandinairchamber,thisprocessisknownasbankingfire.2.压火的操作步骤Thestepsofbankingfire2.1降低锅炉负荷到最低负荷Declinetheloadofboilertotheminimumload2.2调整风煤配比，使床温略高于正常运行床温，一般控制在950—980℃Regulatetheratioofairandcoal,tocontrolthebedtemperaturehigherslightlythanthenormalvalue,usuallycontroledintherangeof950—980℃2.3停止冷渣器运行Stoptheslagcooler2.4停掉给煤机，当床温有下降趋势时停掉所有风机Stopthecoalfeedersuddently,stopallthefanswhentheseeadropingtrenofbedtemperature2.5关严所有风机进出口挡板，和所有进入炉膛的风口，防止有风漏入炉膛Closetheallthedampersattheoutletandinletoffans,closethetheentrenceofairwhichcanconnecttofurnacetopreventairleaking2.6关闭定排、连排阀门Closethecontinuousandperiodicaldischargewastewatervalves2.7少量开启低过进口疏水阀Openalittleofthedrainvalveofinletheaderofsuperheater3.压火过程的注意事项Attentionsduringtheprocessofbankingfire3.1压火过程中要保持水位正常Thewaterlevelshouldbekeepedannormalvalueduringtheprocessofbankingfire3.2压火前一般保持较高料层压差，以增大炉内热容，延长压火时间Tokeepahigherbedmaterialthickness,whichcanincreasethethermalcapacity,soastheextendthetimeofbankingfire3.3压火过程中尽量不开对空排汽，如果压火后压力上升超过正常运行压力，可小量开排汽，压力下降后再关闭，以减少热损失。Itisbettertoshououtthedischargesteamvalve,ifthepressurerisesaftertheboilerisbanked,canopenthesteamdischargevalvealittleandcloseitwhenthepressuredroped,thuscanreducethethermallosingtoextendthetime3.4压火后床温一般会缓慢下降，如果出现床温上升现象，应查明原因及时出理。Commonly,thebedtemperaturewillfallgradually,ifitrise,checkthematterandtackleitimmediately第三节流化床锅炉的扬火操作Section3TheOperationsofReleasingFire扬火的概念Thenotionofreleasingfire重新启动一台处于压火状态的流化床锅炉的过程叫作扬火，如果床温远高于煤的着火温度，不需投入油枪，只需在启动风机后迅速加煤，这个扬火过程叫热启动。Whenrestartaboilerwhichonthestateofbankingfire,maybe,wecancallthisprocessreleasingfire.Ifthetemperatureismorehigherthantheburningpoint,itdonotneedputintheoilgun,youcanfeedfuelimmediatelywhenfansstartedup,thisprocesscalledhotstart.如果床温略高或低于煤的着火温度，启动风机后需投入油枪助燃，为全扬火过程叫做温态启动。所以热态启动和温态启动在操作上的唯一区别就是看不投油枪。Ifthetemperaturealittleaboveorlowerthantheburningpoint,whenstartingupthefansneedputintheoilguntoincreasethetemperature,thisprocesscalledwarmstart.Sotheonlydifferenceonoperationbetweenthehotandwarmstartisthatwhetherneedtheoilguntosupportthecombustion.2.扬火操作的步骤Theoperatingprocedureofreleasingfire2.1启动点火油泵，调整油压到1.5—2.0MpaStartuptheoilpump,adjusttheoutletpressurebetween1.5—2.0Mpa2.2启动引风机，一次风机，增加一次风量略大于临界流化风量，在增加风量的过程中打开油枪电磁阀，提前全开手动阀StartuptheIDfan,PAfaninsequence,increasetheprimaryairflowalittlemorethanthecriticalfluidizingairflow,inthisprocessopentheelectromagneticvalve,fullopenthemanualvalvebeforetheoilgunearly2.3启动返料风机Startuptheboostfan2.4启动播煤机机，启动给煤机备用Startupthecoaldistributingairfan,startupthecoalfeederforstand-by2.5在扬火初期，通常床温会快速下降，几分钟后下降速度会减缓或走稳，现在如果床温高于煤的着火温度，投入给煤机，如果床温低于煤的着火温度，就要着晚点加煤，余下的操作步骤和正常冷态点火相同。Atthebeginningtimeofstarting,usually,thebedtemperaturewilldropsharply,severalminuteslaterwillslowdownorgoeven,nowifthetemperatureabovetheburningpointofcoal,putonthecokefeeder,ifthetemperaturelowerthantheburningpoint,justwaitforit,theresidualstepsisthesameasthecoldstart.第四节流化床锅炉的正常停炉Section4Normalshutting-downofCFBB0.前言preface锅炉停炉之前，应先降至最低负荷，正常停炉一般有两个方案可供选择，一是锅炉停运时间较长，这时应先停主燃料，允许引、送风机继续运行，至到锅炉却到可以检修为至，但炉内灭火后应以小风量运行风机，降温应缓慢。第二种是不彻底冷却，使炉内还持一定温度，使耐火层的温度不完全冷却，能够满足检修要求就行，可以缩短下次启动时间。但对于正常停炉，如果不是检修需要，炉内温度降的越慢越好，以降低快速降温对受热面和耐火材料产生的应力。下面讲解一次正常停炉的过程Beforeshuttingdowntheboiler,theloadshouldbereducedtothelowest.Usuallytherea