2023年研究生入学考试英语综合2010-2022历年真题选编带答案难题含解析

2023年研究生入学考试英语综合2010-2022历年真题选编带答案难题含解析（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共75题)1.Directions:

A.Studythefollowingsetofbarchartscarefullyandwriteacomposition.

B.YourcompositionmustbewrittenonANSWERSHEET2.

C.Yourcompositionshouldcovermostoftheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:

1)根据提示概述下列4幅图；

2)分析中国钢产量迅速增长的原因；

3)预测世界钢产量的前景。

Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.提示：欧洲经济委员会公布了最新数字：1996年世界钢产量约为7.5亿吨，比1995年下降0.2%。中国1996年钢产量突破一亿吨大关，从而超过日本成为世界上最大的产钢国。2.Directions:

Youweresupposedtoattendaconferenceyesterdaybutforsomereasonyoucouldnotgoandfailedtoaskforleaveofabsence.WritealettertoJohnSmith,themanagerofyourcompany,explainingwhyandapologizingforyournegligenceofduty.

Donotsignyourownname.Sign"WangZhen"instead.3.低碳也可促进经济

低碳经济是指温室气体排放量尽可能低的经济发展方式，尤其要有效控制二氧化碳这一主要温室气体的排放。在全球变暖的大背景下，低碳经济受到越来越多国家的关注。低碳经济以低能耗、低排放、低污染为基础，其实质是提高能源利用效率和创建清洁能源结构，核心是技术创新、制度创新和发展观的改变。发展低碳经济是一场涉及生产模式、生活方式、价值观念和国家权益的全球性革命。

在即将于20日落幕的全国节能宣传周中，低碳经济成了一个热门词汇。低碳意味着环保，彰显出我们应对气候变化的努力方向，但它并不仅仅意味着减少使用化石燃料。从国际经验来看，低碳经济是一项系统工程，低碳也可以促进经济。

英国是全球低碳经济的积极倡导者和先行者。在2003年的能源白皮书中，英国首次以政府文件形式提出要创建低碳经济，领先其他各国。英国将发展低碳经济置于国家战略高度，不仅是为了推动环保、应对气候变化，还希望通过发展、应用和输出低碳技术来创造新的商机和就业机会，在未来可能的低碳大产业中占据先机。

以英国能源和气候变化部17日刚刚公布的“清洁煤炭”计划草案为例，评估认为，这一计划将在工程、制造等领域提供3万到6万个就业岗位，到2030年它对英国经济的贡献值将达到每年40亿英镑。

其他发达国家在发展低碳经济上也不甘落后。美国奥巴马政府将把发展绿色能源作为重要的经济刺激手段，计划在10年内创造500万个新能源、节能和清洁生产就业岗位；日本的《绿色经济与社会变革》政策草案被认为可使日本环境领域的市场规模在2020年增长到120万亿日元(1美元约合96日元)。

具体来说，低碳目标最有可能在三个方面促进经济发展。首先是加速太阳能、风能等新能源产业的发展。这是减少使用化石燃料，从而减排二氧化碳等温室气体的治本之策。目前世界新能源产业已具备相当规模，并正得到各国持续追加的投资。

其次是对传统产业的低碳化升级改造。前述英国“清洁煤炭”计划便是针对煤电厂的技术改造计划，要求煤电厂具有捕捉并储存二氧化碳的能力。汽车产业中兴起的电动汽车、生物能源汽车，也是传统产业向低碳化发展的范例。

最后，全球碳交易市场本身也是一种新兴的经济活动。根据联合国“清洁发展机制”等规定，没有减排指标的发展中国家或减排工作做得较好的机构，可以将碳排放配额拿到市场上交易。碳交易已经有效帮助了许多发展中国家的经济发展。

英国(前)首相布朗曾表示，英国将力争用“低碳经济模式”帮助经济复苏。在当前全球经济衰退的大背景下，低碳经济将是科学而可持续发展的良好方向。

我们也参与了上面提到的日本和英国的合作研究，并进行了相应的针对中国低碳社会的研究。这里的研究目标是在英国和日本等发达国家实现低碳社会理想的情况下，发展中国家和发达国家共享技术和对策，那么中国有可能迎接低碳未来。这些技术或者政策有可能会晚些进入发展中国家，但只是时间的问题。

明年，有关部门将对完成“十一五”节能目标有困难的地区加强督导，确保节能减排设施的有效运行。同时在全国范围内继续深入开展节能减排全民行动。此外，我国还将完善有关政策法规和标准，促进节能减排；积极推进十大重点节能工程，全面实施节能产品惠民工程。在做好财政补贴推广高效节能空调的基础上，制定冰箱、洗衣机、平板电视、燃气热水器、电机等节能产品的财政补贴推广实施细则。4.TheviewpointoftheEPAis______.A.thereiscasuallinkbetweenelectricityandcancerB.electricityreallyaffectscancerC.controversialD.lowfrequencyelectromagneticfieldisapossiblecauseofcancer5.Writeamemorandumaccordingtotheinformationgivinginthefollowingoutline.

1)ThismemoistoMinistryofPersonalDepartmentJimHillman.

2)BraunMedicalCo.isinurgentneedofacapableproductmanager.6.Directions:

Youhaven'theardfromyourfriend(LiPing)sincelastyear.Writealetteraccordingtothefollowingoutline:

1)greethimandtellhimhowyouspendyourvocationand

2)invitehimtoBeijing.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon'thavetowritetheaddress.7.Directions:

Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversity.Writealetterofapplicationtoaskforsomematerials.Writetotellthem

1)youreducationalbackgroundand

2)whatmajoryouwanttostudy.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon'thavetowritetheaddress.8.Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleoneagerlearners.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:

1)Interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture.

2)Makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon.

Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

9.Directions:

ThenumberofprivatecarsissoaringinChina.Theproblemsresultingfromtheincreaseofprivatecarsarebroughttopeople'sattention.Writealettertoaneditorofanewspaper

1)giveyouropinionsbrieflyand

2)maketwoorthreesuggestions.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.10.Directions:

Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethephotobriefly,

2)interpretthemeaningreflectedbyit,and

3)offerarelevantexample.

Youshouldwrite160-200words.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

11.12.Directions：

You'vereceivedaweddinginvitationfromyourbestfriendJessiejustnow,butunfortunatelyyouhavesomethingelsetodothatdayandcouldnotattendit.Pleasewriteareplyletter,tellingheryourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.13.(10points)14.Heisplanninganothertourabroad,yethispassportwill______attheendofthismonth.A.expireB.exceedC.terminateD.cease15.Directions:

YouareLiMing,chairmanoftheHistoryDepartment.YouwanttoinviteProfessorSwift,ascholarofChinesehistory,toattendaninternationalconferenceonChinesehistory.

Writehimaletterto

1)invitehimtoattendthemeetingand

2)askhimtomakeaspeechduringtheconference.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.

Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon'thavetowritetheaddress.16.Thesolutionworksonlyforcoupleswhoareself-employed,don'thavesmallchildrenandgetalong______tospendmostoftheirtimetogether.A.sowellB.toowellC.wellasD.wellenough17.Directions:

A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160—200words.

B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.

C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:

1)Describethefollowingdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and

2)Giveyourcomments.

18.Directions:

ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80-100EnglishwordsonANSWERSHEET2.

冬季的体育锻炼

尽管冬季寒冷，但足仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健，否则会适得其反，冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑喾、晨练、冬泳等，下面结合冬季气候作介绍。

首先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天中多穿衣服，衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时，机体的产热大大增加，如果穿得过多反而有害，应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便地脱掉。近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进，这样可以保证良好的隔热性，同时又保证了活动的自由性。

在寒冷环境下运动时，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加，此时机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在运动间隙要特别注意保暖，及时加衣。寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大，代谢水平高，使身体内的能源物质消耗增多，在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与，如维生素B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素C等需求增加。

因此，对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食，应注意增加较多的热量。一般来说，从事同等强度的运动冬季比春季热量消耗高10%左右。据测算，一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000～1500千卡热量。在三大物质中，因脂肪具有产热多的特点，且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒，故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部热量的25%～30%；而蛋白质也应偏高，占12%～18%；其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算，蛋白质约需130克，脂肪150克，糖约480克，相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右，鸡肉100克，瘦猪肉200克，鸡蛋两个，牛奶两杯，植物油50克等。

冰雪项目锻炼中，膳食中的维生素也应相当增加，维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力。据文献称，摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度，缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应，增加机体耐寒能力。

冬泳是我国北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性，但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动，必须掌握科学的方法。反之，就会影响身体健康，甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始，逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力；冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充，冬泳前不要喝酒；对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女在月经期均不宜冬泳。

冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行晨练。一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸人人体易引起气管炎、喉炎、结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸，鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热，鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘。对于严重的疾病患者，冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度。锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度，以防旧病复发。注意循序渐进，掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则。在天气过于寒冷时，最好不要外出锻炼。19.Directions:

ProfessorRodgerEadeisplanningtovisitChinaasavisitingscholar.NowMr.LiMing,HeadofChineseLanguageDepartment,BeijingUniversity,iswritingaletterto

1)expresswarmwelcome,and

2)formallyinvitehimtobeavisitingscholar,discussingthemattersrelatedtoresearchfield,financialsupport,durationofthevisit,etc.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.20.Educationshouldbevariousbecause______.A.peoplearerichorpoor,cleverorfoolishB.freeeducationforalldoesn'tworkC.lifeisvariedD.peoplehavedifferentprofessionalbackgrounds21.Directions:Youjustcomebackfromyourholiday.Writealettertothemanagerofthehotelyoubookedtocomplainthebadserviceinthehotel.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.Use“LiMing”instead.Donotwritetheaddress.22.______forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.A.HaditnotbeenB.WereitnotC.BeitnotD.Shoulditnotbe23.Directions：

Youhavereceivedaninvitationtothebirthdaypartyofyourfriend,Torn.Butyoucan'tattendit.WritealettertoTomto

1)thankhimfortheinvitation,

2)givereasonswhyyoucan'tgo,

3)apologizeandexpressyourwishes.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.24.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

25.I'vekeptupafriendshipwithagirlwhomIwasatschool______twentyyearsago.A.aboutB.sinceC.tillD.with26.Directions:

Youhavehadanaccidentandareinhospital.

WritealettertoprofessorJohnsonexplainingwhyyouwillbeabsentfromclassforthenextmonth.Askforadviceabouthowtocontinueyourstudiesduringthisperiod.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.13onotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.27.Directions:

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanarticleonthewasteofenergy.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:

1)describethedrawing,

2)interpretitssymbolicmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomment.

Youshouldwrite1t50--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)28.Directions:

Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleonamarketingstrategy:discountpromotion.

Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:

1)interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture

2)makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon

Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.

29.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.(10points)30.Iamnot______withmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.A.concernedB.compatibleC.considerateD.complied31.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethepictures,

2)interpretthemeaning,and

3)commentontheissue.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

32.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethepicturebriefly,

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen

3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examples

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

33.Corporationsandlaborunionshave______greatbenefitsupontheiremployeesandmembersaswellasuponthegeneralpublic.A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted34.Thepublicopinionwasthatthetimewasnot______fortheelectionofsucharadicalcandidateasMr.Jones.A.reasonableB.ripeC.readyD.practical35.1.Thereareatleastthreemajoradvantagestolivinginasmalltown.Thefirstistheeasewithwhichapersoncangetaround.2.Thesecondadvantagesisthelowcostofliving.3.Thegreatestbenefitofsmall-townlifeisthefriendliness.36.Directions:

Youarepreparingtoaskforsomehelpfromyourteacher,writealetterthat:

1)detailwhatyouwanthimorshedoesforyou,

2)expressyourthankstoyourteacher,

Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsonANSWERSHEETII.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.37.6.

A.armadaB.lineC.fleetD.group38.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshouldfirstdescribethedrawing,theninterpretitsmeaning,andgiveyourcommentonit.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)39.Directions:

YouareplanningtoinviteProfessorLeetogivestudentsalectureonEnglishliterature.Writealettertohimwhichshouldinclude:

1)sendingyourinvitationstohim,

2)givingthedetailedinformation,

3)expressingyourexpectanceandthanks.

Youshouldwrite100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowriteyouraddress.40.Howcanwemeettheneedsoftodaywithoutdiminishingthecapacityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirs?Sustainabledevelopmentimpliesabroadviewofhumanwelfare,along-termperspectiveaboutsocialdevelopment.

Writeanessaywhichshouldcover：

1)describingthesetofdrawingsbelow；

2)statingitsmainideaand

3)givingyourcomment.

41.Directions:Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,

2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

42.Directions:

Oneofyourclosefriends,Catherine,gaveapianosoloataconcertlastnightandwonthefirstprize.Nowwriteheraletterofcongratulationincludingthefollowingdetails:

1)yourheart-feltcongratulations,

2)yourstrongimpression,

3)andyourencouragement.

Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use"12Ming"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.43.Directions:

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:

1)describethecartoon,pointoutthemessageconveyed;

2)giveyourcomment.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.44.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that______.A.shipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroadB.therewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwideC.overchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforratereliefD.agovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness45.Directions:

SupposeyoulivedattheRehabilitationCenterandwereundertendercare.Youwritealettertoextendyourthankstoyourstaff'sconsideration.

Beginyourletterasfollows:

Dearstaff,

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname,using"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.46.Sometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthis______toacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeingstudied.A.commentB.reactionC.impressionD.comprehension47.A.Studythefollowinggraphscarefullyandwriteanessayinatleast150words.

B.YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.

C.Youressayshouldcoverthesethreepoints:

1.effectofthecountry'sgrowinghumanpopulationonitswildlife

2.possiblereasonfortheeffect

3.yoursuggestionforwildlifeprotection

THEUPSANDDOWNSOFPOPULATIONGROWTH

48.Directions:

WritealettertoProf.Wang,HeadofForeignLanguages.Department,introducingtohimyourstudentMissJinHua.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.49.Directions.

Arecruitmentdrivefor100,000Olympicvolunteers,whichaimstohelptheChineseandforeignersgetinvolvedinthe2008Games,wasofficiallylaunchedinBeijinglastmonth.Youintendtoapplyforcertainpositions,andnowwritealettertherecruitmentoffice,showingyourmotivationandstatingyoureligibilityfortherequirements.

Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.50.Directions:

Writeapostertoyourschoolmates,informingthemofanewbooktobereleased.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.51.Directions:

Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethedrawing,

2)interpretitsmeaningandimplications,and

3)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

52.Directions:

WritealettertoProf.Wang,HeadofForeignLanguages.Department,introducingtohimyourstudentMissJinHua.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.53.Directions:

Jordanisoneofyourbusinesspartners.RecentlyhewaspromotedtobetheGeneralManagerofECCCompany.Writealetterto

1)congratulatehimonhispromotionand

2)expressyourwishtocooperatewithhim.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon'thavetowritetheaddress.54.Directions:

Youareabouttograduatefromauniversityinthecomingmonth.Rightnowyouaredoingsomejobhunting.WritealetterofapplicationtoanAmericanbankinyourcityto

1)introduceyourselfbrieflyand

2)expressyourwishtojointhecompany.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon'thavetowritetheaddress.55.Directions:

Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethechartbriefly,

2)analyzepossiblereasonsforthetrend,and

3)giveyourpointofview.

Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

56.Directions:

Youarewritingtolaunchastrongcomplaintabouttheimpolitetreatmentthatyourguests,yourcolleagueandyoureceivedwhenyoumetinarestaurantontheeveoftheNewYearlastFridayevening.Yourlettershouldinclude:

1)detaileddescriptionofyourexperience,

2)andyourstrongresentment.

Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.57.Whoshouldpayforthiseducation,thegovernmentorthestudent?

Youaretowriteinthreeparagraphs.

Inthefirstparagraph,youcouldbringoutthetopicquestion.

Inthesecondparagraph,statethedifferentviewsconcerningtheproblem.

Inthelastparagraph,bringwhatyouhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionwithyourownopinion.

Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)58.Directions:

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayto

1)describethepicture,

2)deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture,and

3)suggestcounter-measures.

Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.59.Directions:

YourfriendMaryBrownwillgotoWashingtonD.C.nextmonth.WritealettertoTonywhoisthereandintroduceMarytohim.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.

Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.60.Directions:

YouareateacherofEnglish.TheeditorofCampusNewsaskedyoutorecommendtwoEnglishbooksforstudentstoreadduringthesummer.Yourarticleshouldinclude:

1)briefintroductionstothebooks;and

2)reasonsforyourrecommendation.61.Directions:

ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80～100Englishwords.

现代化要求教师角色重新定位

中国教育现代化的最终达成，相当程度上取决于作为教育主体力量的教师富于创新智慧的开拓性教育实践。全球化教育语境迫切要求教师角色的历史性创新。

全球化已经并将继续催生教育基本理念的诸多深刻转换。在知识观方面，全球化知识经济的新环境，使知识的创新和文明的传播出现了基于知识、注重更新、追求升级换代，并且知识更新换代周期短、数量大的新特征，这样。知识的传授从传统的过去时转向新颖的未来时。在学习观方面，突破空间阻隔的国际互联网，正在并终将把全球的学校、研究所、图书馆和其他种种信息资源联结起来，构成一个庞大和复杂的资源库，以教师为中心的灌输式教学，将被以学习者为中心的自主式学习所取代。个体的志向、兴趣和精神发展的种种需求，将上升为学习的主导性力量。在教师观方而，随着全球化语境中学生个人的知识来源多元化，教师不再被视作知识的唯一拥有者和化身，其功能主要不是传授知识，而是引导和激励学生探寻、发现和创造性地运用知识，并与之和谐共享。教师工作由传授知识变为开发学生智慧和精神资源，职责更为全面、使命更加重要。

这些教育理念的诸多变化，必然对教师传统角色形成新的挑战。以全球化视角来看，教师所关注的并不是通常所谓的灌输条理分明的知识，而是保护使每个学生找到适合自己道路的环境条件。由此可以管窥教师因其职责转换而引发的一系列角色创新。

首先，教师要成为学生教育学意义上的交往者，以平等的人格、除伪的语言，同步实行与学生的人际交往与心灵交流。教师以平等的姿态接纳交互主体的差异性、独特性甚至是局限性，并将这些视作极其珍贵、极其重要的教育资源，而不是以严密预设的目标来封闭开放性对话的“边界”，因此，教师全方位超越了知识提供者、人生设计者之类传统的“权威”角色。

其次，教师要成为学生可持续自主化学习的有力促进者。一方面，教师的教育价值在于引导和促进学生积极、主动地去求知。这样，教师帮学生主动“要学”显然远比被动“学好”更为重要，因为前者才是促进学生坚韧不拔、穿越坎坷、有望建树的“可持续学习”，后者只是复制既往、重在守成的“维持性学习”。而重要的另一方面在于，教师通过平等和诚挚的对话，促进学生不断地寻找、发现那条开发自我、更新旧我的独特道路，从而赋予其学习活动以个体生命的情感体验和深沉意义，正因如此，教师促进学生“会学”显然远比“学会”更重要。所谓“会学”，即教师要促进学生养成开放性思维品格、弹性化价值尺度和变通性发展方向，故“会学”具有指向未来、超越和创新的展开性，而“学会”则往往局限于既定和既有的知识与义理，难免带有一定的滞后性。

再次，教师要成为学生智慧和情意等精神资源的深度开发者。所谓开发者，即教师要以忘我奉献的精神，去珍爱和维持教育学意义上的诸多“环境条件”，以利于教师不仅释放出青春的智慧，而且高扬起崇高的理想精神、坚定的意志品格和纯洁的道德力量，从而通过一生可持续发展，走出属于自己的那条创新性和建树性道路。

展望全球化所引导的新时代，学校作为多元化文明的集散地，将在创造新人的过程中发挥更为重要的作用。为了适应未来社会和未来教育发展对教师角色的新需求，教师应努力把握自身素质结构发展的基本价值取向，重铸自身的人格和精神结构。

一是发展面向全球多元文化、选择融合有机统一的开放性和创新性思维素质。全球教育竞争在相当程度上，取决于教师的思维素质和其思辨力的广度和深度。教师应着力追求以开放性和创新性为基本特征的思维品格。由于网络能够及时、迅速、完整地提供一个真实的全球语境，学生已拥有个性和求异思维的发展空间，故教师能否以开放性眼光，评估和引导学生们五彩缤纷的心智流向，客观对待母体文化和异质文化，无疑是对教师“教育文明”的一种严峻考验。

二是发展适应全球交际需要、有力促进学生精神健康发育的世界性和现代性人格素质。生命的品位、灵魂的境界，取决于人格素质。面对信息多元化、思维自由化的全球语境下时代新特征，面对克隆羊的诞生使人的批量生产在技术上成为可能，黑客的袭击可以摧毁一个国家的金融甚至防卫系统等这些对人类传统价值观的新挑战，教师的教育范畴，显然存在着从单一的认知领域，向情感、道德、意志和行为等非认知领域扩展的现实问题，势必要求教师自觉、主动地优化作为一门隐蔽课程而存在并发挥着重大潜教育价值的自身人格素质。教师要有对全人类、对未来生活的超越性理想精神及其敬业态度，要有以爱心为内核的博大情怀，要有堪为表率的道德品格，还要敢于对学生不耻下问，以期达到教学相长、学海无涯的美好境界。

三是发展符合全球化新时代潮流的教育理论素质。在人类文明的发展中，文字的出现与印刷术的诞生，引发了教育两次质的飞跃。新世纪以来，高新科技正以前所未有的加速度推进着教育的又一次重大变革。尤其是多媒体和信息高速公路，成为人类步入全球化网络时代的重要标志，极为深刻地影响着学校教育理念和模式。教师理当优化自身教育理论素质，从而把原本缺乏人的活力的现代教育技术，融入以人为主体的活生生的教育进程中去。62.Directions:

Youhaven'theardfromyourfriend(LiPing)sincelastyear.Writealetteraccordingtothefollowingoutline:

1)greethimandtellhimhowyouspendyourvocationand

2)invitehimtoBeijing.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdon'thavetowritetheaddress.63.IapologizeifI______you,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.A.offendB.hadoffendedC.shouldhaveoffendedD.mighthaveoffended64.Directions:

Writeanessayofabout160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inthisessay,youshould:

1)describethepicturebriefly,

2)interpretthemeaning,and

3)giveyourcomment.65.Directions:

Youbookedatwo-weekholidaytoSydneywithFly-by-NightTravel.Youarenothappywiththeholiday—theflightwasdelayed,thehotelwasnoisy,andsoon.

WritetoFly-by-NightTraveltocomplainabouttheholidaygivingdetailsabouttheproblems.Requestsomecompensationorrefund.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddrexss.66.Directions:

Thefigureshowsthepercentageofemployeesineachoccupationabsentfromworkforatleastonedayinareferenceweekin1999duetoinjuryorillness.

Writeareportforauniversitylecturedescribingtheinformationshownbelow.

Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

Percentageofemployeesabsent

(Figuresinbracketsequalnumberofemployeescouted)

67.Directions:

Youhaveafriendwhoisabouttoenteruniversity,andhewantsyoutogivehimsomeadviceonwhichmajortochoose:history,inwhichheisinterestedinorcomputerscience,whichindicatesbetterjobprospects.

Writealetterwithnolessthan100wordstotellhimyouropinionandexplainthereasons.

WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;use"LiMing"instead.

Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.68.1)time&place;

2)textbookforthisclass;

3)studentswhoarequalifiedtoattendthisclass;

4)officetosignin;

5)publishingtimeofyournotice.

Bytheway,Mrs.Connie,anAmericanprofessorwhoisworkinginGuangdongUniversityofForeignStudies,willcomeandhavetalkswithustwiceaweek.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)69.Directions:

YouheardthatoneofyourfriendsfailedintheentranceexaminationofpostgraduateWritealettertohimwhichshouldincludethefollowinginformation:(1)expressyourregrets;(2)encouragehimtotryagain;(3)hopetoseehiminhighspirits.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourwonnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.70.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.71.1.主题句：人们对大学合并持有不同的态度。

2．发展句：A)一些人认为大学合并是建设世界一流大学的重要举措。B)另一些人认为大学合并有一些潜在的问题，如管理问题。

3．结论句：大学合并利大于弊，但应考虑到带来的问题。

Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEETⅡ.72.Directions:

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould:

1)describethecartoon,pointoutthemessageconveyed;

2)giveyourcomment.

Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

73.Directions:

Youhaveboughtabrand-newcomputerinadealer'soffice.Butmuchtoyourdisappointment,itcouldnotbenormallyoperatedwhenyougotitback.Writealettertothemanager,

1)launchingyourcomplaints,

2)specifyingitstroubles,

3)andproposingsolutions.

Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.74.Directions:

OnyourwayfromChengdutoBeijingyoulostyourluggagecarriedbytheairline.WriteacomplaintlettertotheservicecenteroftheAirline.Inyourletter,youshouldtellthem

1)whathappenedtoyourluggage,

2)whatyourluggageislike,and

3)whatcompensationyouexpect.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.(10points)75.Itwasno______thathiscarwasseennearthebankatthetimeoftherobbery.A.coincidenceB.conventionC.certaintyD.complication第1卷参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：[参考样文]

AccordingtothefiguresissuedbytheEuropeanEconomicCommission,theworld'ssteeloutputoflastyearaddeduptomorethan750milliontons.Comparedwiththatof1995,itdecreasedby0.2percent.AsfarasChinaisconcerned,ithassu