计算机英语基础知识课件

第16章计算机英语基础知识第16章计算机英语基础知识11.FirstComputersWerePeople"Computer"wasoriginallyajobtitle:itwasusedtodescribethosehumanbeings(predominantlywomen)whosejobitwastoperformtherepetitivecalculationsrequiredtocomputesuchthingsasnavigationaltables,tidecharts,andplanetarypositionsforastronomicalalmanacs.1.FirstComputersWerePeopl2Theabacuswasanearlyaidformathematicalcomputations.AveryoldabacusAmoremodernabacusTheabacuswasanearlyaidfo3Napier'sinventionleddirectlytothesliderule(showninFig.16-3),firstbuiltinEnglandin1632andwasstillinuseinthe1960'sbytheNASAengineersoftheMercury,Gemini,andApolloprogramswhichlandedmenonthemoon.Napier'sinventionleddirectl4Thetitleofforefatheroftoday'sall-electronicdigitalcomputersisusuallyawardedtoENIAC,(ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandCalculator).TwoviewsofENIAC:the"ElectronicNumericalIntegratorandCalculator"Thetitleofforefatheroftod5Ifyoulearnedcomputerprogramminginthe1970's,youdealtwithwhattodayarecalledmainframecomputers,suchastheIBM7090(AsisshowninFig.16-5),IBM360,orIBM370.Ifyoulearnedcomputerprogra6Ateletypewasamotorizedtypewriterthatcouldtransmityourkeystrokestothemainframeandthenprintthecomputer'sresponseonitsrollofpaper.Ateletypewasamotorizedtyp7Thefirstpersonalcomputers,introducedin1975,cameaskits：TheMITSAltair8800,followedbytheIMSAI8080,anAltairclone.Theyoungindustryexplodedin1977asAppleintroducedtheAppleII,acolorcomputerwithexpansionslotsandfloppydrivesupport.Softwaretookcenterstagein1978whenDanBricklinandBobFrankstonproducedVisiCalc,thefirstspreadsheet.Thisturnedthepersonalcomputerintoausefulbusinesstool,notjustagamemachineorreplacementfortheelectrictypewriter.Thefirstpersonalcomputers,8TheShuguang4000A(showninFig.16-8)attheShanghaiSupercomputingCenter(showninFig.16-9)comestothenext,forcalculating11trilliontimespersecond.TheShuguang4000A(showninF92.ComputersHardware

Ifyougettheopportunity,trytoidentifythevariouspartsmentionedinthesepageswiththoseonthecomputeryouareusinganditwillallbegintomakemoresense.2.ComputersHardwareIfyou10ⅰ.InputDevices1）Themostobviousinputdevicesarethemouseandkeyboard,wherepressingkeysorrollingthemouseandclickingthebuttonscausesthecomputertorespondinsomewaytotheseinstructions.ⅰ.InputDevices1）Themostobv112）Ifyouneedtotransferimagesintothecomputeryoucanuseascannerthatactslikeaphotocopierforthecomputer.2）Ifyouneedtotransferimag123)Ifyouneedtodrawimagesandhavethemdisplayedonthecomputerscreenyoucanusethemouse,butthisisoftencomparedtoattemptingtousea‘brick’todrawwith.3)Ifyouneedtodrawimages134)Gamesplayershaveawiderangeofhardwareavailabletothemtohelpthemdrive,fly,score,andshootmorerealisticallythanbyusingamouse4)Gamesplayershaveawider14ⅱ.OutputDevicesOncetheuserhasmanagedtoinputthecommandsandinformationrequiredintothecomputer,thereareseveraloutputdevicesforthecomputertopassthatinformationbacktotheuser.Themostobviousisthecomputermonitor,sometimesknownasaVDUorvisualdisplayunit.ⅱ.OutputDevicesOncetheuser15OneofthemostimportantoutputdevicestoaddtoanycomputersystemisaprinterOneofthemostimportantoutp16ⅲ.SetofComputer

ThePCmaybethesinglemostimportanttoolformanyworkers,butbecauseitisoftenpurchasedinahighstreetcamerastoreorevenasupermarket,itisoftentreatedasacommodityitem,almosta‘whitegood’suchasafridge,freezerormicrowave.ⅲ.SetofComputerThePCmay17Notechnicalbackgroundisassumed,andevenverycomplexissueswillbeexplainedintermsthateveryonecanunderstandNotechnicalbackgroundisass181)YourcomputerwasreallymadebycompaniessuchasAsus,Abit,ATI,andAMD.1)Yourcomputerwasreallyma19TheCPUchipisthelargestchipinsidethecomputerandalldatapassestoitandthroughittoalltheothercomponentssuchasmemoryandharddrives.TheCPUchipisthelargestch20However,thecollectionofstandard“legacy”connectorsinthebackofeverycomputerhasnowbecomeobsolete.InsteadofPS2,serialandparallelports,thekeyboard,mouse,printers,andscannerscanallbeconnectedtoacomputerthroughthenewstandard,smaller,andmoreflexibleUSBports.Unfortunately,consumersstillexpecttheoldconnectorstobepresentHowever,thecollectionofsta212)Themotherboardisattheheartofthecomputer.2)Themotherboardisattheh223)Aharddiskstoresallyourdataandprograms3)Aharddiskstoresallyour234)ThePCIbus(slots)wasintroducedbyIntelabouttenyearsagoandisstillinusetoday.4)ThePCIbus(slots)wasin245)Memoryisjustasimportanttocomputersasitistous.Memorychipsstorealltheinformationusedbythecomputertocarryoutatask5)Memoryisjustasimportant256)VideocardsplugintoanAGPslot.Theyareresponsibleforprocessingthecolourandimagesthatappearonthescreenofyourmonitor6)VideocardsplugintoanAG26Althougheverincreasing,speedisbecomingirrelevanttomostusers.AlmostallcurrentcomputersareeasilyfastenoughtorunWindows,browsetheWeb,readE-Mail,listentoMP3(music)files,andrunalltheOfficeprograms.Fasterspeedsareonlyusefulifyouplaycomputergames,editvideofiles,orrunaserver.Althougheverincreasing,spee27计算机英语基础知识课件283.OperatingSystemⅰ.IntroductionAnoperatingsystem(OS),incomputerscience,isthebasicsoftwarethatcontrolsacomputer.Ithasthreemajorfunctions:itcoordinatesandmanipulatescomputerhardware,suchascomputermemory,printers,disks,keyboard,mouse,andmonitor;itorganizesfilesonavarietyofstoragemedia,suchasfloppydisk,harddrive,compactdisc,digitalvideodisc,andtape;anditmanageshardwareerrorsandthelossofdata

3.OperatingSystemⅰ.Introduct29operatingsystemservicesoperatingsystemservices30ⅱ.HistoryofOperatingSystemHistoryofoperatingsystemwasstartedwiththefirstgenerationcomputers.Theearlyoperatingsystemswerediverse,witheachvendorproducingtheirownoperatingsystemsspecifictotheirhardware.Thiscontinueduntilthe1960swhenIBMdevelopedtheS/360seriesofmachines,whereallmachinesranthesameoperatingsystem,OS/360.OS/2wasthefirstoperatingsystemtoprovideintrinsicmultitaskingbasedonhardwaresupport.ⅱ.HistoryofOperatingSystem31HowanOperatingSystemWorksOperatingsystemscontroldifferentcomputerprocesses,suchasrunningaspreadsheetprogramoraccessinginformationfromthecomputer’smemory.Oneimportantprocessisinterpretingcommands,enablingtheusertocommunicatewiththecomputer.HowanOperatingSystemWorks322)MainCategoriesofOperatingSystemsOneoperatingsystemmightbebettersuitedtosomecomputingtasksthanothers.Toprovidecluestotheirstrengthsandweaknesses,operatingsystemsareinformallycategorizedandcharacterizedusingoneormoreofthefollowingterms:Asingle-useroperatingsystem

Amultiuseroperatingsystem

Anetworkoperatingsystem

Amultitaskingoperatingsystem

Adesktopoperatingsystem

2)MainCategoriesofOperatin333)FutureTechnologiesOperatingsystemscontinuetoevolve.Forinstance,researchisbeingconductedthatwouldreplacethekeyboardwithameansofusingvoiceorhandwritingforinput.Currentlythesetypesofinputareimprecisebecausepeoplepronounceandwritewordsverydifferently,makingitdifficultforacomputertorecognizethesameinputfromdifferentusers.However,advancesinthisfieldhaveledtosystemsthatcanrecognizeasmallnumberofwordsspokenbyavarietyofpeople.Inaddition,softwarehasbeendevelopedthatcanbetaughttorecognizeanindividual’shandwriting.3)FutureTechnologies34ⅲ.WindowsXPOperatingSystemWindowsXPisanexampleofanoperatingsystem.ItusesgraphicsMicrosoftWindowsXP(pictures)toconnectyoutothecomputer'shardwareandsoftwareinaneasy-to-understand(hopefully!)way.MicrosoftWindowsXPalsocomeswithmanyfree,built-inprogramsthatcanhelpyoucreatedocuments,moviesandimages,calculatefigures,enjoysomemusic,browsetheInternet,orplayafewgames.ⅲ.WindowsXPOperatingSystem35WindowsXPoperatingsystemserviceWindowsXPoperatingsystemse36ⅳ.ExploringtheDesktopDesktop:IconsStartButton,andtheTaskbarNotificationArea

desktopⅳ.ExploringtheDesktopdeskt37AWindowisarectangleonyourscreenthatorganizeshowyouviewandworkinspecificprogramsorviewfilesonyourcomputerAWindowisarectangleonyou38YoucanfindtheStartButtoninthecornerofyourscreen.Justlikethenamesuggests,thisisanexcellentplacetostartyourwork.WhenyouclickontheStartButton,aspeciallistcalledtheStartMenuappears.YoucanfindtheStartButton394.BasicComputerNetwork

Anetworkisacollectionofindividualnetworks,connectedbyintermediatenetworkingdevices,thatfunctionsasasinglelargenetwork.Networkingreferstotheindustry,products,andproceduresthatmeetthechallengeofcreatingandadministeringnetworks.4.BasicComputerNetworkAne40differentnetworktechnologiescanbeconnectedtocreateanetworkdifferentnetworktechnologies41ⅰ.InternetTheInternetisasmuchacollectionofcommunitiesasacollectionoftechnologies,anditssuccessislargelyattributabletobothsatisfyingbasiccommunityneedsaswellasutilizingthecommunityinaneffectivewaytopushtheinfrastructureforward.ThiscommunityspirithasalonghistorybeginningwiththeearlyARPANET.ⅰ.Internet42Intheautumnof1969thefirstARPANETcomputerwasconnectedtotheARPANET'sIMPnodeattheUniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles(UCLA).Duringthe1970s,theARPANETgrewtoconnectresearchinstitutesandlaboratoriessupportedbytheDepartmentofDefenseinvariouspartsoftheUSA.Manyofthesewereuniversitylaboratoriesstudyingdataprocessingandcomputernetworks,whichdevelopedtheTCP/IPnetworkanditsapplicationsfortheinternet.In1980IPbecametheofficialstandardoftheUSDepartmentofDefense,andtheoriginalARPANETadoptedIPon1.1.1983,whenitbecameamajorpartoftheInternet.Intheautumnof1969thefirs43In1983,whenBarryLeinertookovermanagementoftheInternetresearchprogramatDARPA,heandClarkrecognizedthatthecontinuinggrowthoftheInternetcommunitydemandedarestructuringofthecoordinationmechanisms.In1992,yetanotherreorganizationtookplace.In1992,theInternetActivitiesBoardwasre-organizedandre-namedtheInternetArchitectureBoardoperatingundertheauspicesoftheInternetSociety.

TherecentdevelopmentandwidespreaddeploymentoftheWorldWideWebhasbroughtwithitanewcommunity,asmanyofthepeopleworkingontheWWWhavenotthoughtofthemselvesasprimarilynetworkresearchersanddevelopers.Anewcoordinationorganizationwasformed,theWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C).In1983,whenBarryLeinertoo44ⅱ.CERNETCERNET(ChineseEducationalResearchNetwork)isChina'sfirstandlargestnationalacademicInternetbackbone,andcurrentlythesecondlargestnetworkbackboneinChina.CERNETissupportedbytheChinesegovernmentanddi