2023年研究生入学考试英语二历年高频考题带答案难题附详解卷

2023年研究生入学考试英语二历年高频考题带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.Americansofa"certainage"aboundattheupperlevelsofAmericangovernance.PresidentTrumpisthemostobviousexample.JustoverhalfofUSsenatorswillbe65orolderbytheendofthisyear.OntheSupremeCourt,fiveofninejusticesareover65.These"seniorcitizens"makecrucialdecisionsforthemajorityofAmericansyoungerthanthem.Justeightdecadesago,whentheSocialSecuritysystembegan,65wascodifiedasthestartof"oldage."Nowmanypeopleofthatyearmayfeelintheprimeoflife.

Measuredbyyearsalone,Americansareonaveragegettingolder.Apopularnotionisthatawarisbrewingbetweengenerations—youngworkingAmericansresentingthattheymustpaymoreintoSocialSecurityandMedicaretosupportanexpandingpackofolderAmericans.There'struthinthatsentiment.2.Directions:YouareconcernedabouttheseriousconditionofairpollutioninBeijing.WriteanadvocationletteraboutgreencommunityontheInternetto

1)raisepublicawarenessoftheresponsibilitytoprotectenvironment;and

2)advocatetheconceptofgreencommutingtocallonthepublictoreduceusingcars.

Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.3.Arolemodelisapersonwhoisagoodexampletoothers,intermsofdoingnobleorcharitableactsorrepresentinggoodvaluesorwaysofthinkingandacting.Relatedtorolemodelsareheroesandicons.Aheroisapersonwhohasamazingabilitiesortraits,andhasperformedextraordinaryacts.Aniconissomeonewhoisanimageorsymbolofimportance.

TIMEmagazinepublishedalistofheroesandiconsfromthelast100years(1900to2000).Thelistoftwentypeoplewho"articulatethelongingsofthelast100years,exemplifyingcourage,selflessness,exuberance,superhumanabilityandamazinggrace"includes:MotherTeresa,PrincessDiana,Pele,CheGuevara,SirEdmundHillaryandTenzingNorgan,HelenKeller,BruceLee,CharlesLindberghandAndreiSakharov.Doyouknowwhoallofthesepeopleare?Whowouldyouaddtoyourpersonallistofheroesandicons?

SomefamousrolemodelshavebeenrecipientsofaNobelPrize.TheNobelPrizeisahighly-respectedinternationalawardgiventopeople(andorganizations)whohaveconductedexceptionalresearch,createdground-breakinginventionsormadeoutstandingcontributionstosociety.Therearefivecategories:NobelPrizeinPhysics,NobelPrizeinChemistry,NobelPrizeinMedicine,NobelPrizeinLiteratureandNobelPrizeinPeace.4.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

2013—2015年我国物馆数量和参观人数5.OnAugust18thU.S.News＆WorldReportreleasedits2009rankingsofAmerica'stopcolleges.Thesurveybeganin1983asaninformalpoll,whenthemagazineasked662collegepresidentstoidentifythecountry'sbestplacesoflearning.Ithassinceevolvedintoanannualtrialforreputableuniversities.Astrongshowingintherankingsspursstudentinterestandalumni(校友)giving;asliphasgraveconsequencesforpublicrelations.

Universityadministratorsdeeplydislikethesurvey.Manyrejecttheideathatschoolscanbestackedupagainstoneanotherinanymeaningfulway.Butwhethertherankingsarefairisbesidethepoint,becausetheyarewidelyinfluential.Inthe1983surveybarelyhalfofthepresidentsapproachedbotheredtorespond.Today,onlyahandfuldareignoreit.Most,infact,domorethansimplyfilloutthesurvey.Competitionbetweencollegesfortopstudentsisincreasing,partlybecauseoftheverypopularityofrankings.6.KaraokeisaverypopularformofentertainmentinAsia.KaraokewasfirstmadepopularbyDaisukeInoueinKobe,Japan,in1971.Bythe1980s,therewasavastarrayofkaraokeproductsonthemarketinAsia.Thevideogame,KaraokeRevolution,wasreleasedintheyearof2003.Inthisgame,playerscouldreceiveascorebasedontheirsingingperformance.Karaokeservicesthenbecameavailablethroughmobilephones,anduserscouldalsoplaykaraokesongsusingsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.WebsitesstartedpoppingupallovertheInternet,creatingaglobalkaraokecommunity.Onthesesites,singerscanrecordandevenvideothemselvesperforming.Evensomecarmanufacturersjumpedonthekaraokebandwagonandhadkaraokeplayersinstalledaspartofacar'sDVDplayer.ThereareevenVCDsavailablenowforChineseoperakaraoke,sothattheelderlycanhavefunsingingsongsofthepast.7.ApoacherintheUnitedStateshasbeenorderedtowatchtheDisneyclassicBambiaspartofhissentenceforillegallykillinghundredsofdeer.DavidBerry,29,wasorderedbyacourtinMissouritowatchthefilmatleastonceamonthduringhisyearlongjailsentenceinwhatconservationagentshavecalledoneofthelargestdeerpoachingcasesinstatehistory.Theclassic1942animatedmovieisaboutababydeernamedBambiwhosemotherisshotandkilledbyhunters.Itisnotthefirst"bizarre"sentence.In2003,twoteenagersfromChicagoweresentencedto45daysinjailandorderedtomarchthroughthecenteroftheirhometownwithadonkey.TheywerefoundguiltyofstealinganddefacingastatueofthebabyJesus.8.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

9.Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart,inwhichyoushould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

10.Climatechangeisthegreatestchallengefacinghumanity:drasticreductionofcarbonemissionsisvitalifwearetoavoidacatastrophethatdevastateslargepartsoftheworld.Governmentsandbusinesseshavebeenslowtoactandindividualsnowneedtotakethelead.

TheEarthcanabsorbnomorethan3tonsofcarbondioxideemissionseachyearforeverypersonontheplanetifwearetokeeptemperatureandrainfallchangewithintolerablelimits.Yetfromcarsandholidayflightstohouseholdappliancesandthefoodonourplates,Westernconsumerlifestylesleaveeachofusresponsibleforover12tonesofcarbondioxideayear—fourtimeswhattheEarthcanhandle.

Individualactionisessentialifwewanttoavoidclimatechaos.HowtoLiveaLow-CarbonLifeshowshoweasyitistotakeresponsibility,providingthefirstcomprehensive,one-stopreferenceguidetocalculatingyourCO:emissionsandreducingthemtoasustainable3tonsayear.11.Directions:

SupposeyougotsomereferencebooksandaletterfromMr.LiMingafewdaysago,butyoudidnotreplyintime.Writealettertohimtomakeareply.Yourlettershouldinclude:

1)Thepurpose;

2)Yourreasons;

3)Yoursincerehope.

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.12.Overtheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimalintelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversysurroundingthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimentsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto.

SoIstartedtalkingtovetsandzookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencounterit,andthelackofit,everyday.The-storiestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thementalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.

Anyway,itiscomfortingtorealizethatotherspeciesbesidesourowncanstandbackandassesstheworldaroundthem,eveniftheirhorizonsaremorelimited.13.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

14.Inmanysectors,Chinaisnowtakingagloballeadintwoareasofinnovation:inimprovingconsumerproductsandthebusinessmodelsusedtosellthem;andinmakingmanufacturingprocessescheaper,quickerandbetter.Asaresult,Chinesefirmsnowoutsellforeignrivalsinsuchthingsashouseholdappliances,internetsoftwareandconsumerelectronics.Theyarehelpedbythefactthattheirhomemarketissohuge.

Chinesefirmsareinventingnewbusinessmodels.TheWest'sonlinefirmsgeneratemostoftheirrevenuefromadvertising.ButChina'sadvertisingindustryisonlyaboutone-eighththesizeofAmerica's,soChinesedigitalfirmshavehadtofindnewwaystomonetisetheirusers'eyeballs.YY.com,anonline-videoplatform,letsviewersbuyelectronic"roses"toshoweruponvideoartistswhoseshowstheyenjoyed.YYsaysitstopperformers,whogetacutoftherevenue,canearnmorethan20,000yuanamonth,seventimestheaveragefactoryworker'spay.15.Directions:

Supposeyoufoundaloopofkeysinthelibrary.Writeanoticeto

1)makeitknown,and

2)askforclaimatyourdorm.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotuseyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"LiMing"instead.

PartB16.Whatnewsdopeoplesee?Whatdotheybelievetobetrueabouttheworldaroundthem?Whatdotheydowiththatinformationascitizens?Facebook,Google,andothergianttechnologycompanieshavesignificantcontrolovertheanswerstothosequestions.It'snoexaggerationtosaythattheirdecisionsshapehowbillionsseetheworldand,inthelongrun,willaffectthehealthofgoverninginstitutionsaroundtheworld.

That'saheftyresponsibility,butonethatmanytechcompaniessaytheywanttouphold.Forexample,inanopenletter,Facebook'sfounderandCEOMarkZuckerbergwrotethatthecompany'snextfocuswouldbe"developingthesocialinfrastructureforcommunity—forsupportingus,forkeepingussafe,forinformingus,forcivicengagement,andforinclusionofall."17.TheA-listwascreatedbyJamesUlmer,anentertainmentjournalist.Ulmercreatedthe"UlmerScale"todeterminebankablestars,actorswhoguaranteethesuccessofamoviesimplybyappearinginit.In2002,forexample,theUlmerScaleassessedactorTomCruiseat100pointsandthebudgetforhismovieMinorityReportwas$102million.Accordingtothescale,themovieshouldhavemade100%(Cruise=100points)or$102millionsimplybecauseTomCruisewasinthemovie.Inactualfact,themoviemadeover$300mworldwide.OtherbankablestarsthatyearwereTomHanksandJuliaRoberts.In2005,TomCruiseandTomHanksstilltoppedthelistwhileJuliaRobertsandNicoleKidmanweretheonlywomenintheTopTen.

Celebrityandfamearedirectlyrelatedtothemassmediathatreportonparticularindividuals.Thus,somecelebritiesarefamousworldwide(forexample,BradPittandMadonna)whileothersareonlyfamouswithintheircountryorregion.SomeexamplesofsuchfamouspeopleintheirowncountriesincludeJapanesemusicianAyumiHamasaki,KoreanactressHyunKyungOh,ThaientertainerBirdThongchaiMcintyre,andChineseastronautsYangLiwei,FeiJunlongandNieHaisheng.Celebritiescanincludenotonlymoviestarsandtelevisionactors,butalsopoliticians,televisionreportersandgameshowhosts,models,astronauts,athletes,andmusicians.18.Asearlyasthe19thcentury,shoppershaveviewedThanksgivingDayasthetraditionalstarttotheholidayshoppingseason,anoccasionmarkedbycelebrationsandsales.Departmentstoresinparticularlockedontothismarketingnotion,hostingparadestolaunchthestartofthefirstwaveofChristmasadvertisements,chiefamongthem,theMacy'sThanksgivingDayParade,runninginNewYorkCitysince1924.TheholidayshoppingcrazebecamesoimportanttoretailersthatduringtheGreatDepression,theyappealedtoPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltin1939tomoveThanksgivingDayupinordertostretchouttheholidayshoppingseason.Rooseveltobliged,movingThanksgivingDayoneweekearlier,butdidn'tannouncethechangeuntilOctober.Asaresult,AmericanshadtwoThanksgivingsDaythatyear—Roosevelt's,jokinglydubbed"Franksgiving,"

andtheoriginal.Becausetheswitchoverwashandledsopoorly,fewobservedit,andthechangeresultedinlittleeconomicboost.19.Theyteachyoutobeproudandunbendinginhonestfailure,buthumbleandgentleinsuccess,nottosubstitutewordsforaction,nottoseekthepathofcomfort,buttofacethestressandspurofdifficultyandchallenge;tolearntostandupinthestorm,buttohavecompassiononthosewhofall;tomasteryourselfbeforeyouseektomasterothers;tohaveaheartthatisclean,agoalthatishigh;tolearntolaugh,yetneverforgethowtoweep;toreachintothefuture,yetneverneglectthepast;tobeserious,yetnevertakeyourselftooseriously;tobemodestsothatyouwillrememberthesimplicityoftruegreatness,theopenmindoftruewisdom,themeeknessoftruestrength.

Theygiveyouatemperatewill,aqualityofimagination,avigoroftheemotions,afreshnessofthedeepspringsoflife,atemperamentalpredominanceofcourageovertimidity.20.Directions:

Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysaleforkidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto

1)informthemaboutthedetailsandencouragethemtoparticipate.

2)Don'tuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Don'twriteyouraddress.21.TheChinesenewyearisatimeoffamilyreunions.ButMr.Xiaoispreparingtospendhissixthnewyearwithouthisson,whowasabducted(诱拐)in2007bysuspectedchildtraffickers.China'sone-childpolicyhasfuelleddemandforchildren,thousandsofwhomaresnatchedandsoldeveryyeartodesperate,usuallyboyless,couples.Spurred(刺激)bythecampaigningofparentslikeMr.Xiao,thegovernmentisstartingtopaymoreattentiontothecrime.Butcurbingitisprovingtough.

Mr.Xiaohasbeentryingthehardwaytoraiseawarenessofthecrime;drivingaroundthecountryinaminivancoveredwithpostersofmissingchildren.Mr.Xiao,wholivesinavillagenearTongzhou,oneofBeijing'ssatellitetowns,sayshehasspentasmuchas400,000yuan($64,300)ofhisownmoneyontheproject.HesaysthereareotherparentselsewhereinChinawhotourthecountryinsimilarlybedecked(装饰的)vehicles.22.TheOPECoilcartelissettokeepitsproductiontargetunchanged,bettingthataseasonalriseindemandasAmericansandEuropeanstaketotheircarsforsummerwillkeepoilpricesabove$100abarrel.

OPEChasalonghistoryofsurprisingthemarketwithlastminutechangesinopinion,butdelegatessaidonThursdayministershadallbutdecidedtokeepitsofficialproductionat30mbarrelsadayalevelthathasnotchangedinmorethanayearandahalf.

OPECiskeepingawatchfuleyeonsurgingUSshaleoilproduction,whichhasreducedtheimportneedsofOPEC'slargestcustomertothelowestsince1994,raisingtheprospectoflowerprices.ButdelegatesfromwestAfrica,whichhasbeenmosthitbyfallingUSimports,werenotmindedtoalterthecartel'spolicy.OilministerofAngola,said:"TheproductionisOK;thepriceisOK."23.Itisawell-knownfactthatthereareconstantconflictsamongdifferentgroupsofpeople,andthatpeopletendtoblametheirmisfortunesonsomeoutsideothergroupsfortheirmisfortunes.Whatarethecausesofgroupprejudice?Thereseemstobelittledoubtthatoneoftheprincipalcausesofprejudiceisfear:inparticularthefearthattheinterestsofourowngrouparegoingtobeendangeredbytheactionsofanother.Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachother,andknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.Intimesofrapidsocialandeconomicchange,however,newoccupationsandnewsocialrolesappear,andpeoplestartlookingjealouslyateachothertoseewhethertheirowngroupisbeingleftbehind.24.Directions:

Supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday.Writeanemailtothecustomerservicecenterto

1)makeacomplaintand

2)demandapromptsolution.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.25.AIsystemsmusthetrainedhowbesttointeractwithhumans.Whileorganizationsacrosssectorsarenowintheearlystagesoffillingtrainerroles,leadingtechcompaniesandresearchgroupsalreadyhavematuretrainingstaffsandexpertise.ConsiderMicrosoft'sAIassistant.Thebotrequiredextensivetrainingtodevelopjusttherightpersonality:confident,caring,andhelpfulbutnotbossy.Instillingthosequalitiestookcountlesshoursofattentionbyateamthatincludedapoet,anovelist,andaplay-wright.Similarly,humantrainerswereneededtodevelopthepersonalitiesofApple'sSiriandAmazon'sAlexatoensurethattheyaccuratelyreflectedtheircompanies'brands.Siri,forexample,hasjustatouchofsassiness,asconsumersmightexpectfromApple.26.Overtheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimalintelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversysurroundingthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimentsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto.

SoIstartedtalkingtovetsandzookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencounterit,andthelackofit,everyday.The-storiestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thementalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.

Anyway,itiscomfortingtorealizethatotherspeciesbesidesourowncanstandbackandassesstheworldaroundthem,eveniftheirhorizonsaremorelimited.27.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

28.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)describethechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

用人单位认为大学生就业难的原因29.Directions:

Supposeyouhaveboughtalaptopfromanonlinestoreandfoundsomethingiswrong.Writethestoreanemailto

1)makecomplaintsabouttheproblems,and

2)askthestoretosolvetheproblems.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheemail.Use"ZhangWei"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.30."Ithinktheworldinwhichweliveaswomenhasbecomesodivisive,sobloodthirstythatwomenwanttoexistbeyondthesereductiveinfluences,andcolourisonewayofdoingthis,"saysCave."Colourhasahugepositivepsychologicalimpact—itisashoutofindividuality—andIthinkwomenwantsomelifeandwonderandjoyandwildnessintheirlivesandcolourgivesthemthat."

Caveisfarfromaloneinusingemotionallanguageaboutcolour.Infact,oneofthemostfascinatingshiftsinourapproachtocolouristhewaywetalkaboutit.Inthe90s,colouranalysismeantfindingoutifyouwere"coolautumn"ora"warmspring"inordertobuyajumperthatwouldmakeyoureyessparkle.Now,colourchatrarelymentionsappearance,butisaboutpolitics,identityandmood.31.Inmostpublicschoolstoday,teachersaresimplyrated"satisfactory"or"unsatisfactory,"andevaluationsconsistofhavingtheprincipalobserveaclassforafewminutesacoupleoftimeseachyear.

Manydistrictsandstatesaretryingtomovetowardbetterpersonnelsystemsforevaluationandimprovement.Unfortunately,someeducationadvocatesinNewYork,LosAngelesandothercitiesareclaimingthatagoodpersonnelsystemcanbebasedonrankingteachersaccordingtotheir"value-addedrating"—ameasurementoftheirimpactonstudents'testscores—andpublicizingthenamesandrankingsonlineandinthemedia.

Iamastrongsupporterofmeasuringteachers'effectiveness,andmyfoundationworkswithmanyschoolstohelpmakesurethatsuchevaluationsimprovetheoverallqualityofteaching.Butpubliclyrankingteachersbynamewillnothelpthemgetbetterattheirjobsorimprovestudentlearning.Onthecontrary,itwillmakeitalothardertoimplementteacherevaluationsystemsthatwork.32.Whenaskedwhatmakesyouhappy,youwouldprobablyhavenoproblemprovidingmewithafewanswers—anewcar,lessbodyfat,ahigher-payingjob,andsoon.Theyusuallyhaveasimilartheme;i.e.,ourhappinessdependsonexternalcircumstances.

Youmaybesurprisedtolearnthatmaterialisticthingsrarelydeterminelong-termhappiness.Thatwhichyouhavealwaysassumedwouldmakeyourlifemuchmorejoyfulmaynotactuallyimprovelong-termhappiness.Happinessisdeterminedbyinnatefactorsandperceptions,aswellasexperiences.

Humansaresocialanimals;weneedtosocialize.Thebiggestpredictorofhappinessistheextentofoursocialrelationships.Aprimaryreasonwhyourbrainshaveevolvedinthemannertheyhaveisthatwecanbesocial.

Itisnotrealistic,norisitdesirabletobehappyallthetime.Whatisimportantislearningtoappropriatelyregulatethosepotentiallydamagingthoughts.33.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

34.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyouressay,youshould:

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET2.

35.Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion—aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,anxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessnesswouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:

inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,bondsamongmembersofgroups;society'seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10,therewouldbenoincentivetowork.36.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingbargraph.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

2016年上半年国内旅游人数和旅游花费增长图37.Knowingthatyouarepaidlessthanyourpeershastwoeffectsonhappiness.Thewell-knownoneisnegative:athinnerpaypacketharmsself-esteem.Thelesser-knownoneiscalledthe"tunneleffect":highincomesforpeersareseenasimprovingyourownchancesofsimilarriches,especiallyifgrowth,inequalityandmobilityarehigh.

ApaperauthoredbyTomDorsonoftheUniversityofStAndrewsseparatesthetwoeffectsusingdatafromhouseholdsurveysinGermany.Previousworkshowedthattheincomeofotherscanhaveasmall,orevenpositive,overalleffectonpeople'ssatisfactioninindividualfirms.ButMr.Dorson'steamhypothesizedthatolderworkers,wholargelyknowtheirlifetimeincomesalready,willenjoyamuchsmallertunneleffect.

Thedataconfirmthishypothesis.Thenegativeeffectonreportedlevelsofhappinessofbeingpaidlessthanyourpeersisnotvisibleforpeopleagedunder45.Itisonlythosepeopleover45,whencareershave"reachedastableposition",whosehappinessisharmedbythesuccessofothers.38.1)stateyourpresentproblems,and

2)askforaninterviewwithhim.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.39.Directions:

SupposeyouareworkingintheStudentUnionofyouruniversityandyouwillholdanorientationpartyforthefreshmenthisFridayevening.Writealettertoallfreshmento,

1)introducetheStudentUnionandthepartytothem,and

2)invitethemtotheparty.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.40.ItiseasytounderestimateEnglishwriterJamesHerriot.Hehadsuchapleasant,readablestylethatonemightthinkthatanyonecouldimitateit.HowmanytimeshaveIheardpeoplesay,"Icouldwriteabook.Ijusthaven'tthetime,"Easilysaid.Notsoeasilydone.JamesHerriot,contrarytopopularopinion,didnotfinditeasyinhisearlydaysof,asheputit,"havingagoatthewritinggame".Whileheobviouslyhadanabundanceofnaturaltalent,thefinal,polishedworkthathegavetotheworldwastheresultofyearsofpractising,re-writingandreading.Likethemajorityofauthors,hehadtosuffermanydisappointmentsandrejectionsalongtheway,butthesemadehimallthemoredeterminedtosucceed.Everythingheachievedinlifewasearnedthehardwayandhissuccessintheliteraryfieldwasnoexception.41.Directions:

Supposeyouarewritingalettertoastate-ownedenterpriseforajobasaprogrammer.Inyourletteryoushould:

1)Makeabriefintroductionaboutyourself.

2)Providerelevantevidencetoshowthatyouaresuitableforthejob.