常用研磨机中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译

附录6：外文翻译原文CommonlyusedgrindingmachineAsakindofimportantultra-precisionprocessingmethod，theadvantageofgrindingishighmachiningaccuracy,processingmaterialsrange,almostsuitableforallkindsofmaterialsprocessing,grindingcangetveryhighprecisionandshapeaccuracy,evencanreachthelimit,themachiningaccuracyofgrindingdeviceissimple,doesnotneedalotofthecomplexmechanicalandnotdemandingequipmentprecisionconditions.Asasuperfinishingonemethod,grindingmachineismainlyusedforthehighprecisiongrindingworkpieceplane,thesurfaceofcylindricalworkpiecesbothinsideandoutside,taperedfaceinside,sphere,threadfaceandothertypesurface.Itsmaintypeshavedise-typegrindingmachine,shafttypegrindingmachine,magneticgrindingmachineandallkindsofspecialgrindingmachine.Dise-typegrindingmachinepointssingleplateanddouble-traytwotodouble-traygrindingmachineusedthemostcommon.Indouble-traypolishingmachine,multipleworkpieceandintothemillplate,locatedonthecagebetweeninside,maintainframeandworkpiecedrivesbyeccentricorplanetofplaneparallelmovement.Themillrotating,theparallelwiththegrindingplatecannotturn,orwithgrindingplateundernegativespin,andcanmovetopressureworkpiece(pressureadjustable).Inaddition,withthegrindingplatecanalsoturningroundpillarrockertoAngle,unloadingworkpieces.Double-traygrindingmachineismainlyusedforprocessingtwoparallelplanes,aplane(twopressureshouldbeincreasedtotheworkpieceaccessorie),outsideYuanZhuMianandsphere(withbeltv-shapedslotgrindingplate),etc.YuanZhuMian,becausetheprocessingandworkpiecetobothsliding,shallbereasonablechoosetokeeprollingtypeandarrangementplaneslotsAngle.Onlyasingleplategrindingmachine,usedforgrindingplateunderthegrindworkpieceunderplane,canmakethedifferentshapesandsizeswithplateprocessing,grindingworkpiecehigherprecision.Somegrindingmachinewiththegrindingprocesscanbeautomaticcalibrationgrindingplateinstitution.Shafttypegrindingmachinefrompositive,negativespinofspindledrivework-pieceorinquirywithadjustablegrindingringorabrasive(great)rotation,thestructureissimple,usedforgrindinginsideandoutsidecylindricalplanes.Magneticgrindingmachineisbyusingmagneticforcetransmissiontostainlesssteelmillforhighfrequencyworkpieceneedletorotarymotion;ButforprecisionworkpieceintheholeandblindAngle,tinycrackriseobviousgoodpolishinggrindingremoveburreffect.Specialgrindingmachinebygrindingworkpieceinaccordancewiththedifferent,havecentralholegrindingmachine,steelballgrindingmachineandgeargrindingmachine,etc.Inaddition,stillhaveakindofadoptingsimilarcenterlessgrindingprincipleunconditionalgrindingmachine,usedforgrindingcylindricalworkpieces.Grindingisbyabrasiveabrasiveeffectonsurfaceofworkpiece,totraceprocessing.Grindingworkpiecesurfacedimensionaccuracy,formandpositionprecision,abrasivetools,suchaslifeandmillingefficiencydependslargelyonwhethergrindingmovement.Inordertomakethesurfaceofworkpiecegrindinguniform,fromtheperspectivesofkinematicsconcludesthefollowingplanegrindingbestkinematicscondition:firstly,workpiecewithrelativeresearchofplanemovement,shouldguaranteebygrindingworkpiecesurfacewithdifferentpointsonrelativeresearcharethesameorsimilargrindingtrack;secondly,grindingmotionisprovidedbytheworkpieceandtherelativemovementbetweendevelopedarealization,differentpointsonthesurfaceofworkpiecevelocityshouldasfaraspossiblethegrindingthesame;thirdly,grindingmovementdirectionshouldconstantlychange,grindinggraincrisscrosschangeful,favorsthesurfaceroughnessofworkpiecemachining,butshouldavoidreducedbygrindingworkpiecesurfacewithdifferentpointsontherelativeresearchcurvaturegrindingtrackchangestoobig,fourthly,grindwithorpadsworkingsurfaceshapeaccuracywillreflectonthesurfaceofworkpiece,sothetrajectoriesofworkpiecewiththroughouttheinquiryshouldbedistributedhomogeneously,favorsthesurfaceanduniformwornwithresearch;finally,workpiecewithrelativeresearchbyabrasiveremovaldirectionasportsfreedom,sothatcanavoidforgrindingmachinesguidanceprecisionandcauseerrors.Grindingbasicprincipleistouseembeddedincoatingorpressurewiththeabrasiveparticlesongrindworkpiecewithand,throughresearchintherelativemovementundercertainpressureforprocessingsurfacefinishmachiningprocess.Thecylindricalplanegrindingprocessistousefreegritsaretwoplaneofcylinderscrapingandextrusionprocessofremovingmaterialstoreducecylindricalheight,improveplanardegreeandreducethesurfaceroughnesspurpose.Theseremoveeffectsthroughthecylindricalgrindingplatewiththerelativemovementingritsroledowntoperform.Abrasiveisthemainmediumgrindingprocess.Thegrindingprocessaccordingtoabrasivechangecanbedividedintothreestages.Thefirststage:thebrokenfreeabrasivestage.Atthebeginningofprecisionlapping,initiallargergritscutting,thenfirstparticipateinabeltofedgesandabrasivepolyhedron,cuttingability.Theroleofthepressure,thegritssizebycrushingmakemoregritsarecompetingincutting,thenononehandconsumptiondimensionsandcylinderofprocesses,thisphaseresidualsurfacesgrindingefficiencyishigher,size,cylindricalsurfaceroughnessconsumedfast.Butthisstagetimeisveryshort.Secondstage:thegritsparticularandMosaicstage.Duetotheeffectsofstressfluctuationgrindingplateandcylinderinteractionconstantlyrollingmillgrain,makethecoarsegrindinggraingraduallybrokenintofinegritsandsizetoconverge,thenthehighestgrindingefficiency,timealsothelongest.Withthecontinuouslydetailed,allkindsofabrasiveisalsorelativelystablestageelements,atthisstageofthegeometryprecisionballimprovedandbasicallyreachescorrespondingrequirements,thesurfacequalitygraduallyenhance,roughnessdecline.Thisphaseisgangqiustabilityprocessingphases.Thethirdstage:gritspassivationandgrindslightphase.Inthisphaseabrasivemostrefinedforo.apmsmthefollowingthreefinegrits,gritsbytheshapeoftheoriginalsharpgeometrywithoutsharpedgesintothesleeksphere,grindingspeedgreatlyreduced.Passivationofgritsonlytomicropowdercylindricalplanemoretracegrinding,polishingquantityGrindingquantityisaboutfrom0.2to0.3micronsperhour.Thisstagecylindricalsurfaceroughnessfurtherreduceandeventuallyreachthestandard.Generallyspeaking,therearefourmaingrindtrack:(1)lineargrindingtrajectory.Thismethodisapplicabletothestepsoflongandnarrowplaneworkpiecegrindingcanobtainhighergeometryprecision,butnoteasilygetsmallersurfaceroughness.(2)swinglineargrindingtrajectory.Canachievegoodstraightness.(3)spiralgrindingtrajectory.Mainlyusedfordiscsshapeorcylindricalworkpiecesgrinding,flatendcangainahighflatnessandsmallersurfaceroughness.(4)"8"glyphgrindingtrajectory.Suitableforflatclassoverhauledandsmallplaneworkpieceofgrindingworkpiece,canmakemutualgrindingplanemediacontactandhasevendevelopedevenlywear.Intheproductionpractice,grindingisakindofcommonfinishingcraft,grindingmethodunceasingprogressandrenewal,toadapttothedifferentprocessingrequirementsofvariousliteraturematerialreports,therearemanymethodsofgrinding,polishing,abrasiveflowinjectionofultrasonicmachining,electrochemicalpolishing,chemicalpolishing,magneticabrasivegrinding,liquidabrasivegrindingetcexteriorsmooththewholeprocessingtechnology.Themostcommonlyusedandapplicationmostisamechanicalpolishing,itscharacteristiciscanobtainhigherdimensionprecision,shapeaccuracyandlowsurfaceroughness,butrequirestheoperatorhashighleveloftechnologyandexperience,machiningefficiencylow,laborintensive,processingqualitynoteasytocontrol,thesurfaceresidualstressisbig,surfaceresidualgritscanalsoaffectsurfacequality.Magneticabrasivelawisthroughmagneticpolaritywillmagneticabrasivesurfaceprocessing,suctionpressureinsurfaceprocessingandbetweenthepolesformillimeterclearance,canbeinmagneticabrasivemachininggaparrangethemalongthefield,formingelasticmagneticbrushandpressureonthesurfaceofworkpieceattached.Rotatingmagneticfieldorrotatingproduct,makemagneticbrushandrelativemotionprocessing,thuspurepolisherasurface.Thecharacteristicsofmagneticgrindingisthatnomatterhowthesurfaceprocessing,youshouldjustmakepolesshapeandprocessingsurfaceshapecanbegenerallyanastomose,itcanaccurategrindingafinecurvedsurfaceofworkpiecesurface,andmagneticabrasiveactappliestogrindcuttingandgrindingprocessisusuallytocompetentcomplexshapepartssurfacesmoothprocessing.Grindingmachineadoptssteplessspeedregulationcontrolsystem,canbeeasilyadjustedadheasinegrindvariouspartsofgrindingspeed.Usingelectricity-gasproportionalvalveclose-loopfeedbackgrindingmachinepressurecontrol,canindependenceregulationpressuredevice.Slowfallinginstalledintheup-traytopreventthecrashofbrittlenessslice.Throughatimerelayandagrindingcounter,canpressprocessingrequirementsaccuratelySettingsandcontrolofmillingtimeandgrindinglap.Workcanbeadjustedpressuremode,achievegrindingsettimeorlapwillautomaticallystopalarmprompt,realizehalfautomation.Grindingmachinevariablespeedcontrolmethod,grindinghasthreestages,namelybeginning,formalstageandendstage,beginningabrasiveaccrotation,theofficialstageabrasiveconstantspeedrotating,endstageabrasiveslowdown,whosecharacteris,rotatinggrindingbeginningingrindingspeed,artificiallycontrolledbyslowfromzerotoaccelerationoffastspeedincreases,whentheabrasiveascendedtotheformalgrindingspeed,accelerationthehalfofthechangesoccurainflectionpoint,controltheaccelerationofgrindingspeedbyslowlybyalmosttothemaximumspeedisreduced,untilthegrindingtoolstoformally,theaccelerationofspeedgrindingspeedreducedtozero.Usethecharacteristicofasolidabrasiveabrasive,accordingtotherelativemovementbetweengrindingworkpiecetrackdensitydistribution,areasonabledesignabrasiveabrasivedensitydistributionon,inordertomakeabrasivethatoccurinthegrindingprocessdoesnotaffecttheabrasivewearfacetype,therebysignificantlyimprovetheprecisionofthesurfacetypeprecision.Futureaspeoplearebecomingmoredemandingtoimproveproductperformance,grindingmachiningaccuracyandprocessingwithitshighquality,whichhasattractedtheattentionofpeople.Therefore,ultra-precisionwillbemoreconspicuousinthefuture.译文常用研磨机研磨是超精密加工中一种重要加工方法，其优点是加工精度高，加工材料范围广，几乎适合于各种材料的加工，研磨加工可以得到很高的尺寸精度和形状精度，甚至可以达到加工精度的极限，研磨装置简单，不需要大量复杂的机械并且不苛求设备的精度条件。作为超精加工的一种方法，研磨机主要用于研磨工件中的高精度平面、内外圆柱面、圆锥面、球面、螺纹面和其他型面。其主要类型有圆盘式研磨机、转轴式研磨机、磁力研磨机和各种专用研磨机。圆盘式研磨机分单盘和双盘两种，以双盘研磨机应用最为普通。在双盘研磨机上，多个工件同时放入位于上、下研磨盘之间的保持架内，保持架和工件由偏心或行星机构带动作平面平行运动。下研磨盘旋转，与之平行的上研磨盘可以不转，或与下研磨盘反向旋转，并可上下移动以压紧工件（压力可调）。此外，上研磨盘还可随摇臂绕立柱转动一角度，以便装卸工件。双盘研磨机主要用于加工两平行面、一个平面(需增加压紧工件的附件)、外圆柱面和球面（采用带V形槽的研磨盘）等。加工外圆柱面时,因工件既要滑动又要滚动，须合理选择保持架孔槽型式和排列角度。单盘研磨机只有一个下研磨盘，用于研磨工件的下平面，可使形状和尺寸各异的工件同盘加工，研磨精度较高。有些研磨机还带有能在研磨过程中自动校正研磨盘的机构。转轴式研磨机由正、反向旋转的主轴带动工件或研具（可调式研磨环或研磨棒）旋转，结构比较简单，用于研磨内、外圆柱面。磁力研磨机是通过采用磁场力量传导至不锈钢磨针使工件作高频率旋转运动；可对精密工件内孔、死角、细小夹缝起到明显较好的抛光研磨去除毛刺的效果。专用研磨机依被研磨工件的不同，有中心孔研磨机、钢球研磨机和齿轮研磨机等。此外，还有一种采用类似无心磨削原理的无心研磨机，用于研磨圆柱形工件。研磨是磨具通过磨料作用于工件表面，进行微量加工的过程。研磨工件表面的尺寸精度、形位精度、研磨工具的寿命及研磨效率等，在很大程度上取决于研磨运动。为使工件表面研磨均匀，从运动学角度归纳出如下的平面研磨最佳运动学条件：(1)工件相对研具作平面运动，应保证工件被研磨表面上各点相对研具均有相同或相近的研磨轨迹；(2)研磨运动是由工件与研具之间的相对运动实现的，工件表面上各点的研磨运动速度应尽可能相同；(3)研磨运动方向应不断变化，研磨纹路交错多变，以利于工件加工表面粗糙度的降低，但应尽量避免工件被研磨表面上各点相对研具的研磨轨迹曲率变化过大；(4)研具或抛光盘工作表面的形状精度会反映到工件表面上，所以工件的运动轨迹应遍及整个研具表面并且分布均匀，以利于研具的均匀磨损；(5)工件相对研具在被研磨材料的去除方向上具有运动自由度，这样可以避免因研磨机械的导向精度不高而引起误差。研磨基本原理是利用涂敷或压嵌在研具上的磨料颗粒，通过研具与工件在一定压力下的相对运动对加工表面进行的精整加工的过程。圆柱面的研磨加工过程就是利用游离磨粒对圆柱两平面进行刮削和挤压去除材料的过程，达到减小圆柱高度，提高平面度和降低表面粗糙度的目的。这些去除作用要通过柱面与研磨盘的相对运动在磨粒的作用下来完成。磨料是研磨加工的主要介质。整个研磨过程根据磨料的变化可分为三个阶段。第一阶段：游离磨料的破碎阶段。精研初期较大的磨粒首先参与切削，这时磨料多呈带棱角的多面体，切削能力强。在压力的作用下，尺寸大的磨粒被破碎使更多的磨粒得以参加切削，这时圆柱体一方面消耗尺寸及上工序的残留表面，这个阶段磨削效率较高，尺寸消耗快，圆柱表面粗糙。但该阶段时间很短。第二阶段：磨粒细化和镶嵌阶段。由于压力的作用上下研磨盘和圆柱体相互作用不断地辗压磨粒，使粗磨粒逐渐破碎为细