2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学2010-2022历年真题选编带答案难题含解析

2023年研究生类研究生入学考试专业课英语专业语言学2010-2022历年真题选编带答案难题含解析（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共75题)1.Theoldmanlivesdownthestreet.2.Thefollowingfigureswereveryinfluentialinthefieldoflinguisticsinthefirsttwodecadesofthetwentiethcenturyexcept______.A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Firth3.homonymy4.ThefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalledDESIGNFEATURES.Dualityandcreativityaretheonlytwodesignfeaturesoflanguage.5.Theoriginalversion:

Thepeople'scourtmustalwayspayattentiontoactualfacts.

Therevisedversion:

Thepeople'scourtmustalwaysnayattentiontofacts.6.register7.UniversalGrammar8.Indirectspeechact9.Accordingtomanylinguists,thereisnofuturetenseinEnglish,butthereareanumberofwaystoexpressfuturetime.Discussthisstatementwithexamples.10.imageschema11.Multipleprocessesinwordformation12.Explainbrieflybilingualismanddiaglossia.13.morphology14.Doyoupreferdescriptivelinguisticstoprescriptivelinguistics?Giveyourreasons.15.Virtuallyeverysentencethatapersonuttersorunderstandsisabrand-newcombinationofwords,appearingforthefirsttimeinthehistoryoftheuniverse.Therefore,alanguagecannotbearepertoireofresponses;thebrainmustcontainarecipeorprogramthatcanbuildanunlimitedsetofsentencesoutofafinitelistofwords.Thatprogrammaybecalleda______grammar.Itshouldbenotconfusedwith______or______grammarsthatarejustguidestotheetiquetteofwrittenprose.A.Proscriptive-teaching-mentalB.Mental-prescriptive-descriptiveC.Teaching-descriptive-mentalD.Mental-teaching-prescriptive16.[w]______17.AspeechactconsistsofthreerelatedactsaccordingtoJ.L.Austin'sSpeechActtheory.Whatarethey?AnalyzethefollowingconversationinthelightofSpeechActtheory.

Customer:Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup.

Waiter:Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge.18.Asentencestructurethatismadeupoflayersofwordgroupsiscalleda______structure.19.bindingtheory20.Whatarethecausesoflanguagechange?Discussthemindetail.21.open-classwords22.wives23.concord(or:agreement)24.WhatisChomsky's"InnatenessHypothesis"?Explainthereasonswhythishypothesisismade.25.What'sconversationalimplicature?26.Languagesdifferintheirdegreesofdependenceonthemorphologicalcomponents.27.Whatisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage?28.Whyisspeechconsideredpriortowriting?29.pathetic30.Howdoesthetop-clownapproachdifferfromthebottom-upapproachinlanguageprocessing?______A.Bottom-upprocessingismoreeffectivethantop-downprocessinginspeechsynthesis.B.Bottom-upprocessingutilizesallinformationonehasinspeechperception.C.Top-downprocessingusesone'sexistingknowledgeandtheincomingspeechsignal.D.Top-downprocessingismoreefficientthanbottom-upprocessinginspeechcomprehension.31.Consonantsarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremoreconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceand______ofarticulation.32.originate33.Accordingto______periodhypothesis,inchilddevelopmentthereisaperiodduringwhichlanguagecanbeacquiredmoreeasilythanatanyothertime.Theperiodlastsuntilpuberty(aroundage12or13years),andisduetobiologicaldevelopment.34.Broadeningisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone.35.subtlety36.StatethevariousstagesofChomsky'sTransformationalGrammar,anddescribethetheory'sphilosophical/methodologicalfeatures.37.suprasegmentalfeatures38.Phoneticsandphonology39.Endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,i.e.,awordoragroupofwords,whichserveasadefinablecentreorhead.40.WhyisSaussurehailedasthefatherofmodernlinguistics?41.minimalpairs42.endocentricconstruction43.Accordingto______(1996),thespeechpresentationcontinuummayhavethefollowingpossibilities:directspeech,indirectspeech,narrator'srepresentationofspeechactsandnarrator'srepresentationofspeech.44.Commentonthefollowingstatement:

"ItisbelievedthatSCHEMATA,meaningpacketsofstoredknowledge,playanimportantroleinlanguageprocessing."45.Walkinginthepark,thetreesaresoverdantandthefollowerssobeautiful.46.langue47.Thecheeseburgerdidn’torderonions.48.Whatissociolinguistics?49.Inyouropinioninwhatwayscancorpusdatacontributetolexicalstudies?50.Whatisresonancemodel?Howisitusedtoexplaintextcomprehension?51.Whatisyourunderstandingoflinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?Doyouagreewithdrawingadistinctionbetweenthesetwocompetences?Whyorwhynot?Pleasejustifyyouranswerwithoneortwoexamples.52.StatetheReferential-Theory(ormeaningtriangle)putforwardbyOgdenandRichards,andillustratethetheorywithanexample.53.Senseductivity(designfeatureoflanguage)55.culturaltransmission56.A.Jack'sbrotherhasgonebankrupt.

B.Jackhasabrother.

C.Jack'ssiblinghasgonebankrupt.

D.Jack'sbrotherhasnotgonebankrupt.57.The______istheminimaldistinctiveunitingrammar,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetherlexicalorgrammatical.58.Linguaffanca59.HowdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintroducedbySaussure?60.performance61.hybridword62.displacement63.StudentswhowishtotakeLinguisticsshouldsignhisnameonasheetofpaper.64.[Focusonsemanticroles]A.goalB.rhemeC.instrumentD.causative65.Chomskyclaimsthatitisthelinguist'stasktocharacterizewhatspeakersknowabouttheirlanguage,i.e.,their______,notwhattheydowiththeirlanguage,i.e.,their______.66.distinctivefeatures67.elevation68.Somecommentsonthefollowinglinguisticviewaccordingtoyourownexperiences:

Aconstructivistviewoflanguagearguesthatlanguage(oranyknowledge)issociallyconstructed(Nunnan,1999).Learnerslearnlanguagebycooperating,negotiatingandperformingallkindsoftasks.Inotherwords,theyconstructlanguageincertainsocialandculturalcontexts.69.Thewords"boys"and"raise"haveacommonphonemeandacommonmorphemeaswell.70.Phoneticsimilaritymeansthattheallophonesofaphonememustbearsomemorphologicalresemblance.71.emoticons72.AccordingtoShort,thespeechpresentationcontinuummayNOThavethepossibilityof______.A.DirectspeechB.IndirectspeechC.Narrator'sRepresentationofSpeechActsD.Author'sRepresentationofSpeechActs73.Polysemy74.Whatiscognitivelinguistics?75.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyG.Leech.第1卷参考答案一.历年考点试题黑钻版1.参考答案：Thereisnophrasalverbinthissentence,sincethegroupingofthephrase"livesdownthestreet"shouldbe"lives/downthestreet".2.参考答案：C3.参考答案：Thetermhomonymyisusedwhenoneform(writtenandspoken)hastwoormoreunrelatedmeanings.Forinstance,homophones:flower-flour,dear-deer;homographs:closeclose,sow;perfecthomonyms:bank(ofanver)-bank(financialinstitution),bat(flyingcreature)-bat(usedinsports).[解析]本题考查同形/同音异义的定义，考生也应了解同义、反义、上下义及一词多义等概念。4.参考答案：F[解析]本题考查语言的本质特征及其内容。语言的本质特征不仅包括其二重性和创造性，同时还具有任意性和移位性等，因此说语言的本质特征只有二重性和创造性是不正确的。5.参考答案："Fact"implicatessomethingthatisactual;thereforeitwouldbeanoverlaptocombine"actual"and"fact"together.6.参考答案：Register:Itisaspeechvarietyusedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,usuallysharingthesameoccupationorthesameinterests.Aparticularregisteroftendistinguishesitselffromotherregistersbyhavinganumberofdistinctivewords,byusingwordsorphrasesinaparticularway,andsometimesbyspecialgrammaticalconstructions.Forexample,thereistheregisterofmilitarylanguage,registerofpoliticallanguage,andsoon.7.参考答案：Universalgrammarisatheoryoflinguisticspostulatingprinciplesofgrammarsharedbyalllanguages,thoughttobeinnatetohumans(linguisticnativism).Itattemptstoexplainlanguageacquisitioningeneral,notdescribespecificlanguages.Universalgrammarproposesasetofrulesintendedtoexplainlanguageacquisitioninchilddevelopment.8.参考答案：AccordingtoSearle,indirectspeechactsreferstothekindofspeechacts,orillocutionaryacts,inwhichoneillocutionaryactisperformedbywayofperforminganother.Forexample,thesentence"Couldyoudothisforme?",inspiteofthemeaningofthelexicalitemsandtheinterrogativeillocutionaryforce-indicatingdevicesisnotcharacteristicallyutteredasasubjunctivequestionconcerningyourabilities;itischaracteristicallyutteredasarequest.[解析]本题考查间接言语行为定义，考生也应了解会话含义、合作原则、关联理论等语用学涉及的重要概念。9.参考答案：Tenseandaspectaretwoimportantcategoriesoftheverb,andtheywerenotseparatedintraditionalgrammar.BasedonthetensesysteminLatingrammar,Englishusedtobesaidtohavesixteentenses.Nowadays,linguistsmaketwodistinctions:onebetweentimeandtense,andtheotherbetweentenseandaspect.Timeisauniversalconcept,whicheverylanguageiscapableofexpressing;whiletenseisalinguisticconcept,whichvariesfromlanguagetolanguage.Thedifferencebetweentenseandaspectisthattheformerisdeictic,i.e.indicatingtimerelativetothetimeofutterance;whilethelatterisnotdeictic,thetimeindicatedisnotrelativetothetimeofutterance,butrelativetothetimeofanothereventdescribed,orimplied,inthenarrative.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:pastandpresent.Theso-calledfuturetenseisnotexpressedinthesamewayasthesetwo.Thatis,itisnotexpressedbymorphology/notbythedifferentformsoftheverb,butbyvariousothermeans,suchas"will/shall+infinitive","begoingto+infinitive","presentprogressiveaspect","simplepresenttense"and"will/shall+progressiveinfinitive".Andwillandshallarebasicallymodalverbslikecanandmay.[解析]本题考查英语将来时的表达方式。10.参考答案：Imageschemaisarecurring,dynamicpatternofourperceptualinteractionsandmotorprogramsthatgivescoherenceandstructuretoourexperience.

Imageschemaexistsatalevelofabstraction,operatesatalevelofmentalorganizationbetweenpropositionstructuresandconcreteimage,anditcanbesubdividedintothefollowingitems:acenter-peripheryschema,acontainmentschema,acycleschema,aforceschema,alinkschema,apart-wholeschema,anend-of-pathschema,ascaleschemaandaverticalityschema.11.参考答案：Multipleprocessesinwordformation.Wordformation,initsbroadsense,includesseveralprocesses,suchasinvention,blending,abbreviation,acronym,back-formation,analogicalcreation,andborrowing.Multipleprocessisanoperationofmorethanoneprocessatworkinthecreationofaparticularword.(a)Inventionreferstotheprocessbywhichmanynewlexicalitemscomedirectlyfromtheconsumeritems,theirproducersortheirbrandnames,suchasCoke.(b)Blendingreferstotheprocessinwhichtwowordsareblendedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofthefirstwordandthefinalpartofthesecondword,orbyjoiningtheinitialpartsofthetwowords.Suchas"smog",thisisablendingfrom"smoke"and"fog".(c)Abbreviationreferstotheprocessinwhichanewwordiscreatedbycuttingthefinalpart,cuttingtheinitialpart,orcuttingboththeinitialandfinalpartsaccordingly.Forexample,"ad"isabbreviatedfrom"advertisement".(d)Acronymismadeupfromthefirstlettersofthenameofanorganization,suchasWTO.(e)Back-formationreferstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydeletinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Suchas"edit",whichisderivedfrom"editor".(f)Analogicalcreationreferstothephenomenonthatanewwordoranewphraseiscoinedbyanalogybetweenanewlycreatedoneandanexistingone.Forexample,"telethon"wasanalogizedfrom"marathon".(g)BorrowingmeansthattheEnglishlanguageborrowedwordsfromforeignlanguages,suchas"encore",whichwasborrowedfromFrench.12.参考答案：Ithasbeenobservedthatinsomespeechcommunities,twolanguagesareusedsidebysidewitheachhavingadifferentroletoplay,andlanguageswitchingoccurswhenthesituationchanges.Thisconstitutesthesituationofbilingualism.Forthesepeople,theproficiencyintheuseoftwolanguagesisrequiredtofulfilldifferentneedsofsocialcommunication.AtypicalexampleofbilingualismisCanadawherebothFrenchandEnglisharerecognizedasofficiallanguages.

Whilethetermdiglossia,firstusedbyFergusonin1959,referstoasociolinguisticsituationsimilartobilingualism.Butinsteadoftwodifferentlanguages,inadiglossicsituationtwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebysidethroughoutthecommunity,witheachhavingadefiniteroletoplay.Oneofthemostimportantfeaturesofdiglossiaisthespecializationoffunctionofthetwovarieties.Eachvarietyistheappropriatelanguageforcertainsituationswithveryslightoverlapping.[解析]此题考查的是考生对双语制及高低语的理解。两者都是指存在于同一语言社区的语言现象。双语制是指在同一语言社区同时存在着的两种不同语言，并且这两种语言起着不同的社会作用。使用者可以依需要在两种一语言之间自如地转换。而高低语现象是指在同一语言社区存在着的同一语言的两种变体，这两种变体在该语言社区起着不同的社会作用。同时，高低语现象的一个特征是，两种语言变体分别适用于不同的社会场合，同时也偶有交叉。考生同时还应理解并掌握高低语现象中的highvariety与lowvariety的含义。13.参考答案：Morphology:thestudyofmorphemesandtheirdifferentforms(allomorphs),andthewaytheycombineinwordformation.Forexample,theEnglishwordunfriendlyisformedfromfriend,theadjective-formingsuffix-lyandthenegativeprefixun-.14.参考答案：Yes,Ipreferdescriptivelinguisticstoprescriptivelinguistics.

Thedistinctionbetweenthemliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Prescriptivismistolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.Someusageswereprescribedtobelearnedbyheart,followedaccuratelyoravoidedaltogether.Itwasamatterofblackorwhite,rightorwrong.

"Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptive(i.e.non-normative)scienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguagecommunityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemother(i.e.extraneous)rules,ornorms,ofcorrectness."(Lyons,1981:47)

Languagechangesanddevelopsinaccordancewiththedevelopmentofsociety.Thenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.Modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.Itdiffersfromearlierstudiesoflanguagenormallyknownas"grammar"inthatthelatterisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itaimstosetmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.Ontheotherhand,modernlinguisticsissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveanditstaskistodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,beit"correct"ornot.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenotrulesgoverningthelanguageuse.Modemlinguistsbelievethatwhateveroccursinthelanguagepeopleuseshouldbedescribedandanalyzedintheirinvestigation.[解析]此题考查的是考生对语言学中的规定式和描写式的理解。这两者之间的区别在于，前者说明事情应该如何，而后者描述事情本是怎样。规定式是指语法学家尝试为正确使用语言定下各种规则，一劳永逸地解决用法上的争议。一些被规定为需要记住的用法要么被严格接受要么被一致反对。因为在规定式看来，这是黑与白、对与错的问题。“把语言学说成描述性(即非标准化)的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录同一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是强加给他们其他(即外来的)规则或正确的标准。”(Lyons，1981:47)。15.参考答案：D16.参考答案：[-Cons,+Approx,+Voiced]17.参考答案：Thethreerelatedactsare:LOCUTIONARYACT,ILLOCUTIONARYATC,PERLOCUTIONARYACT.

LOCUTIONARYACTistheordinaryactweperformwhenwespeak,i.e.wemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.

ILLOCUTIONARYATCistheactperformedintheperformingofalocutionaryact.Whenwespeakwenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeanings,butalsomakeclearourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,ortheyalsohavecertainforcesasAustinpreferstosay.

PERLOCUTIONARYACTconcernstheconsequentialeffectsofalocutionuponthehearer.Bytellingsomebodysomethingthespeakermaychangetheopinionoftheheareronsomething,ormisleadhim,orsurprisehim,orinducehimtodosomething,etc.whetherornottheseeffectsareintendedbythespeaker,theycanberegardedaspartoftheactthatthespeakerhasperformed.

Customer:Thelocutionaryactofthecustomeristheutteringoftheexpression"Waiter!There'saflyinmysoup".Theillocutionaryactistheexpressionofthecustomer'sdissatisfactionwiththeserviceandthedemandthatthewaitershouldapologizeandofferanotherbowlofsoup.Theperlocutionaryactofthisutteranceisthewaiterapologyandofferingofanotherbowlofsoup.

Waiter:Thelocutionaryactofthewaiteristheutteringoftheexpression"Don'tworry,there'snoextracharge".Theillocutionaryactistheliterarymeaningofhisresponse:Don'tworryandwewillnotchargeyouextramoneyforthefly,butwewillnotgetyouanotherbowlofcleansoup.Theperlocutionaryactisthatthecustomerwillnotcomplainanymore.[解析]此题考查的是考生对言语行为的理解。言语行为主要有三种：以言指事、以言行事和以言成事。考生应理解言语行为理论并能够用该理论分析案例。18.参考答案：hierarchical[解析]本题考查层次结构的概念。结构主义语言学家意识到，句子并不仅仅是个线性结构，由一个一个前后相接的单词组成；他们也由一个层次结构，由一层一层的词组构成。19.参考答案：BindingTheoryregulatesNPinterpretation,thatistosay,itassignsanappropriateinterpretationtoNPsatA-positions,byprovidinganexplicitformulationofsyntacticconstraintsoninterpretation.

BindingTheoryconsistsofthreeprinciples:

PrincipleA:Ananaphormustbeboundinitsgoverningcategory;

PrincipleB:Apronounmustbefreeinitsgoverningcategory;

PrincipleC:Anr-expressionmustbefreeeverywhere.

Inthegenerativeapproach,bindingreferstotherelationbetweendifferentwordandthesubjectofasentencecontainingit.[解析]本题考查约束理论概念，考生也应了解转换生成语法理论演变。20.参考答案：Languagechangeisthemannerinwhichthephonetic,morphological,semantic,syntactic,andotherfeaturesofalanguagearemodifiedovertime.Alllanguagesarecontinuallychanging.Manyfactorscancausethechangeoflanguage.

1)Economy:Speakerstendtomaketheirutterancesasefficientandeffectiveaspossibletoreachtheircommunicativegoals.Speakinginvolvesthereforeaplanningofcostsandbenefits.

2)Analogy:Ananalogycanreducewordformsperceivedasirregularbyremakingthemintheshapeofmorecommonformsthataregovernedbyrules.Forexample,theEnglishverb"help"oncehadthepreterite"holp"andthepastparticiple"holpen".Theseobsoleteformshavebeendiscardedandreplacedby"helped"bythepowerofanalogy.However,irregularformscansometimesbecreatedbyanalogy;oneexampleistheAmericanEnglishpasttenseformof"dive:dove",formedonanalogywithwordssuchas"drive:drove".Neologismscanalsobeformedbyanalogywithexistingwords.Agoodexampleis"software",formedbyanalogywith"hardware".

3)Languagecontact:Languagecontactoccurswhenspeakersofdistinctspeechvarietiesinteract.Whenspeakersofdifferentlanguagesinteractclosely,itistypicalfortheirlanguagestoinfluenceeachother.Generallytherearefiveformsofinfluences.(1)Borrowingofvocabulary.Themostcommonwaythatlanguagesinfluenceeachotheristheexchangeofwords,like"toufu"isborrowedfromChinese"豆腐"for"beancurd".(2)Borrowingofotherlanguagefeatures.Theinfluencecangodeeper,extendingtotheexchangeofevenbasiccharacteristicsofalanguagesuchasmorphologyandgrammar.Forexample,astomorphologychange,EnglishhasbecomelessinflectionalthanancientEnglishinfluencedbyotherlanguages.(3)Languageshift.Theresultofthecontactoftwolanguagescanbethereplacementofonebytheother.Thisismorecommonwhenonelanguagehasahighersocialposition.Thissometimesleadstolanguageendangermentorextinction.(4)Substratalinfluence.However,whenlanguageshiftoccurs,thelanguagethatisreplaced(knownasthesubstratum)canleaveaprofoundimpressiononthereplacinglanguage(knownasthesuperstratum),whenpeopleretainfeaturesofthesubstratumastheylearnthenewlanguageandpassthesefeaturesontotheirchildren,leadingtothedevelopmentofanewvariety.Forexample,thedistinctpronunciationofthedialectofEnglishspokeninIrelandcomespartiallyfromtheinfluenceofthesubstratumofIrish.(5)Creationofnewlanguages:Creolizationandmixedlanguages.Languagecontactcanalsoleadtothedevelopmentofnewlanguageswhenpeoplewithoutacommonlanguageinteractclosely,developingapidgin,whichmayeventuallybecomeafull-fledgedcreolelanguagethroughtheprocessofcreolization.Amuchrarerbutstillobservedprocessistheformationofmixedlanguages.Whereascreolesareformedbycommunitieslackingacommonlanguage,mixedlanguagesareformedbycommunitiesfluentinbothlanguages.

4)Themediumofcommunication.Themostdistinctexampleisinternetlanguage,whichiscausedbythedevelopmentofinternetcommunication,withnewcharacteristics.[解析](本题考查引起语言发展变化的原因，并举例说明。)21.参考答案：Open-classwordsrefertowordswhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimitedandwiththeemergenceofnewideas,inventions,andsoon;newexpressionsarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Forexample,nouns,verbs,andadjectivesallbelongtothisclass.22.参考答案：23.参考答案：Concord(orAgreement)maybedefinedastherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsofspecificwordclassesthatstandinspecificsyntacticrelationshipwithoneanother,shallalsobecharacterizedbythesameparadigmaticallymarkedcategory(orcategories).Forinstance,thesyntacticrelationshipbetweenthispenanditinthefollowingdialogue:

—Whoseisthispen?

—Oh,it'stheoneIlost.[解析]本题考查一致关系的定义，考生也应了解语法范畴中的性、数、格等重要概念。24.参考答案：Chomskybelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate,andthatchildrenarebornWithwhathecallsalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD),whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning.Hearguesthatchildrenarebornwithknowledgeofthebasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeofthebasicgrammaticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeisuniversal.Andthestudyoflanguagecanthrowsomelightonthenatureofthehumanmind.Thisapproachtolanguageisareactionagainstbehaviorisminpsychologyandempiricisminphilosophy,makinglinguisticsabranchofpsychology.ThisisChomsky's"InnatenessHypothesis".

Chomsky'sInnatenessHypothesisisbasedonhisobservationsthatsomeimportantfactscanneverbeotherwiseexplainedadequately.First,childrenlearntheirnativelanguageveryfastandwithlittleeffort.Second,childrenlearntheirmothertongueinverydifferentenvironments.Theymaybegoodatdifferentthings,butintheirfirstlanguageacquisition,theirdifferenceisamazinglysmall.Third,thechildlearnsthetotalgrammarofthelanguageduringalimitedperiodoftime,fromlimitedexposuretospeech.Hecannotonlyproduceandunderstandsentenceshehasheard,butalsosentenceshehasneverheardbefore.Whathelearnsseemstobeasetofrulesratherthanindividualsentences.Allthesesuggestthatalthoughbabiesarenotbornknowingalanguage,theyarebornwithapredispositiontodevelopalanguageinmuchthesamewayastheyarebornwithapredispositiontolearntowalk.

Butthisisnotthewholepictureyet.ChomskyarguesthatLADprobablyconsistsofthreeelements:ahypothesis-maker,linguisticuniversal,andanevaluationprocedure.[解析]本题主要考查的是Chomsky的天赋假设(InnatenessHypothesis)及该假设的由来。回答问题时先要说清楚该假设的内容，再说明为什么提出该假设。25.参考答案：Theconversationalimplicatureisamessagethatisnotfoundintheplainsenseofthesentence.Thespeakerimpliesit.Thehearerisabletoinfer(workout,readbetweenthelines)thismessageintheutterance,byappealingtotherulesgoverningsuccessfulconversationalinteraction.Griceproposedthatimplicatureslikethesecondsentencecanbecalculatedfromthefirst,byunderstandingthreethings:1)theusuallinguisticmeaningofwhatissaid;2)contextualinformation(sharedorgeneralknowledge);3)theassumptionthatthespeakerisobeyingwhatGricecallsthecooperativeprinciple.[解析](本题考查什么是会话含义。)26.参考答案：Thedistinctionoflanguageaccordingtomorphologicalcomponentsiscalledthetypologicalclassificationorthemorphologicalclassification.Thissystemistoclassifylanguagesaccordingtothemorphologicalandsyntacticstructuresaswellastotherelationshipbetweenmorphemesinthesentence.Therearemainlythreetypesoflanguages.

①Isolatinglanguages(rootlanguages):Itischaracterizedbytherelationshipsbetweenwordsandothergrammaticalrelationsindicatedbyfunctionwordsandwordorderthanbyinternalinflections.E.g.Chinese.Chineselacksbothderivationalandinflectionalmorphemes.Verbsareneverinflectedforperson,number,tense,moodorvoice.Nounsareneverinflectedfornumber,genderorcase.Prefixesorsuffixesarerarelyfound.Englishispartiallyisolating,forithasthousandsofmorphemesthatstandbythemselvesasindependentwords,suchasin,for,the,a,word,book,study,white,he,one,etc.Itexpressesfuturetensebymeansoftheauxiliarywordwillandshallorbyotherperiphrasticmeansratherthanbytheinflectionofitsverbs.

②Agglutinatinglanguages:Itisalanguagewhichcombinesintoasinglevariouslinguisticelementsormorphemeswitheachhavingadistinctandfixedgrammaticalmeaningandaseparateexistence.E.g.Turkish,Swahili,Hungarian,Japanese,Korean,etc.

③Inflectionallanguage:Aninflectionallanguageisalanguageinwhichawordundergoesachangeinmorphologicalformwhenitsgrammaticalfunctioninthesentenceischanged.Inflectionalmorphemesareaddedonlytostems,buttheseaddedinflectionalmorphemesfusewiththestemsandhavenoindependence.E.g.Latin,German,Greek,Russion.27.参考答案：Metalingualfunctionisoneofthefunctionslanguagehas.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Forexample,wecanusethewordbooktotalkaboutabook,andwecanalsousetheexpression"thewordbook"totalkaboutthesign"book"itself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguageandmesheswiththethematicfunctionoflanguageinfunctionalgrammar.Metalingualfunctionmakesthelanguageinfinitelyself-reflexive:Wehumanbeingscantalkabouttalkandthinkaboutthinking.[解析]此题考查的是考生对元语言功能的理解。语言可以用来讨论语言本身