2018考博英语完型填句题

2018考博英语完型填句题讲义

[中国科学院2015年真题]

SectionB(20minutes,10points)

Directions:Ineachofthefollowingpassages,fivesentenceshavebeenremovedfromtheoriginaltext.TheyarelistedfromAtoFandputbelowthepassage.Choosethemostsuitablesentencefromthelisttofillineachoftheblanks(numbered66to75).Foreachpassage,thereisonesentencethatdoesnotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonyourMachine-scoringAnswerSheet.

PassageOne

TheSantaAnaappealscourtupheldanearlierjuryverdictawarding$3.2millionindamagestoAlexisSartiwhosufferedseriousnervedamageafterafoodpoisoningepisodeatarestaurant.(66)

InApril2005,SartiaterawtunaattheSaltCreekGrillerestaurant.Afterwards,shesufferedfromsuddenparalysisanddoublevision.Shespentthenext49daysinthehospital,andhadtodropoutofcollegeformorethanayearandahalfafterthefoodpoisoningincident,formedicalcareandtherapy.

(67)Musclesandspasmsbotherheronadailybasis,althoughshesaysshe’susedtothesenow.Shehasrecoveredsomewhatsincethen.Butstrenuousactivityisoutofthequestion,andwhat’sworse,sheexpectshersituationtodeteriorateasshegetsolder.

Sartifiledalawsuitagainsttherestaurant,andclaimedcrosscontaminationofthetunawithaformofbacteriathatexistsinrawpoultry.(68)TheverdictwassetasidebySuperiorCourtJudgeDerekW.Hunt.The4thdistrictCourtofAppealinSantaAnahasnowoverturnedJudgeHunt’sruling.

Indeliveringhisdecision,JudgeHuntsaidhewasconstrainedbya35-year-oldappellatedecisionthatprohibitsjuriesfromassumingthatcrosscontaminationintherestaurantswastheresultoffaultypracticesorhandling.

TheSantaAnaappealscourtseemstohavedisregardedthatolderappellatedecision.(69)Ithasbeencitedforimproperfoodstorage,crosscontaminationandincorrecthandlingonthreeseparateinstances.

ItwasclearthatthenegligentfoodhandlingpracticesatthisrestaurantwereresponsibleforadeadlycrosscontaminationthatresultedinSarti’sfoodpoisoning.(70)Still,shehasincurredmorethanamilliondollars’worthofmedicalbills,andexpectstoneedmoremedicalcareinthefuture.

Atthetrial,Sarti’sattorneysarguedthatSaltCreekGrillehasarecordofpoorhandlingpracticesinitskitchens.

Sartisaidmedicalbillstotaledabout$1millionandshewantstoputasideanother$1millionforfutureexpenses.

Sartiinsiststhatthevictoryisamoral,ratherthanmonetaryone.

Onceahighschoolcrosscountryrunner,Sartitodayisunabletotakepartinsportslikerunning,orotherformsofextremephysicalactivity.

It’samilestonedecisionthatcannowbecitedacrossotherfoodpoisoninglawsuits.

Ajuryhandeddownaverdictfor$3.2million,andSaltCreekGrille,whichalsohasbranchesinNewYorkandNewJersey,appealed.

Passagetwo

Intoday’sfreneticworkplace,wheredistractionsareconstantandcompetitionisoftenfierce,stresshasneverbeenhigher.Frompanicattacksandanxietytopoorsleep,acidreflux,highbloodpressureandstrokes,stressiscausingourbodiestomentallyandphysicallyshutdown,accordingtoDr.TaraSwart,neuroscientistandco-authorof“NeuroscienceforLeadership.”

Insteadoftellinguswhatweshouldn’tbedoing,Swarthasnotedafewtelltalesignsweneedtowatchoutfor,signsthatwe’relettingstressgettous.Someofthephysicalsignsincludefatigue,muscularachesandpains,andfluandcoldsthatarelingeringlonger—asignthatstressisstartingtoerodeyourimmunesystem,shesaid(71)Otherphysicalsymptomsincludeproblemsrelatedtothegutandlimbicsystemofthebrain—thingslikeheartburn,refluxandirritablebowelsyndromecanbesignsofstressaswell.Sometimes,stresscansendusspiralingintosurvivalmode,asSwartcallsit.(72)Beingirritableandmoodyarealsosignsthatstressisgettingtous.

Aerobicexercisehelps,saysSwart,asitreleasesendorphins(内啡肽)andreducesourcortisol(皮质醇)levels.Butother,lessphysicallydemandingstepsneedtobealsotaken:talkingtoafriendorpsychologist,gettingadequatesleep,stayingwell-hydratedandpracticingsometypeofmindfulnesswillallhelpreduceourstress,shesaid.

FromOprahWinfreytoRupertMurdochandAriannaHuffingtontoRussellSimmons,itseemsthesehigh-achievingindividualsknowathingortwoabouthowtocopewithstress.MichaelChaskalson,founderandCEOofMindfulnessWorksandauthorof“Mindfulnessin8Weeks,”coachesseniorpeopleinmindfulnessskillstobettermanagepressuresofwork.Indoingso,heclaimshisclientsbecomemoreemotionallyalert,moreempathicandtheyhavehigherlevelsofconcentrationandcreativity.(75)Withtherightapproach,walking,evenrunning(inamindfulway),staringoutthewindow,justtakingabreak,willhelpleadersnotonlyperformbetter,butthere’sevidencethatitwillimproveanorganization’soverallhealthandeffectiveness.

Alotofmentalandemotionalissuesactuallymanifestwithphysicalsymptoms,shesaid.

Wecravehigh-sugarfoodsandcaffeine,thinkingitwillmakeusfeelbetterbutactually“itmakesusmoreanxious.”

Itdoesn’thavetobeyogaormeditation,Chaskalsonsays.

Manywell-knownleadersandCEOShavepraisedmeditationandmindfulnessaspartoftheirongoingsuccess.

Howtocombatallthis?

Stressmakesmusclesache,warnsSwart,sowatchoutfor“thatfeelingwhenyou’vebeenrunning”wherethelacticacidbuildsup.

[厦门大学2013年真题]

SectionB(10points)

Directions:Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions1-5,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Etofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Markyour

answersontheANSWERSHEET.

Whereisthenewsleadingus?

NotlongagoIwasaskedtojoininapublicsymposiumonthevoleoftheAmericanpress.Twootherspeakerswereincludedontheprogram.ThefirstwasadistinguishedTVanchorman.Theotherwastheeditorofoneofthenation’sleadingpapers,anewsmantothecore-tough,aggressive,andsavvyinthewaysandmeansofsolidreporting.

Thepurposeofthesymposium,asIunderstoodit,wastoscrutinizetheobligationsofthemediaandtosuggestthebestwaystomeetthoseobligations.

Why,heasked,arethenewspapersandtelevisionnewsprogramssodisaster-prone?Whyarenewsmenandwomensoattractedtotragedy,violence,failure?

Theanchormanandeditorreactedasthoughtheyhadbeenblamedfortheexistenceofbadnews.Newsmenandnewswomen,theysaid,areonlyresponsibleforreportingthenews,notforcreatingitormodifyingit.

Thegentlemanwhohadaskeditwasnotblamingthemforthedistortionsintheworld.Hewasjustwonderingwhydistortionsaremostreported.Thenewsmediaseemtooperateonthephilosophythatallnewsisbadnews.Why?Coulditbethattheemphasisondownsidenewsislargelytheresultoftradition—thewaynewsmenandnewswomenareaccustomedtorespondtodailyevents?

Newsissupposedtodealwithhappeningsofthepast12hours-24hoursatmost.Anythingthathappenssosuddenly,however,isapttobeeruptive.Asniperkillssomepedestrians;aterroristholds250peoplehostageinaplane;OPECannouncesa25percentincreaseinpetroleumprices;GreatBritaindevaluesbyanother10percent;atruckconveyingradioactivewastescollideswithamobilecementmixer.

Civilizationisalotmorethanthesumtotalofitscatastrophes.Themostimportantingredientinanycivilizationisprogress.Butprogressdoesn’thappenallatonce.Itisnoteruptive.Generally,itcomesinbitsandpieces,verylittleofitclearlyvisibleatanygivenmoment,butallofitinvolvedinthemakingofhistoricalchangeforthebetter.

Itisthisaspectoflivinghistorythatmostnewsreportingreflectsinadequately.Theresultisthatweareunder-informedaboutpositivedevelopmentsandover-informedaboutdisasters.This,inturn,leadstoapublicmoodofdefeatismanddespair,whichinthemselvestendtobeinhibitorsofprogress.Anunrelieveddietoferuptivenewsdepletestheessentialhumanenergiesafreesocietyneeds.5

Iamnotsuggestingthat“positive”newshecontrivedasanantidotetothedisastersonpageone.NordoIdefinepositivenewsasin-depthreportageoffunctionsofthelocalYMCA.WhatIamtryingtogetacrossisthenotionthattheresponsibilityofthenewsmediaistosearchoutandreportonimportantevents-whetherornottheycomeundertheheadingofconflict,confrontation,orcatastrophe.Theworldisasplendidcombinationofheavenandhell,andbothsectorscallforattentionandscrutiny.

Focusingsolelyonthesedetails,however,producesamisshapenpicture.

Perhapsitwouldbeusefulheretoexaminethewaywedefinethewordnews,forthisiswheretheproblembegins.

Amoodofhopelessnessandcynicismishardlylikelytofurnishtheenergyneededtomeetseriouschallenges.

Duringtheopen-discussionperiod,agentlemanintheaudienceaddressedaquestiontomytwo

colleagues.

Itdidn’tseemtomethatthenewsmenhadansweredthequestion.

[中国社会科学院2015年真题]

SectionA(10points)

Directions:Somesentenceshavebeenremovedinthefollowingtext.ChoosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachoftheblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.

Butthereisofcultureanotherview,inwhichnotsolelythescientificpassion,thesheerdesiretoseethingsastheyare,naturalandproperinanintelligentbeing,appearsasthegroundofit.Thereisaviewinwhichalltheloveofourneighbor,theimpulsestowardsaction,help,andbeneficence,thedesireforremovinghumanerror,clearinghumanconfusion,anddiminishinghumanmisery,thenobleaspirationtoleavetheworldbetterandhappierthanwefoundit,—motiveseminentlysuchasarecalledsocial—comeinaspartofthegroundsofculture,andthemainandpreeminentpart.Cultureisthenproperlydescribednotashavingitsoriginincuriosity,butashavingitsoriginintheloveofperfection;itisastudyofperfection.41

Religionsays:TheKingdomofGodiswithinyou;42itplacesitintheever-increasingefficacyandinthegeneralharmoniousexpansionofthosegiftsofthoughtandfeeling,whichmakethepeculiardignity,wealthandhappinessofhumannature.AsIhavesaidonaformeroccasion:“Itisinmakingendlessadditionstoitself,intheendlessexpansionofitspowers,inendlessgrowthinwisdomandbeauty,thatthespiritofthehumanracefindsitsideal.Toreachthisideal,cultureisanindispensableaid,andthatisthetruevalueofculture.”Notahavingandarestingbutagrowingandabecoming,isthecharacterofperfectionascultureconceivesit;andhere,too,itcoincideswithreligion…

Ifculture,then,isastudyofperfection,andofharmoniousperfection,generalperfection,andperfectionwhichconsistsinbecomingsomethingratherthaninhavingsomethinginaninwardconditionofthemindandspirit,notinanoutwardsetofcircumstances,itisclearthatculturehasaveryimportantfunctiontofulfillformankind.Andthisfunctionisparticularlyimportantinourmodernworld,ofwhichthewholecivilizationis,toamuchgreaterdegreethanthecivilizationofGreeceandRome,mechanicalandexternal,andtendsconstantlytobecomemoreso.43

Thepursuitofperfection,then,isthepursuitofsweetnessandlight.Culturehasonegreatpassion,thepassionforsweetnessandlight.Ithasoneevenyetgreater—thepassionformakingthemprevail.Itisnotsatisfiedtillweallcometoaperfectman;itknowsthatthesweetnessandlightofthefewmustbeimperfectuntiltherawandunkindledmassesofhumanityaretouchedwithsweetnessandlight.Ihavenotshrunkfromsayingthatwemustworkforsweetnessandlight;neitherhaveIshrunkfromsayingthatwemusthaveabroadbasis,musthavesweetnessandlightforasmanyaspossible…44

45Thegreatmenofculturearethosewhohavehadapassionfordiffusing,formakingprevail,forcarryingfromoneendofsocietytotheother,thebestknowledge,thebestideasoftheirtime;whohavelaboredtodivestknowledgeofallthatwasharsh,uncouth,difficult,abstract,professional,exclusive;tohumanizeit,