gmat学习计划所需gwd语文部分

Duringherpresidencyoftheshort-livedWoman’sStateTemperanceSociety(1852-1853),ElizabethCadyStanton,asshewasastaunchadvocateofliberalizeddivorcelaws,scandalizedmanyofhermostardentsupportersinhersuggestionthatdrunkennessshouldbemadesufficientcausefordivorce.asshewasastaunchadvocateofliberalizeddivorcelaws,scandalizedmanyofhermostardentsupportersinhersuggestionthatdrunkennessshouldbeasshewasastaunchadvocateforliberalizeddivorcelaws,scandalizedmanyofhermostardentsupportersbyhersuggestionofdrunkennessbeinginbeingastaunchadvocateforliberalizeddivorcelaws,hadscandalizedmanyofhermostardentsupporterswiththesuggestionofdrunkennessbeing！astaunchadvocateofliberalizeddivorcelaws,scandalizedmanyofhermostardentsupportersbysuggestingthatdrunkennessbeastaunchadvocateofliberalizeddivorcelaws,shescandalizedmanyofhermostardentsupportersinsuggestingthatdrunkennessshouldbeBymergingitstwopublishingdivisions,thecompanywillincreasetheirshareofthecountry’s$21billionbookmarketfrom6percentto10percent,amarketrangingfromobscuretextbookstomass-marketpaperbacks.theirshareofthecountry’s$21billionbookmarketfrom6percentto10percent,amarketfrom6percentto10percentitsshareofthe$21billionbookmarketinthecountry,whichto10percentfrom6percentintheirshareofthe$21billionbookmarketinthecountry,amarketinitsshare,from6percentto10percent,ofthe$21billionbookmarketinthecountry,which！to10percentfrom6percentitsshareofthecountry’s$21billionbookmarket,whichGWD1-Q3:Aproductthatrepresentsacleartechnologicaladvanceovercompetingproductscangenerallycommandahighprice.Becausetechnologicaladvancestendtobequicklysurpassedandcompanieswanttomakelargeprofitswhiletheystillcan,manycompanieschargethegreatestpricethemarketwillbearwhentheyhavesuchaproduct.Butlargeprofitsonthemewproductwillgivecompetitorsastrongincentivetoquicklymatchthemewproduct’scapabilities.Consequently,thestrategytomaximizeoverallprofitfromanewproductistochargelessthanthegreatestpossibleprice.Intheargumentabove,thetwoportionsinboldfaceplaywhichofthefollowingThefirstisanassumptionthatformsthebasisforacourseofactionthattheargumentcriticizes;thesecondpresentsthecourseofactionendorsedbytheargument.!Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoexplaintheappealofacertainstrategy;thesecondisaconsiderationraisedtocallintoquestionthewisdomofadoptingthatstrategy.Thefirstisanassumptionthathasbeenusedtojustifyacertainstrategy;thesecondisaconsiderationthatisusedtocastdoubtonthatassumption.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedinsupportofastrategytheargumentendorses;thesecondpresentsgroundsinsupportofthatconsideration.Thefirstisaconsiderationraisedtoshowthatadoptingacertainstrategyisunlikelytoachievetheintendedeffect;thesecondispresentedtoexplaintheappealofthatstrategy.GWD1-Q4toThefieldsofantebellum(pre-CivilWar)politicalhistoryandwomen’shistoryuseseparatesourcesandfocusonseparateissues.Politicalhistorians,examiningsourcessuchasvotingrecords,newspapers,andpoliticians’writings,focusontheemergenceinthe1840’sofanew“Americanpoliticalnation,”andsincewomenwereneithervotersnorpoliticians,theyreceivelittlediscussion.Women’shistorians,meanwhile,haveshownlittleinterestinthesubjectofpartypolitics,insteaddrawingonpersonalpapers,legalrecordssuchaswills,andrecordsoffemaleassociationstoilluminatewomen’sdomesticlives,theirmoralreformactivities,andtheemergenceofthewoman’srightsmovement.However,mosthistorianshaveunderestimatedtheextentandsignificanceofwomen’spoliticalallegianceintheantebellumperiod.Forexample,inthepresidentialelectioncampaignsofthe1840’s,theVirginiaWhigpartystrovetowintheallegianceofVirginia’swomenbyinvitingthemtoralliesandspeeches.AccordingtoWhigpropaganda,womenwhoturnedoutattheparty’sralliesgatheredinformationthatenabledthemtomoldparty-loyalfamilies,remindedmenofmoralvaluesthattranscendedpartyloyalty,andconferredmoralstandingontheparty.VirginiaDemocrats,inresponse,begantomakesimilarappealstowomenaswell.Bythemid-1850’stheinclusionofwomenintheritualsofpartypoliticshadbecomecommonplaceandtheideologythatjustifiedsuchinclusionhadbeenassimilatedbythe

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageasawholeisto主旨!examinethetacticsofantebellumpoliticalpartieswithregardtowomentracetheeffectofpoliticsontheemergenceofpointoutadeficiencyinthestudyofaparticularhistoricalperiodHowever,mosthistorianshaveunderestimatedtheextentandsignificanceofwomen’spoliticalallegianceintheantebellumperiod.discusstheideologiesofopposingantebellumpoliticalcontrastthemethodologiesintwodifferingfieldsofhistoricalinquiryAccordingtothesecondparagraphofthepassage,Whigpropagandaincludedtheassertionthatwomenshouldenjoymorepoliticalrightsthantheywomenwerethemostimportantinfluencesonpoliticalattitudeswithinafamilywomen’sreformactivitiesremindedmenofimportantmoralvaluesmen’svoting！women’spresenceatrallieswouldenhancethemoralstandingoftheparty Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwastrueofVirginiaDemocratsinthemid-1850’s?Theyfearedthattheirpartywaslosingitsstrongmoralfoundation.TheybelievedthattheWhigs’inclusionofwomeninpartypoliticshadledtotheWhigs’successinmany!Theycreatedanideologythatjustifiedtheinclusionofwomeninpartypolitics.Theywantedtodemonstratethattheywereinsupportofthewoman’srightsmovement.TheyimitatedtheWhigs’effortstoincludewomenintheritualsofpartypolitics.makesimilarArecentreviewofpayscalesindicatesthatCEO’snowearnanaverageof419timesmorepaythanblue-collarworkers,comparedtoaratioof42timesin1980.thatCEO’snowearnanaverageof419timesmorepaythanblue-collarworkers,comparedtoaratioof42!that,onaverage,CEO’snowearn419timesthepayofblue-collarworkers,aratiothatcomparesto42that,onaverage,CEO’snowearn419timesthepayofblue-collarworkers,ascomparedto42timestheirpay,theCEO’swhonowearnonaverage419timesmorepaythanblue-collarworkersascomparedto42timestheirpay,theratio 宾语从句that不能省略CEO’snowearninganaverageof419timesthepayofblue-collarworkers,comparedtotheratioof42GWD1-Q8:The32speciesthatmakeupthedolphinfamilyarecloselyrelatedtowhalesandinfactincludetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowtobe30feetlongandisfamousforitsaggressivehuntingpods.includetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowtobe30feetlongandincludetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,growingasbigas30feetlong includetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,growingupto30feetlongand ！includetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowasbigas30feetlongandincludetheanimalknownasthekillerwhale,whichcangrowtobe30feetlongandit在og12A在D中include+s说asbigasisanidiomaticallyincorrectexpressionofthecomparisonGWD1-Q9toOverthelast150years,largestretchesofsalmonhabitathavebeeneliminatedbyhumanactivity:mining,livestockgrazing,timberharvesting,andagricultureaswellasrecreationalandurbandevelopment.Thenumericaleffectisobvious:therearefewersalmonindegradedregionsthaninpristineones;however,habitatlossalsohasthepotentialtoreducegeneticdiversity.Thisismostevidentincaseswhereitresultsintheextinctionofentiresalmonpopulations.Indeed,mostanalystsbelievethatsomekindofenvironmentaldegradationunderliesthedemiseofmanyextinctsalmonpopulations.Althoughsomerivershavebeenrecolonized,theuniquegenesoftheoriginalpopulationshavebeenLarge-scaledisturbancesinonelocalealsohavethepotentialtoalterthegeneticstructureofpopulationsinneighboringareas,evenifthoseareashavepristinehabitats.Why?Althoughthehominginstinctofsalmontotheirnatalstreamisstrong,afractionofthefishreturningfromthesea(rarelymorethan15percent)strayandspawninnearbystreams.Lowlevelsofstrayingarecrucial,sincetheprocessprovidesasourceofnovelgenesandamechanismbywhichalocationcanberepopulatedshouldthefishtheredisappear.Yethighratesofstrayingcanbeproblematicbecausemisdirectedfishmayinterbreedwiththeexistingstocktosuchadegreethatanylocaladaptationsthatarepresentbecomediluted.Strayingratesremainrelativelylowwhenenvironmentalconditionsarestable,butcanincreasedramaticallywhenstreamssufferseveredisturbance.The1980volcaniceruptionofMountSaintHelens,forexample,sentmudanddebrisintoseveraltributariesoftheColumbiaRiver.Forthenextcoupleofyears,steelheadtrout(aspeciesincludedamongthesalmonids)returningfromtheseatospawnwereforcedtofindalternativestreams.Asaconsequence,theirratesofstraying,initially16percent,rosetomorethan40percentoverall.Althoughnoonehasquantifiedchangesintherateofstrayingasaresultofthedisturbancescausedbyhumans,thereisnoreasontosuspectthattheeffectwouldbequalitativelydifferentthanwhatwasseenintheaftermathoftheMountSaintHelenseruption.Suchadramaticincreaseinstrayingfromdamagedareastomorepristinestreamsresultsinsubstantialgeneflow,whichcaninturnlowertheoverallfitnessofsubsequent

Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisargueagainstaconventionalexplanationfortheextinctionofcertainsalmonpopulationsandsuggestanalternativecorrectacommonmisunderstandingaboutthebehaviorofsalmoninresponsetoenvironmentaldegradationcausedbyhumanactivity!comparetheeffectsofhumanactivityonsalmonpopulationswiththeeffectsofnaturaldisturbancesonsalmonpopulationsdifferentiatetheparticulareffectsofvarioushumanactivitiesonsalmonhabitatsdescribehowenvironmentaldegradationcancausechangesinsalmonpopulationsthatextendbeyondanumericalreductionItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheoccasionalfailureofsomesalmontoreturntotheirnatalstreamsinordertospawnprovidesamechanismbywhich细节题pristinestreamsthatarenearpollutedstreamsbecomepollutedthemselvestheparticularadaptationsofapollutedsalmonpopulationcanbepreservedwithoutthenumberofsalmoninpristinehabitatsdecreasesrelativetothenumberinpollutedstreams！anenvironmentallydegradedstreamcouldberecolonizedbynewsalmonpopulationsshouldthestreamrecovertheextinctionofthesalmonpopulationsthatspawninpollutedstreamsisacceleratedAccordingtothepassage,humanactivityhashadwhichofthefollowingeffectsonsalmonpopulations?细节题AnincreaseinthesizeofsalmonpopulationsinsomepreviouslypollutedriversAdeclineinthenumberofsalmoninsomeriverstherearefewersalmonindegradedregionsthaninpristineones!AdecreaseinthenumberstrayingsalmoninsomeAdecreaseinthegeneflowbetweensalmonpopulationsthatspawninpollutedstreamsandpopulationsthatspawninpristinestreamsAdeclineinthevulnerabilityofsomesalmonpopulationstotheeffectsofnaturallyoccurringhabitatdestruction

Theauthormentionsthe“aftermathoftheMountHelenseruption”mostlikelyinorderprovideanexampleoftheprocessthatallowstherepopulationofriverswhoseindigenoussalmonpopulationhasbecomeextinctindicatetheextenttowhichthedisturbanceofsalmonhabitatbyhumanactivityinonestreammightaffectthegeneticstructureofsalmonpopulations!provideastandardofcomparisonagainstwhichtheimpactofhumanactivityonthegeneflowamongsalmonpopulationsshouldbemeasuredshowhowsalmons’hominginstinctcanbeimpairedasaresultofsevereenvironmentaldegradationoftheirnatalstreamsshowwhystrayingratesinsalmonpopulationsremaingenerallylowexceptwhenspawningstreamssuffersevereenvironmentaldisturbanceIntheUnitedStates,ofthepeoplewhomovedfromonestatetoanotherwhentheyretired,thepercentagewhoretiredtoFloridahasdecreasedbythreepercentagepointsoverthepasttenyears.SincemanylocalbusinessesinFloridacatertoretirees,thisdeclineislikelytohaveanoticeablynegativeeconomiceffectonthesebusinesses.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslyweakenstheFloridaattractsmorepeoplewhomovefromonestatetoanotherwhentheyretirethandoesanyotherThenumberofpeoplewhomoveoutofFloridatoacceptemploymentinotherstateshasincreasedoverthepasttenyears.TherearefarmorelocalbusinessesinFloridathatcatertotouriststhantherearelocalbusinessesthatcaterto!Thetotalnumberofpeoplewhoretiredandmovedtoanotherstatefortheirretirementhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthepasttenyears.ThenumberofpeoplewholeftFloridawhentheyretiredtoliveinanotherstatewasgreaterlastyearthanitwastenyearsago.lastyearthansuchpeopledidtenyearsago.PeopleweremorelikelytoretiretoNorthCarolinafromanotherstatelastyearthanpeopleweretenyearsago.overthepasttenyears.itwastenyearsago.dataabouttheproportionofemigratingretireesmovingtoFlorida.Yetwhatmattersmoredirectlytotheconclusion(andtoFlorida'seconomy)istheabsolutenumberofretireesimmigratingtoFlorida.ThatnumbercouldhaveremainedconstantorevenriseniftheabsolutenumberofemigratingretireesitselfincreasedwhiletheproportiongoingtoFloridadecreased.Thishasnoobviousbearingontheargumentonewayoranother.Itmakesitmorelikely,perhaps,thatapersoninadistantstatewillretiretoFlorida,butlesslikelythatoneinaneighboringstatewilldoso.ThishasnobearingwhetherfewerpeoplehavebeenretiringtoFloridaoverthelasttenCorrect.ThisistheoptionthatmostseriouslyweakenstheThismakesitmorelikelythatFlorida'seconomywillbeharmedbecauseofdecreasingnumbersofThisisirrelevant.AtissueishowthenumbersofretireesinFloridafromoneyearcomparetothenext,nothowthosenumberscomparewithnumbersofretireesinotherstates.ThecorrectanswerisThattheapplicationofnewtechnologycanincreasetheproductivityofexistingcoalminesisdemonstratedbythecaseofTribnia’scoalindustry.CoaloutputperminerinTribniaisdoublewhatitwasfiveyearsago,eventhoughnonewmineshaveopened.总产量=人均效率*miner人数Whichofthefollowingcanbeproperlyconcludedfromthestatementaboutcoaloutputperminerinthe！IfthenumberofminersworkinginTribniancoalmineshasremainedconstantinthepastfiveyears,AnyindividualTribniancoalminethatachievedanincreaseinoveralloutputinthepastfiveyearshasalsoexperiencedanincreaseinoutputperminer.有可能是miner数量增加了IfanynewcoalmineshadopenedinTribniainthepastfiveyears,thentheincreaseinoutputperminerwouldhavebeenevengreaterthanitactuallywas.有可能不变，总量增加了，不能推出效率增加了IfanyindividualTribniancoalminehasnotincreaseditsoutputperminerinthepastfiveyears,thenthatInTribniathecostofproducingagivenquantityofcoalhasdeclinedoverthepastfiveyears.InpartsofSouthAmerica,vitamin-Adeficiencyisaserioushealthproblem,especiallyamongchildren.Inoneregion,agriculturistsareattemptingtoimprovenutritionbyencouragingfarmerstoplantanewvarietyofsweetpotatocalledSPK004thatisrichinbeta-carotene,whichthebodyconvertsintovitaminA.Theplanhasgoodchancesofsuccess,sincesweetpotatoisastapleoftheregion’sdietandagriculture,andthevarietiescurrentlygrowncontainlittlebeta-carotene.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportsthepredictionthattheplanwill！ThegrowingconditionsrequiredbythevarietiesofsweetpotatocurrentlycultivatedintheregionareconditionsinwhichSPK004canflourish.ThefleshofSPK004differsfromthatofthecurrentlycultivatedsweetpotatoesincolorandtexture,sotraditionalfoodswouldlooksomewhatdifferentwhenpreparedfromSPK004.Therearenoothervarietiesofsweetpotatothataresignificantlyricherinbeta-carotenethanSPK004ThevarietiesofsweetpotatocurrentlycultivatedintheregioncontainsomeimportantnutrientsthatarelackinginThereareothervegetablescurrentlygrownintheregionthatcontainmorebeta-carotenethanthecurrentlycultivatedvarietiesofsweetpotatodo.Soaringtelevisioncostsaccountedformorethanhalfthespendinginthepresidentialcampaignof1992,agreaterproportionthanitwasinanypreviouselection.agreaterproportionthanit!agreaterproportionagreaterproportionthantheyhavewhichisgreaterthanwaswhichisgreaterthanithasbeenA'sfaults:"it"iswronglyused.Herewewanttocomparebetweentwoproportions:theproportionintheyearof1992andaproportioninanyelectionyearbefore1992."it"onlydenotestheproportionof1992.Weshoulduse"that"todenoteaproportionbefore1992.ThetenseofChoiceAisincorrect.Since"accountedfor"isusedinpasttense,weshouldchange"was"intoitspastperfecttense"hadbeen".ThespacingofthefourholesonafragmentofabonefluteexcavatedataNeanderthalcampsiteisjustwhatisrequiredtoplaythethirdthroughsixthnotesofthediatonicscale—theseven-notemusicalscaleusedinmuchofWesternmusicsincetheRenaissance.MusicologiststhereforehypothesizethatthediatonicmusicalscalewasdevelopedandusedthousandsofyearsbeforeitwasadoptedbyWesternmusicians.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,moststronglysupportstheNomusicalinstrumentthatisknowntohaveusedadiatomicscaleisofanearlierdatethantheflutefoundattheNeanderthalcampsite.其他乐器无关Theflutewasmadefromacave-bearboneandthecampsiteatwhichtheflutefragmentwasexcavatedwasinacavethatalsocontainedskeletalremainsofcavebears.与结论无关Flutesarethesimplestwindinstrumentthatcanbeconstructedtoallowplayingadiatonicscale.Thecave-bearlegboneusedtomaketheNeanderthalflutewouldhavebeenlongenoughtomakeaflutecapableofplayingacompletediatonicscale.因为出土的只是一部分而不是一整只笛子（afragmentofaboneflute），4个洞洞的间隔表isrequiredtoplaythethirdthroughsixthnotesofthediatonicscale—theseven-notemusicalscaleusedinmuchofWesternmusicsincetheRenaissance是XXX，然后做这个骨笛的那根腿骨头的长度又足够长来做XXX，所以支持了这个骨笛是XXItisillegaltoadvertiseprescriptionmedicationsinHedlandexceptinprofessionalmedicaljournalsorbymaildirectlytophysicians.Aproposedlawwouldallowgeneraladvertisingofprescriptionmedications.Opponentsobjectthat,ingeneral,laypersonslackthespecializedknowledgetoevaluatesuchadvertisementsandmightasktheirphysiciansforinappropriatemedications.Butsincephysicianshavethefinalsayastowhethertoprescribeamedicationforapatient,theobjectionprovidesnogroundsforconcern.WhichofthefollowingwoulditbemostusefultoestablishinordertoevaluatetheWhethernonprescriptionmedicationscaninteractwithandblocktheactionofanyprescriptionmedicationsthatcouldbeadvertisedtothegeneralpublicWhethermostprescriptionmedicationadvertisementsdirectedatthegeneralpublicwouldbeadvertisementsforrecentlydevelopedmedicationsnewlyavailablebyprescriptionWhetherprescriptionmedicationadvertisementsdirectedatthegeneralpublicwouldappearontelevisionandradioaswellasinprintWhetherphysiciansaremorelikelytopayattentiontoadvertisingdirectedtothegeneralpublicthantoadvertisingdirectedtophysiciansRecentlyphysicianshavedeterminedthatstomachulcersarenotcausedbystress,alcohol,orrichfoods,butabacteriumthatdwellsinthemucousliningofthestomach.notcausedbystress,alcohol,orrichfoods,butnotbutnotcausedbystress,alcohol,orrichfoods,butareby！causednotbystress,alcohol,orrichfoods,butcausednotbystress,alcohol,andrichfoods,butcausednotbystress,alcohol,andrichfoods,butarebyRivalingthepyramidsofEgyptoreventheancientcitiesoftheMayaasanachievement,thearmyofterra-cottawarriorscreatedtoprotectQinShiHuang,China’sfirstemperor,inhisafterlifeismorethan2,000yearsoldandtook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocompletethem.took700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocompletetook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocomplete！took700,000artisansmorethan36yearsto700,000artisanstookmorethan36yearsto tocompletethemtoo700,000artisansmorethan36yearstoThattwenty-oneceramicdogfigurineswerediscoveredduringtheexcavatingofa1,000-year-oldHohokamvillageinTempe,Arizona,hasnearlydoubledthenumberoftheseartifactsknowntoexist. Discoveringtwenty-oneceramicdogfigurinesattheexcavatingn＞v-Ceramicdogfigurines,twenty-oneofwhichwerediscoveredduringexcavating ！Thediscoveryoftwenty-oneceramicdogfigurinesduringtheexcavationCityOfficial:AtCityHospital,uninsuredpatientstendtohaveshorterstaysandfewerproceduresperformedthandoinsuredpatients,eventhoughinsuredpatients,onaverage,haveslightlylessseriousmedicalproblemsatthetimeofadmissiontothehospitalthanuninsuredpatientshave.Criticsofthehospitalhaveconcludedthattheuninsuredpatientsarenotreceivingpropermedicalcare.However,thisconclusionisalmostcertainlyfalse.Carefulinvestigationhasrecentlyshowntwothings:insuredpatientshavemuchlongerstaysinthehospitalthannecessary,andtheytendtohavemoreproceduresperformedthanaremedicallynecessary.Inthecityofficial’sargument,thetwoboldfaceportionsplaywhichofthefollowingThefirststatestheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument;thesecondprovidessupportforthatThefirstisusedtosupporttheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument;thesecondstatesthatThefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;thesecondstatesthepositionthattheThefirstwasusedtosupporttheconclusiondrawnbyhospitalcritics;thesecondprovidessupportfortheconclusionofthecityofficial’sargument.！Thefirststatesthepositionthatthecityofficial’sargumentopposes;thesecondstatestheconclusionoftheofficial’sPastassessmentsoftheBrazilianrainforesthaveusedsatelliteimagestotallydeforestedareas,wherefarmersandranchershaveclear-cutandburnedallthetrees,butsuchworkhasnotaddressedeitherlogging,whichistheremovalofonlyselectedtrees,aswellassurfacefires,burningdownindividualtreesbutdonotdenudetheforest.whichistheremovalofonlyselectedtrees,aswellassurfacefires,whichremovesonlyselectedtrees,orsurfacefiresthatwhichremovesonlyselectedtrees,alongwithsurfacefiresthatremovingonlyselectedtrees,orsurfacefires,！removingonlyselectedtrees,aswellassurfacefiresthatBysuckingsapfromtheyoungtwigsofthehemlocktree,treegrowthisretardedbythewoollyadelgid,causingneedlestochangecolorfromdeepgreentograyishgreenandtodropprematurely.!treegrowthisretardedbythewoollyadelgid,causingneedlestochangecolorfromdeepgreentograyishgreenandtodroptreegrowthisretardedbythewoollyadelgid,andthiscausesthecolorofneedlestochangefromdeepgreentograyishgreen,andtheirdroppingthewoollyadelgidretardstreegrowth,whichcausesneedlestochangecolorfromdeepgreentograyishgreen,anddroppingthewoollyadelgidretardstreegrowth,causingneedlestochangecolorfromdeepgreentograyishgreenandtothewoollyadelgidretardstreegrowth,andthiscausesthecolorofneedlestochangefromdeepgreentograyishgreen,andthetheirdropping thisthat不能单独做主语Recentlybiologistshavebeeninterestedinatide-associatedperiodicbehaviordisplayedbythediatominhabitsthatportionofashorelinewashedbytides(theintertidalzone).Diatomsofthisspecies,sometimescalled“commuter”diatoms,remainburrowedinthesandduringhightide,andemergeonthesandsurfaceduringthedaytimelowtide.Justbeforethesandisinundatedbytherisingtide,thediatomsburrowagain.Somescientistshypothesizethatcommuterdiatomsknowthatitislowtidebecausetheysenseanenvironmentalchange,suchasanalterationintemperatureorachangeinpressurecausedbytidalmovement.However,whendiatomsareobservedunderconstantconditionsinalaboratory,theystilldisplayperiodicbehavior,continuingtoburrowonscheduleforseveralweeks.Thisindicatesthatcommuterdiatoms,ratherthanrelyingonenvironmentalcuestokeeptime,possessaninternalpacemakerorbiologicalclockthatenablesthemtoanticipateperiodicchangesintheenvironment.Acommuterdiatomhasanunusuallyaccuratebiologicalclock,aconsequenceoftheunrelentingenvironmentalpressurestowhichitissubjected;anydiatomsthatdonotburrowbeforethetidearrivesarewashedaway.Thisisnottosuggestthattheperiodofthisbiologicalclockisimmutablyfixed.Biologistshaveconcludedthateventhoughadiatomdoesnotrelyontheenvironmenttokeeptime,environmentalfactors—includingchangesinthetide’shydrostaticpressure,salinity,mechanicalagitation,andtemperature—canaltertheperiodofitsbiologicalclockaccordingtochangesinthetidalcycle.Inshort,therelationbetweenanorganism’sbiologicalclockanditsenvironmentissimilartothatbetweenawristwatchanditsowner:theownercannotmakethewatchrunfasterorslower,butcanresetthehands.However,thisrelationiscomplicatedinintertidaldwellerssuchascommuterdiatomsbythefactthattheseorganismsareexposedtothesolar-daycycleaswellastothetidalcycle,andsometimesdisplaybothsolar-dayandtidalperiodsinasinglebehavior.Commuterdiatoms,forexample,emergeonlyduringthoselowtidesthatoccurduringtheday.

Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouttheaccuracyofthecommuterdiatom’sbiologicalclock?Theaccuracyofthecommuterdiatom’sbiologicalclockvariesaccordingtochangesinthetidalcycle.Theunusualaccuracythatcharacterizesthecommuterdiatom’sbiologicalclockisrareamongintertidalspecies.！Thecommuterdiatom’sbiologicalclockislikelytobemoreaccuratethanthebiologicalclockofaspeciesthatissubjecttolessintenseenvironmentalThecommuterdiatom’sbiologicalclocktendstobemoreaccuratethanthebiologicalclocksofmostotherspeciesbecauseoftheconsistencyofthetidalTheaccuracyofthecommuterdiatom’sbiologicalclocktendstofluctuatewhenthediatomisobservedundervariablelaboratoryconditions.Theauthorofthepassagecomparestherelationshipbetweenanorganism’sbiologicalclockanditsenvironmenttotherelationbetweenawristwatchanditsownermostprobablyinorderto pointoutafundamentaldifferencebetweenthefunctionofbiologicalclocksinorganismsandtheuseofmechanicalclocksbyhumans！illustratethewayinwhichtheperiodofanorganism’sbiologicalclockcanbealteredbyenvironmentalfactorssuggestthatthereareimportantsimilaritiesbetweenthebiologicalclockinorganismssuchasthecommuterdiatomandthebiologicalclockinhumanssupportanargumentregardingthemethodsusedbycertainorganismstocounteracttheinfluenceoftheenvironmentontheirbiologicalclocksquestiontheaccuracyofthebiologicalclockinorganismssuchasthecommuterdiatomAccordingtothepassage,theperiodicbehaviordisplayedbycommuterdiatomsunderconstantlaboratoryconditionsischaracterizedbywhichofthefollowing?GreaterunpredictabilitythanthecorrespondingbehaviorundernaturalconditionsAconsistentperiodicscheduleintheshort!NodifferenceoverthelongtermfromthecorrespondingbehaviorundernaturalconditionsInitialvariabilitycausedbytheconstantconditionsofthelaboratoryGreatersensitivitytoenvironmentalfactorsthanisthecaseundernaturalconditionsTheprimarypurposeofthepassageisdisputetheinfluenceofenvironmentalfactorsonthetide-associatedbehavioralrhythmsdisplayedbythediatomHantzschiavirgata

describehowcertaintide-associatedbehavioralhavechangedovertimecomparetide-associatedbehavioralrhythmstosolar-daybehavioralrhythmsinthediatomHantzschia！examinehowcertainbiologicalandenvironmentalinfluencesaffectthetide-associatedbehavioralidentifycertainenvironmentalfactorsthatlimittheeffectivenessofthebiologicalclockinthediatomHantzschiavirgataFaultyvotingequipment,confusingballots,votererror,andproblemsatpollingplaceshavebeencitedbyanewstudyofthe2000UnitedStatespresidentialelection,whichestimatedthattheydidnotcount4m