新高考英语专题优化讲义(六选四专项)生

精锐教育1v3辅导讲义学员编号：年级：高一课时数：3学员姓名：辅导科目：英语学科教师：杨燕娜授课类型C（六选四概述及文章结构分析）C（六选四技巧训练）T能力提升授课日期及时段2018年1月6日17:30-19:30教学内容一、六选四考察要求概述选句填空"（俗称"六选四"）是2017年上海高考英语试卷中启用的题型。根据题目要求，学生需从所给的六个选项中选取四个填入文中的空格处，使文章从内容、语言、结构上都符合逻辑。考生在备考这一部分时,需意识到以下几点：1.虽然每一小题都要求选择正确的句子填入文中，但在文中不同的地方挖空，考査的能力要求也会有所不同。如果空格处需填入主题句，考査的是对文本或段落的概括能力，如果空格处需填入能使上下文叙述连贯的细节，考査的则是对文章基本内容的理解能力。因此，针对不同的空格，考生需要调整自己的思维方式，选择合适的策略；2.虽然本部分属于阅读理解这一大题，同样也考查考生的阅读理解能力，但是要注意这一题型与阅读选择题的差异。选择题通过题干告诉考生考点在哪里，考査目标是什么，考生就可以据此选择合适的策略来答题，而"选句填空"则要求考生在理解文章内容和行文逻辑的基础上，自行判断空格处需填入句子的功能，再进一步选择合适的策略来答题。基于以上分析，建议考生在完成"选句填空"这一部分时，可以采用以下步骤：1.通读全文，对文章内容有整体理解，包括文章的主题、写作的目的、毎一段的大意等;2.阅读空格所在段落，尤其是空格前后句，判断空格处需填入句子的功能，并根据据后句的内容基本确定需填入句子的内容；3.阅读所给的六个句子，从中选择符合文章内容及行文逻辑的句子；4.通读填入句子后的文章，再次确认文章内容、语言、结构上是否符合逻辑。二、英语文章主题句常出现的位置（一）段落主题句文章是由段落构成的。段落是由围绕一个中心思想的一个或几个有逻辑关系的句子组成的。就结构和内容而言，段落是相对完整的，篇章是通过各个段落的中心思想来表现其主题的。一般来讲，一个段落只有一个中心思想，即一个主题。段落中的其他句子都是用来说明、支持和扩展这一主题的。反映整个段落中心思想的句子叫主题句（TopicSentence)。主题句是全段的核心，统帅全段，并且决定着全段的发展方向。它只提示在本段中要阐述的观点，而不是整篇文章中要说明的问题。在语言结构上，主题句往往包括一个中心主题和一个需要在段落中加以发展的核心部分。中心主题指出本段讲的是什么人或什么事物，核心部分则指出本段侧重该人物或该物的某个或某些方面。Praiseislikesunlighttothehumanspirit.这句的中心主题是praise(赞扬），其段落将围绕着”对人的精神来说.praise(赞扬）就像阳光一样"这个思路发展。离开了这个思想，就将意味着偏离主题。一个好的主题句，要立论严谨、清晰明了、合乎逻辑；要全局在胸，内容具体，简明扼要。主题句所限定或概括的内容不外乎有两点：一是有助于读者更好的理解下文。多数段落都是以主题句打头，开门见山，点明主题，然后再展开具体细节。二是总结全段内容，以便给读者更深刻的印象，供托效果，达到高潮。（二）主题句的位置根据表达需要,英语主题句的位置是灵活多变的。一般来讲，主题句可以位于段首、段中、段尾及段前段尾。1、段首主题句。在大多数情况下，主题句位于段首，开门见山，点明主题，其它各句都紧紧围绕着主题句遂步展开。EvenwhentakingourleaveitseemsweEnglisharevicitimsofsomestrangedeficienciesinourvaledictoryvocabulary.Thestandardterm'Goodbye'isbothtooformalandtoofinal.Itmaybejustthejobforusher"ingsomeoneoutofyourlifealtogether;butmostleave-takings-forbetterorworse-aretemporaryaffairs.perhapsinanattempttoescapeimplicationsoffinality,manypeoplenowsay(Byebye'instead;otherstrytomakethisparticularlynauseatingbitofbaby-talkmoreacceptablebyshorteningitto"Bye".2、段中主题句。主题句位于段落中间，这种情况相对较少。Shortlyafterthewarended,LincolnwasshotwhileattendingaplayinaWashingtontheater.Hediedwithinafewhours.Theuncontrolledemotionalreactionofthenationtohisdeathwasalmostunbelievableanddemonstratedthedeepesteeminwhichhewasheld.Newspaperswereedgedwithblack;religiousleadersgavepraiseofLincolninsteadoftheirpreparedsermons.HisfuneralprocessioninWashingtonwasmileslongLincoin'sbodywastakenbytrainbacktohisformerhomeinspringfield,Illinois,butinallthemajorcities六选四做题技巧指导利用词汇复现或同义词解题重复词汇是指关键词以同一形式或不同的词性在文章中反复出现，达到紧扣主题的目的。找到含有与关键词相同或最接近的单词的选项，然后再来验证句意内容是否通顺。从而达到快而准的效果。一般来说，上下文中词汇的范畴越小，上下文的衔接关系越紧密。例1：Peoplethinksomuchofthemthatonallthehighestpillarsinthegreatcitiesoftheworldyouwillfindthefigureofaconquerororageneral.____67____Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherstofightmostefficientlyisnotbeingcivilized.Mostpeoplebelievethosewhohaveconqueredthemostnationsarethegreatest.However,everyyearconflictsbetweencountriesandnationsstillclaimthousandsoflives.Andnotonlyhasitwon,butalsobecauseithaswon,ithasbeenintheright.Sotherehasbeenlittletimetolearnin,buttherewillbeoceansoftimeinwhichtolearnbetter.Peopledon’tfightandkilleachotherinthestreets,butnationsstillbehavelikesavages.例2：Youcanshowyourchildhowtomakechoicebetweendifferentbrandsofaproductsothatyoucansavemoney.____5____Ifhechoosesthecheaperbrand,allowhimtomakeanotherpurchasewiththemoneysaved.Wisedecisions.Thevalueofmoney.Permitthechildtochoosebetweenthem.Tellyourchildwhyhecan—orcannot—havecertainthings.AskyourselfwhatthingsthatcostmoneyaremostimportanttoYOUTalkabouthowthemoneyboughtthethingafteryouleavethetoystoreG.Thebesttimetoteachachildanythingaboutmoneyiswhenheshows.例3：Nonetheless,doctorsandnursesarefindingthatpayingattentiontowhatmightbeseenassuperficialconcerns—hairandmakeup—hasapositiveeffectonpatients,withbeautyregimesbeingbrightspotsinwhatcanbeadrearyjourneythroughradiationandothertherapies.___2___Feelinggoodaboutoneselfplayedaverybigroleinapatient’srecovery.Hospitalsareformingpartnershipswithlocalsalonstoservetheirpatients.ThreemorecentersarescheduledtoopenintheUnitedStatesbytheendofthisyear.Becauseoftheseperceivedbenefits,programsfocusedoncosmeticsolutionsarespreading.Thenationwideprogramhasvolunteerhairstylists,cosmetologists,wigmakers,etc.,whomakeperiodicappearances.Inthissmall,out-of-the-wayroom,cosmetologistsspecializeinassistingcancerpatientswholosetheirhair,experiencechangestotheirskinorhavebreastssurgicallyremoved.利用逻辑词解题逻辑词的运用在说明文和议论文中是十分常见，无论是在完形填空还是六选四中都可以加以利用。利用前一句话或后一句话中的逻辑词来判断所需要填入的句子内容与前后句内容的关系，从而在选项中找到符合此关系的内容，使得文章逻辑合理，内容流畅。表并列：and;also;first,second,third;firstly,secondly,thirdly;first,next,then;inthefirstplace,inthesecondplace;foronething,foranotherthing;tobeginwith,toconclude;either…or…;neither…nor…;notonly…butalso表递进：further,furthermore;moreover;what’smore;inaddition表因果：so;therefore;thus;hence;accordingly;consequently;asaresult表转折与让步：however;nevertheless;though;yet;inspiteof;despite;onthecontrary;otherwise;while;ratherthan;evenif/though;fortunately例1：Donotdictatetoyourauthor;trytobecomehim.Behisfellow-workerandaccomplice.___2___Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible,thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptible（细微的）fineness,fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences,willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.C.Howcanwegetthedeepestandwidestpleasurefromwhatweread?F.Ifyouhangback,andreserveandcriticizeatfirst,youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.例2：AgenerationagointheUS,ifyouheardafriendtalkingabouthavingagig,chanceswerethatyourfriendwasamusician.___67___Self-employment,contractorfreelancework,temporaryjobs-justaboutanythingthatisn'tfull-time-canbedescribedasagig.B.Thesetemporaryworkerscannotbecategorizedintogigworkers.C.Butthephrasehasnowevolvedtodescribedifferentmethodsofshort-termwork.D.Mostofthegigworkerstreasurethegoldenopportunityandregarditasalifetimejob.利用细节句与主题句的区别解题这一技巧需要与空所在位置结合起来分析。主题句通常在段首，总结句通常在段尾，相当于再次点题。这两个位置多是需要概括性强的语句——主题句。而在段中通常是补充说明内容和议论过程，通常是需要含有内容的语句——细节句。先判断空的位置，然后在选项中筛选细节句与主题句。例1：SelfExpression___5___Therearemanywaystoexpressthoughtsandideas—music,acting,drawingbuilding,photography.YoumayfindthatyourchildisattractedbyonemorethananotherC.Wecangivekidschancestothinkaboutmaterialsinnewways.G.Beingabletocommunicateideasinameaningfulwayisavaluableskill.例2：Self-esteemisthemeasurementorthevalueofhowapersonknowshisworthanditseffectsarelife-changinganddramatic,sinceitmakesupaperson’sattitudeandoutlooktowardslife.___67___Butwhenself-esteemislow,youcaneithersulkandbesadorbeafraidtotryoutnewthingsortakerisksandchanceswithyourlove-life,career,relationshipsandself-improvement.A.Simplyput,self-esteemisthefuelthatmakesyoufeelimportantorlovedbyothers.E.Whenyourself-esteemishigh,youarelesslikelytobeaffectedbythesesituations.例3：Untilnow,predictingexactlywhatmakesabestsellerwassomewhatofamystery,yetresearchersfromNewYorkclaimtohavecreatedanalgorithm(算法)todojustthat.Byanalyzingthewordsusedinclassicbooks,thealgorithmwasabletocorrectlypredictwhichbookswerebestsellers,andwhichwerelesssuccessful,in84percentofcases.___67___E.Overall,theyfoundthatsuccessfulbookscontainedahighnumberofnounsandadjectivesandplentyofquotes.F.Themostpopularbooksalsofeaturedmoreverbsrelatingto“thought-processing”suchas“recognized”and“remembered”.利用代词指代关系解题英语中代词分为：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。当一个句子中出现这样的代词就意味着在其上下问中需要把这层指代关系交代清楚，因此我们可以通过语境中内容（或代词）和选项中代词（或内容）的呼应关系来解题。例子（1）：Itdoesn’tmatterwhichproductivitybirdrepresentsyourworkstyle.(70)_______Itdependsonyourenvironmentandenergylevels.Doyouhavethedrivetogetupearlyorstayuplate?Whileothersaredreaming,makeyourdreamsreal.B.Manybelievebeingnightowlsisbetter.E.Theybothcanwork.例子（2）Youhavethesameamountoftimeeachdayaseveryoneelse.Ifyouwanttoreachyourgoalsanddreamsyouhavetobewillingtopaytheprice.(67)______Sometimesitisyourtime.Sometimesitismoney.Andsometimesitissleep.Oneofthebesttimestogetaheadandbe”inthezone”iswheneveryoneelseissleeping.Getupearly.Orstayuplate.Thoseareyourchoices.C.NotwatchingmindlessTVorendlesslysurfingtheNet.D.Thatsacrificeofteninvolvesgivingupsomething.例子（3）Forawhile,thegigtrendwasseenasatemporaryresponsetotheGreatRecession.Victimsofdownsizingtookonas-neededjobsortriedtomakeagoofentrepreneurshipbecausethat'sallthatwasavailable.(69)___________________.However,thisdidnothappenonthescaletheyhoped.Thisshiftmeansthatdrivingforride-sharingserviceslikeUberorLyfthasbecomeoneofthemostcommonnewjobsintheUS.Surveysfindthatmanygigeconomyworkersarehappywiththeirnewroleswiththehourlypaymaybebetterthanwhattheyearnedaspermanentemployees.Theymayenjoywork-hourflexibilitythat’sperfectfortheirfamilyoreducationneeds.Andtheymayevenfindtheygoodatbeingtheirownboss.D.Theyhopedthat“permanent”hiringwouldreturnastheoveralleconomyrecovered.B.Thesetemporaryworkerscannotbecategorizedintogigworkers.利用句子中心实词解题句子中心实词是指在一个句子表达中需要占据句子主干或者中心意思的一类实词。和代词一样，当一个句子中出现了表达某一特点概念的中心实词时，该句上下文就应该围绕这样的中心来展开，也就是说正确选项中不能呈现上下文没有交代的一个中心实词，因此我们可以利用这一现象来帮助我们找到正常选项或者排除错误选项。例子（1）(68)_______Askyourselfwhatproblemtheaudiencewantstosolve,andtalkaboutthatproblemfirst.“Thenandonlythen,talkaboutwhatyouaregoodatasthesolutiontothatproblem,”saysMorgan.“Audiencesstartoffbyaskingwhy.WhyamIhere?WhyshouldIcare?Ifyouanswerthosequestionsearly,thenthey’llaskhow.Yourjobistoanswerthewhyquestionfirstandthenaddressthehow.”A.BerelevanttoyouraudienceC.Focusononetheme,andeliminateeverythingelse.例子（2）Itispossibletheyare,buttheyarenotthemostcivilized.Animalsfight,sodosavages;sotobegoodatfightingistobegoodinthewayananimalorasavageisgood,butitisnottobecivilized.____68_______.Peoplefighttosettlequarrels.Fightingmeanskilling,andcivilizedpeoplesoughttobeabletofindsomewaysofsettlingtheirdisputesotherthanbyseeingwhichsidecankilloffgreaternumberoftheotherside,andthensayingthatthesidewhichhaskilledmosthaswon.A.Evenbeinggoodatgettingotherstofightmostefficientlyisnotbeingcivilized.C.However,everyyearconflictsbetweencountriesandnationsstillclaimthousandsoflives.例子（3）Forthosewithgreenforgers,thepleasureofgardeningcomesfromgettingoutinthefreshair,inallweathersandcommuningwithnature--evenifthereareafewtoomanyworms!Itcanalsobeseenasasortofdigital-detox--timeawayfromtechnology.__68___F.Someexpertsactuallybelievethatgettingoutsidetodigandplantthingsactsasa"naturalexcitement"D.It'snowondersomeofusturntogardeningasaformoftherapy能力培养SectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.（一）A.Hefoundthebacteriumhadasimilareffectonthemiceasananti-depressivedrugmightB.SoilbacterianotonlybenefitpeoplebutalsobenefitanimalsC.GardeningcanalsobeusedasawayoftreatingaddictionD.It'snowondersomeofusturntogardeningasaformoftherapyE.AlcoholcanmakepeoplebehavepeculiarlyanddangerouslyingardeningF.Someexpertsactuallybelievethatgettingoutsidetodigandplantthingsactsasa"naturalexcitement"TheGoodofGardeningDoyouhaveahobbythathelpsyourelaxandunwind?Forsomepeople,thereisnobetterwaytorelievepressurethanspendingtimeinthegarden.Thissmallprivateareaofgreenspacecanbetheirplaceofcalm.___67____.AsurveyconductedbytheRoyalHorticulturalSociety,foundthat82%ofpeopleintheUKsaidthatgardeningmakesthemhappier.Italsofoundthat70%ofthem,giventhechoice,wouldprefertospendtheirworkingdayinthegardenwithjust9%optingforanoffice.Forthosewithgreenforgers,thepleasureofgardeningcomesfromgettingoutinthefreshair,inallweathersandcommuningwithnature--evenifthereareafewtoomanyworms!Itcanalsobeseenasasortofdigital-detox--timeawayfromtechnology.__68___DrChristopherLowry,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofColorado,injectedabacteriumcommonlyfoundinsoilintomicetoseewhataffectionthiswouldhaveonthem.____69___.Whenwediginsoilweabsorbthisbacteriumthroughourlungsorcutsinourskin,soDrLowryconcludedthatsincethemiceseemedhappierwhentreatedwithsoilbacteria,it'slikelywewouldbe,too.___70_____.There’sevidencethatrecoveringalcoholicswhohavebeengiventheopportunitytoplant,grow,andevenselltheirproduce,havemanagedtostoptheiraddictivehabits.ScotStephenson,forexample,gotdismissedfromschoolandstartedavocationalqualificationingardening.Hesays,“IgotmyNVQlevel2whichismyfirstqualificationandenjoyediteversince.”Whateverthereason,therearemanytherapeuticbenefitstogettingyourhandsdirty,doingsomephysicalhardworkandthenwatchingyourgardengrow.Doesthissoundlikeyourideaoffun?二.A.Manyofusjustdriveonaswehaverightofway.B.Itisthissocialaspectthatmakesmanypeoplesuspiciousaboutdriverlesscars.C.Thelatestrobotcarsareabletomakethenecessaryeyecontactwithahumandriver.D.Humansarealwayssuspiciousaboutnewtechnologiesofwhichtheyhavelittleexperience.E.EvenmanypeoplewithsuspicionacceptthatemotionlessAVscouldcausefeweraccidentsthanwehumans.F.Thesesafety-firstrobotcarscouldbecomevictimsoftheirownpolitenessandendupbeingbullied,ignoredbyaggressive,impatienthumans.WouldYouBully(欺负)aDriverlessCarorShowItRespect? Sayyou’redrivingdownatwo-waystreetandthere’satruckunloadingadeliveryintheoppositelane.Theoncomingtrafficneedstopulloutintoyourlanetoovertake. Whatdoyoudo? ____67____Eventuallyoneofusfeelscharitableandslowsdowntoallowtheoncomingcartoovertakeandgiverpermissionwithaquickflashofheadlightsorawaveofthehand. Butwhatifthecarwaitingpatientlybehindtheparkedtruckisadriverlessorautonomousvehicle(AV)?Willthisrobotcarbeabletounderstandwhatyoumeanwhenyouflashyourlightsorwaveyourhands? Itssensorscoulddecidethatit’sonlysafetoovertakewhenthere’snooncomingtrafficatall.Onabusyroadatschoolhometime,thismaybenever,leadingtoincreasinglyangrydriversqueuingbehind.____68____ThisisoneoftheconclusionstobedrawnfromresearchcarriedoutbyDr.ChrisTennantofthepsychologicalandbehaviouralsciencedepartmentattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.HisEurope-widesurveyfindsthatnearlytwo-thirdsofdriversthinkmachineswon’thaveenoughcommonsensetointeractwithhumandrivers,andmorethantwo-fifthsthinkarobotcarwouldremainstuckbehindourassumedparkedtruckforalongtime.Drivingisn’tjustabouttechnologyandengineering,it’sabouthumaninteractionsandpsychology.Theroadisasocialspace.____69____“Ifyouviewtheroadasasocialspace,youwillconsciouslynegotiateyourjourneywithotherdrivers.PeoplewholikethatnegotiationprocessappeartofeellesscomfortableengagingwithAVsthanhumandrivers,”sayMr.Tennantinhisreport. ____70____Astatisticoftentrottedout(动不动就搬出)isthathumanerrorisresponsibleformorethan90%ofaccidents,withourtendencytoroadanger,tirednessandlackofconcentration.课后作业ASectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassages.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Theycanbeendlesslyimprovedaswebetterunderstandhowtotreatanimals.ExpertshavebrokenfreshgroundinbreedingcaptiveanimalsYetcriticssuggestthatanimalsshouldnotbekeptincageStudieshaveclearlyshownthatcaptiveanimalswilllivelongerandbemoreactivekeptinanenvironmentclosetotheirnativesurroundingsThis,therefore,putsseverpressureonthelegsandfeetofthesegiantsandcauseslong-lastinginjuryinsomecaptiveanimals.Evidencesindicatethatsomeanimalsdependgreatlyonsurroundings.Arezoosbadforanimals?ZooshaveexistedsinceancienttimesandwerefeaturesofthegreatcourtsofEgyptandChina.Thedisplayofunusualanimalsformforeigncountrieswas,foralongtime,ashowofwealthandpower.Today,zoosfocusonthepreservationofanimalsspeciesandtheeducationofthepublic.__67___Someanimalsaredistinctlyunsuitedforlifeinazoo,howevernobletheaimsoftheorganization.Keepingelephantincaptivity(囚禁)haslongcausedargumentamonganimalsrightsactivists.Elephantinthewildwanderconstantly,coveringawideterritoryonadailybasis.Incaptivity,theyhavenochoicebuttostandstillforlongperiodsoftime.___68____.Yetelephantsareathreatenedspeciesintheirnativeenvironmentsandareheavilycaughtforivory(象牙)，leatherandmeatillegally.Toprotectthespeciesformthewildduetoinjuryorabandonment.___69___.Thechancesare,ifazoohasnothingbutcementfloorsandmetalenclosures,theanimalswillnotdoaswell.Manyfamouszoosnowconstructenclosuresallowinganimalsfreedomofmovementandnativevegetation.Somezooshaveevenbegunhousingspeciesofanimalstogetherthatnormallyinteractinthewild,suchascertaintypesofmonkeys.Zoosarenotaperfectsolutionforpreservation.____70___.Theyareundeniablyhelpfulinrepopulatingdeclininganimalspeciesandencouragingapreservationistoutlook,buttheyareunquestionablyprimaryintheirtreatmentofsomeanimals.Hopefully,animalactivistsandzooadvocateswillcontinuetoworktogether,findingwaystocreatethebestenvironmentforcaptiveanimalsinbreedingandrepopulationefforts.BYou'reonlyassmartasyourexperience，andifyoudon’tchallengeyourselfpastyourcomfortzone-youaresettinglimitsonyourpotentialthatnotbethere.B.Toleranceforvariouspeopleleadstoanenjoyablejourney.C.You'llenhanceyourunderstandingofallkindsofpeople,becomemoreopen-mindedingeneralandheightenyourappreciationfordiversity.D.Evenifyou'retimid,learnthebasicsbeforeyourtriptoaforeigncountry.E.Youmaylearnthelocallanguagetogivethemagoodimpression.F.Totakethisastepfurther,inquireabouthowadishyoulikeiscooked.TravelMakesYouSmarterWhenwesaytravelmakesyou'smarter',wedon'tmeanyou'reallofasuddengoin