商业落地路径：清洁氢

Pathways

toCommercial

Liftoff:CleanHydrogenMarch|

2023This

report

waspreparedas

anaccountof

work

sponsored

byanagencyoftheUnited

Statesgovernment.NeithertheUnited

Statesgovernmentnorany

agencythereof,

nor

any

of

theiremployees,

makes

any

warranty,

express

or

implied,

or

assumes

anylegalliability

orresponsibility

fortheaccuracy,completeness,or

usefulness

of

anyinformation,

apparatus,product,or

process

disclosed,

orrepresents

that

its

use

would

not

infringe

privately

ownedrights.

Reference

hereinto

any

specific

commercial

product,

process,

or

service

by

tradename,trademark,

manufacturer,

or

otherwisedoes

notnecessarily

constituteor

imply

its

endorsement,recommendation,

or

favoring

bytheUnited

Statesgovernmentor

any

agency

thereof.Theviews

and

opinions

ofauthors

expressed

hereindonotnecessarily

state

or

reflectthoseof

theUnited

Statesgovernmentorany

agency

thereof.Pathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

HydrogenCommentsThe

Department

ofEnergywelcomesinputand

feedback

onthecontents

of

thisPathway

toCommercial

Liftoff.

Pleasedirectall

inquiries

and

inputtoliftoff@.

Inputand

feedback

shouldnot

include

businesssensitiveinformation,

tradesecrets,

proprietary,

or

otherwiseconfidentialinformation.

Pleasenotethat

inputand

feedback

providedis

subject

totheFreedomof

Information

Act.AuthorsAuthorsof

the

CleanHydrogen

Pathway

toCommercial

Liftoff:Office

of

Technology

Transitions:

Hannah

MurdochOffice

of

CleanEnergyDemonstrations:Jason

MunsterHydrogen

&Fuel

CellTechnologies

Office:

SunitaSatyapal,

NehaRustagiArgonne

NationalLaboratory:

Amgad

ElgowainyNationalRenewable

EnergyLaboratory:

MichaelPenevCross-cutting

Department

of

Energy

leadershipfor

the

Pathways

toCommercial

Liftoff

effort:Office

of

CleanEnergyDemonstrations:DavidCrane,Kelly

Cummins,

MelissaKlembaraOffice

of

Technology

Transitions:

Vanessa

Chan,Lucia

TianLoanProgramsOffice:Jigar

Shah,

Jonah

WagnerAcknowledgementsThe

authorswouldliketoacknowledge

analytical

support

from

ArgonneNationalLaboratoryand

McKinsey&Company;aswell

asvaluable

guidance

and

inputprovidedduringthepreparationof

thisPathway

to

Commercial

Liftoff

from:Office

of

CleanEnergyDemonstrations:KatrinaPielli,

CatherineClark,

Jill

Capotosto,

Todd

Shrader,Sarma

Kovvali,

Eric

Miller,

AndrewDawsonOffice

of

Technology

Transitions:

Stephen

Hendrickson,

Katheryn

(Kate)Scott,MarcosGonzales

Harsha,James

Fritz,

Edward

RiosLoanProgramsOffice:Ramsey

Fahs,

JulieKozeracki,EdDavis,DineshMehta,MoniqueFridell,

Mike

Reed,ChristopherCreedOffice

of

Policy:

CarlaFrisch,SteveCapanna,BetonyJones,Elke

Hodson,

Colin

Cunliff,

AndrewFoss,Paul

Donohoo-Vallett,ChikaraOnda,

Marie

FioriHydrogen

&Fuel

CellTechnologies

Office:

Eric

Miller,

Jesse

Adam,

Dimitrios

Papageorgopoulos,

NedStetson,BrianHunter,McKenzie

HubertOffice

of

EnergyEfficiency

andRenewable

Energy:

Alejandro

Moreno,Paul

Spitsen,Avi

Shultz,

Becca

Jones-Albertus,Michael

Berube,Brian

Cunningham,

Carolyn

Snyder,

Jay

Fitzgerald,

IanRoweOffice

of

FossilEnergyandCarbon

Management:

BradCrabtree,Jen

Wilcox,

NoahDeich,

Mark

Ackiewicz,DavidAlleman,TimReinhardt,RobertSchrecengost,

EvaRodeznoDirectorof

theOffice

of

EconomicImpactandDiversity:ShalandaBaker,

Tony

Reames,

James

StrangeAdvanced

ResearchProjectsAgency-Energy:

Jack

Lewnard,James

ZahlerOffice

of

InternationalAffairs:

Julie

Cerqueira,MattManningOffice

of

theGeneralCounsel:AlexandraKlass,AviZevin,Narayan

Subramanian,

BrianLally,

GlenDrysdaleOffice

of

theChief

Financial

Officer:

SeanJamesAssistant

SecretaryforCongressional&Intergovernmental

Affairs:

Becca

WardPathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

HydrogenAcknowledgements

(cont.)Office

of

Indian

EnergyPolicyand

Programs:Wahleah

Johns,

Albert

PetrasekOffice

of

FederalEnergyManagement

Programs:Mary

Sotos,NicholeLiebovAdvanced

Manufacturing

Office:

IsaacChan,PaulSyers,

Felicia

Lucci,Nick

Lalena,Emmeline

KaoOffice

of

NuclearEnergy:

KatyHuff,

Alice

Caponiti,Jason

Marcinkoski,

AlisonHahnAssistant

SecretaryforElectricity:

Michael

PesinOffice

of

Science:Harriet

Kung,AndySchwartz,

LindaHorton,Chris

Fecko,

Raul

MirandaSolarEnergyTechnologies

Office:GarretNilsenScience

&EnergyTech

Teams

(SETT):

RachelPierson,Kelly

ViscontiArgonne

NationalLab:Aymeric

RousseauNationalRenewable

EnergyLaboratory:

MatteoMuratori,CatherineLedna,

LingTaoPathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

HydrogenTable

of

ContentsExecutive

Summary1Chapter1:Chapter2:IntroductionandObjectives69Current

State–Technologies

andMarketsSection2.a:

Technology

landscapeUpstream:

Cleanhydrogen

productionMidstream:

Distribution

and

storageDownstream:

End-uses9101418222531353638394245454849525656636871102103Section2.b:

CurrentprojectsSection2.c:

Techno-economicsPathways

toCommercialScaleSection3.a:

Dynamics

impacting

pathways

tocommercial

scaleProductionChapter3:MidstreamEnd-usesSection3.b:

Capital

RequirementsSection3.c:

Broaderimplicationsof

hydrogen

scale-upSupply

chainSocioeconomicEnergyandenvironmentaljustice

(EEJ)Section3.d:

Hydrogen

and

hydrogen-derivative

exportsChallengestoCommercialization

and

PotentialSolutionsSection4.a:

Overview

of

challengesand

considerationsalongthevaluechainSection4.b:

Priority

solutionsChapter4:Chapter5:Metrics

and

MilestonesChapter6:Modeling

AppendixTable

of

FiguresReferencesPathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

HydrogenPurpose

ofthis

ReportThese

Pathways

toCommercial

Liftoff

reportsaimtoestablishacommon

fact

base

andongoingdialoguewith

theprivatesector

around

thepath

tocommercial

liftoff

for

critical

cleanenergytechnologies.

Theirgoalis

tocatalyze

more

rapidandcoordinated

actionacross

the

fulltechnologyvaluechain.Executive

SummaryThe

U.S.cleanhydrogen

market

ispoisedfor

rapid

growth,

accelerated

byHydrogen

Hubfunding,

multipletaxcreditsunder

theInflation

ReductionAct(IRA)

including

the

hydrogen

production

taxcredit(PTC),DOE’s

Hydrogen

Shot,anddecarbonizationgoals

across

the

public

and

privatesectors.1,i

Hydrogen

can

playaroleindecarbonizingupto25%

ofglobal

energy-related

CO2emissions,

particularly

inindustrial/chemicalsusesandheavy-duty

transportation

sectors.iiAchieving

commercial

liftoffwill

enable

cleanhydrogen

toplay

acriticalrolein

theNation'sdecarbonizationstrategy.The

cleanhydrogen

market

will

beacceleratedby

historiccommitmentstoAmerica’s

cleanenergyeconomy,including

equities

in

the

InflationReductionAct

(IRA)

andthe

Infrastructure

Investment

and

Jobs

Act(IIJA).

Together,

thesesupply-side

incentivescanmake

cleanhydrogen

cost-competitive

with

incumbent

technologiesinthenext

3–5

years

fornumerous

applications.2

Hydrogen

deployment

isanopportunityto

providebenefitsto

communities

across

America,

includingquality

jobs,

climatebenefits,

and

decreased

air

pollution.

Aswith

all

newtechnologies,

significantcare

andattention

must

bepaidduringimplementation

toensure

deployment

does

notperpetuate

existinginequities

within

theenergysystem.Cleanhydrogen

productionfordomestic

demandhasthe

potentialtoscalefrom<1

millionmetrictonperyear(MMTpa)

to~10MMTpa

in2030.iii

Mostnear-termdemand

will

come

from

transitioningexistingend-uses

awayfromthecurrent~10

MMTpaofcarbon-intensivehydrogen

production

capacity.Ifwater

electrolysis

dominates

asthe

productionmethod,

upto200

GWofnewrenewable

energysources

would

beneededby2030to

support

cleanhydrogen

production.3

The

opportunityfor

cleanhydrogen

intheU.S.,aligned

with

theDOENational

CleanHydrogen

StrategyandRoadmap,

is50

MMTpaby

2050.4,iiiScalingthemarketwill

requirecontinuingwork

onaddressingdemand-sidechallenges.

Forexample,

scalingmidstream

infrastructure

will

drastically

lower

the

delivered

cost

of

hydrogen

outsideofco-locatedproduction

and

offtake,improvingthebusinesscase

forprojects

and

accelerating

uptake

ofcleanhydrogen.

Bolsteringdemand

and

unlocking

long-termofftake

will

support

the

currentproliferationofhydrogen

productionproject

announcements

and

help

those

productionprojects

reach

final

investment

decision(FID).1Defined

ashaving

acarbonintensity

<4kg

CO2e/kgH22SeeChapters2and3for

examination

of

breakeven

timing

for

enduses

switching

from

anincumbent

technology

to

clean

hydrogen.

Note,breakeven

forbest-in-class

projects

doesnotindicate

all

projects

switching

toclean

hydrogen

would

seebreakeven

in

thenext

3–5years(seeFigures

15and27–Modeling

Appendices)for

evaluate

of

best-in-class

projectsvs.

arangeof

projects.3Assumesequalsplit

ofsolar

and

wind

GW

ofinstalled

capacity.

Capacityfactorsare

based

onNRELAnnual

Technology

Baseline

Class

5onshore

wind

(45%)and

utility

solar

(27%).Rangeincludes

PEM

and

alkaline

electrolyzer

efficiency

fromNRELHydrogenAnalysis

(H2A)production

model.

200

GW

representsahigh

casein

which

morethan90%of

domesticclean

hydrogen

producedin

2030is

via

waterelectrolysis.

Clean

powerforelectrolysis

could

also

comefrom

sourcessuch

asnuclear.4Equivalent

to~1/10current

domestic

natural

gas

consumptionPathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

Hydrogen1Inthepresentpolicy

environment,commercial‘liftoff’forcleanhydrogen

isexpected

totakeplaceinthreephases:•Near-term

expansion

(~2023–2026):Accelerated

bythe

PTC,clean

hydrogen

replacestoday’s

carbon-intensivehydrogen,

primarilyinindustrials/chemicals

usecases

including

ammonia

production

and

oil

refining.5

This

shiftwillprimarilyoccur

atco-located

production/demand

sites

or

in

industrialclusters

with

pre-existinghydrogen

infrastructure.

Inparallel,

first-of-a-kind

(FOAK)projects

are

expected

tobreak

ground,

driven

by$8BinDOE

funding

for

Regional

CleanHydrogen

Hubs

that

will

advance

newnetworks

ofshared

hydrogen

infrastructure.•Industrialscaling(~2027–2034):Hydrogen

productioncosts

will

continue

to

fall,driven

byeconomies

of

scaleand

R&D.Duringthisperiod,privately

funded

hydrogen

infrastructure

projects

will

come

online.

These

investments,

including

thebuild-out

ofmidstreamdistribution

and

storage

networks,

will

connect

agreater

numberofproducers

andofftakers,reducingdeliveredcost

and

driving

cleanhydrogen

adoption

innewsectors

(e.g.,fuel-cell

based

transport).

At

thesametime,hydrogen

combustion

orfuel

cellsforpower

couldbeneeded

to

achievethe

Administration'sgoalof100%cleanpower

by2035.6

There

areawide

range

of

forecasts

denotinghydrogen’s

rolein

the

power

sector,

whether

for

high-capacityfirm,

lower-capacity

factor

power,orseasonal

energystorage

–see

reportfor

more

detailedscenarios.•Long-termgrowth

(~2035+):

Aself-sustaining

commercial

market

post-PTC

expirationwill

bedrivenbyfalling

deliveredcosts

due

to:7A.

Availability

oflow-cost,cleanelectricity

(forelectrolysis),B.

Equipment

cost

declines,C.Reliable

andat-scale

hydrogen

storage,

andD.Highutilization

ofdistributioninfrastructure,

includingdedicated

pipelines

that

move

hydrogen

from

low-costproduction

regionstodemand

clusters.8To

achieveprofitability

post-PTC

expiration,cost

declinesarerequiredoverthenext

10–15

years.

Duetohydrogen’s

myriadend

uses,

capex/opex

breakeven

will

bedifferent

depending

onenduse.

Today

to2030,

industryexpectstoseesignificantcost-downs

in

electrolyzer

capex(e.g.,~$760-1000/kWtodayto

forecasted

$230–400/kWby2030for

uninstalledalkalineelectrolyzers,

from$975–1,200/kWto~$380-450/kW

for

uninstalledPEM

electrolyzers).

Low-costcleanhydrogen

viaelectrolysis

will

alsodepend

on

ample

availability

of

low-cost

cleanelectricity

(<$20/MWh)

thatwill

needto

scaleinparallelwith

market

demand

for

clean

hydrogen.9,10

These

cost

declinestranslate

toareduction

inhydrogen

productioncosts,excludingthe

PTC,

from

$3–6/kg

todayto$1.50–2/kg

by

2035.These

2035

expected

cost-downs

areslightly

abovethe

DOE’sHydrogen

Shot,which

setsanambitious$1/kg

by2031target

based

onstretch

R&Dgoals.Dependingontype

of

electrolyzerand

availability

of

high-capacity

factor

cleanenergy,

some

projects

may

hittheHydrogen

Shottarget

($1/kg

withoutPTCin2031),which

wouldfurther

accelerate

liftoff.Costdeclines

for

hydrogen

delivery

will

alsobecritical

for

transportation

end-usesthat

use

hydrogen

directly,

such

asfuel

cellpoweredvehicles.5Producedwithcarbonintensity

<

4kgCO2e/kgH26In

addition,

some

private

sectorplans

toco-fire

turbines

withhydrogenhavealready

beenannounced7SeeChapter38This

report

refers

tohydrogen“distribution”

to

mean

the

movement

ofhydrogen

molecules,

regardless

of

scale

ormode

of

movement.9Basedonforecasts

fromthe

Bloomberg

NewEnergyFinance

&HydrogenCouncilforalkaline

electrolyzers.

Additional

assumptions

details

are

included

in

theappendix.Quoted

numbers

areforsystemcapexexcludinginstallation

costs.10Notethat

cost-downs

aredependenton

more

than

thesefactors

alone–seeChapters2and3fordetail

oncost

driversPathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

Hydrogen2Projectandadoptionriskwill

fallas

thecleanhydrogen

value

chainmatures.

Addressing

the

commercializationchallenges

belowwill

unlock

eachsubsequent

phaseof

growth:•Near-term

expansion:The

cost

ofmidstreaminfrastructure

will

be

highly

relevant

for

usecases

where

supplyanddemand

arenot

co-located.11

Absence

oflong-termofftake

contracts

tomanage

volume/pricerisk,

uncertaintyaboutcost/performance

atscale,permitting

challenges,andheterogeneous

businessmodels

coulddelay

financing

for

FOAKprojects.12

Electrolyzer

supplychains,

CO2distributionand

storage

infrastructure,

andaskilledhydrogen

workforce

willall

face

pressure

toscale.•Industrialscaling:

Ifnotresolvedearlier,

thegrowthchallengesfaced

abovewill

beexacerbated

duringindustrialscaling.The

pace

of

clean

electricity

deployment

will

be

akey

driver

ofhydrogen

production

technologymix.

Ifconstrained,

reformation

with

carbon

capture

andstorage

(CCS)

isexpected

to

dominate

(making

upto80%ofhydrogenproduced

in2050

versus50%inahigh-renewables

scenario).13Forwater

electrolysis,

availability

ofcleanelectricity

and

bottlenecks

inelectrolyzer

components/raw

materials

will

playacriticalroleinthepace

ofgrowth.

Ifelectrolysis

projects

failtoscale

duringtheIRAcreditperiod,electrolysis

may

notachievethenecessary

learning

curvestoremain

competitiveintheabsence

oftaxcredits.Each

sector

convertingto

cleanhydrogen

will

alsohave

itsownopportunitiesand

challenges.Forexample,

fuel

cellheavy-duty

truck

adoptionwill

behighly

dependent

onthe

build-out

ofrefuelinginfrastructure,

advancements

infuel

cellvehicle

technology,

certaintyofhydrogen

supply,

andthe

cost

ofalternatives

(e.g.,

diesel,

batteryelectric

vehicles

andtheir

associated

costs

ofcharginginfrastructure)

and

regulatorydrivers.Onthe

financing

side,perceived

creditriskwillbe

highfor

hydrogen

projects

while

these

challenges

remain

unresolved,delaying

timelinesfor

low-costcapitalproviders

toenter

the

market.•Long-termgrowth:Post-PTC

expiration,competitivenesswill

rely

onproductionand

distribution

costdeclines

achievedthrough

theIRAcreditperiod.Developmentofmature

financial

structures

and

contract

mechanisms

tomitigate

theremaining

risks

(e.g.,pricevolatility)

and

crowd-in

institutional

capital

will

alsobe

needed.1411Midstreaminfrastructure

canmore

than

doublethe

delivered

cost

of

hydrogen;the

U.S.Gulf

Coastandparts

of

California

are

theonly

regions

withexistingH2networks12SeeSection

3band4a.13McKinseyPower

Model,seeFigure

1414While

notexploredin

this

document,

otherpolicy

mechanisms

willplay

animportantrole

in

meeting2050

GHGgoals

(e.g.,

carbon-intensity

standards

that

would

value

low-carbon

commodities,

zeroemissionvehicle

mandates).

These

initiatives

would

further

bolster

the

caseforclean

hydrogenandits

derivedproducts,

evenif

not

explicitly

targeting

the

clean

hydrogeneconomy.Pathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

Hydrogen32030

costsacross

thevalue

chain

ifadvances

indistributionandstoragetechnologyarecommercialized1IndustryGas

replacementTransportUpstream:HydrogenproductionMidstream:

Hydrogen

distribution

andstorage

assumingstate-of-arttechnologyatscale2Downstream:End

useapplicationsEnduse

willingness

to

pay4AmmoniaReformation-basedproductionCommercialized,best-in-class

gascompression$0.1/kg

at

600tpd,300km,

12”OD$0.9-2.3/kg$0.1/kg

at

~5000

tpd,1000km,

42”OD$0.1/kgat

80barfor7days,600tpdRefiningSteelw/

$0.75/kg

PTC:$0.2-0.4/kgLCOH=$0.4-0.85/kgat

500bar,

10tpd(tank

storage,

truckdistribution)$1-1.3/kg$0.1/kgat

80-120bar,50+

tpd(pipeline,

co-locatedelectrolysis)Salt

cavernstorageH2pipelineCO2

transport/sequestration$1.25-2.3/kg$0.9-2.3/kg$0.4-0.5/kg$0.7-1.5/kgChemicals$0.8

/kgat

500barfor

7days$0.7-1.5/kgat

10tpd,

250kmNG

blendingWaterelectrolysisCompressedgas

tankstorageGas

phase

truckingIndustrial

heatw/

$3/kg

PTC:LCOH<$0.4/kg3$2.7/kg

at

50tpd$0.2/kg

for7days,

50tpd

scale$0.2-0.3/kgat

50tpd,

250kmPower

gen.(high-capacity

firm)$0.4-0.5/kgLiquefactionLiquidLiquidhydrogenstoragehydrogentrucking$1-3.6/kg≥700kg/day,

700barAviation

and

maritime

fuels5$0.7-3/kgNextgenerationfuel

dispensingat

high

utilization6HDMDroadtransport$4-5/kg1Seeappendixfor

calculation

details2Databasedoncost-downs

sharedfrom

leading-edgecompanies

who

havedeployedat

demonstrationscale

(or

larger)3Rangebasedonvarying

renewables

costs

andelectrolyzer

sizes/technologies4Defined

asthe

price

anofftaker

willpayforcleanhydrogen5Represents

delivery

of

hydrogento

aviation

andmaritime

fuelproduction

facilities6Greater

than

orequalto

70%utilization,

assumes

line

fill

athigh

pressureSources:

HDSAM,

ArgonneNationalLaboratory;

DOENational

Hydrogen

Strategy

andRoadmap,

HydrogenCouncilSeeFigure10inbodyofreport:

Industry

estimates

thatmultiplemethods

ofhydrogen

distributionand

storage

canbecomeaffordable

ifstate-of-the-art

technologiesarecommercializedatscale

(2030costs

across

thevaluechain).

Hydrogenproduction

costs

showntake

anupperbound

ofproductioncosts

(~2MW

(450Nm3/h)

PEMelectrolyzer

with

Class9NRELATB

wind

power)

andthen

subtract

the

PTCatpoint-in-time.

SeeadditionalnotesonFigure10todescribe

creditapplicationsand

productioncosts

as

well

asFigures11/12

for

production

costsacross

different

pathways.Pathways

to

Commercial

Liftoff:

Clean

Hydrogen4Cross-cutting

solutions,includingDOE

H2Hubs,willaccelerate

market

uptake:1.Invest

inthedevelopment

of

hydrogen

distributionandstorageinfrastructure,initially

through

centralized

hubsand

later

through

distributedinfrastructure.

Dispersedinfrastructure

will

unlockuse

cases

for

hydrogen

whereproduction/offtake

arenotco-located,connecting

newofftakers

toregionalhydrogen

networks.

Pipelines

and

salt-cavernstorage

will

becritical

anchorstothissystem,providing

low-costdistributionand

storage

atscale.

Ascleanhydrogen

production

scales,cost-effective

distribution/storageinfrastructure

will

be

essential

toavoidbottlenecks

in

thehydrogen

economy.By2030,

halfof

the

necessary

cleanhydrogen

investmentdollars

are

expected

to

beformidstream

andend-use

infrastructure

($45–130B).152.Catalyzesupplychaininvestments,

including

in

domestic

electrolyzer

manufacturing,

recycling,

and

rawmaterials/components

for

electrolyzer

production.16

Domestic

electrolyzer

manufacturing

must

scalefrom

<1

GWtodaytoupto20–25

GW/yearby2030.17

The

deploymentof

adjacent

cleanenergytechnologieswill

alsobecriticaltothe

hydrogen

value

chain:

upto200

GWofnewrenewable

energymay

beneeded

by2030

toproduce

~10MMTcleanhydrogen

if

water

electrolysis

dominates

as

theproduction

pathway(>90%

production

mix)aswell

as2–20millionmetric

tonnesof

newCO2storage

for

reformation-based

production.v,18,19,203.4.5.Develop

regulationsfor

ascaled

industry,

includingmethods

of

lifecycle

emissionsanalysis

across

feedstocks

andproduction

pathways.21

These

policyandregulatorydevelopments,

alongwith

many

others(e.g.,changesthat

wouldstreamline

project

permitting/siting),would

take

placeacross

both

federal

and

stateagenciesand

would

providecriticalcertaintytoaccelerate

privateinvestment.Standardizeprocesses

andsystemsacrossthehydrogen

economy.Privatesector

standardsorganizations

willplayacritical

roleindriving

cross-industry

standard

operatingprocedures

(SOPs),certifications,

andcomponentinteroperability

(e.g.,atrefueling

stations)to

accelerateproject

development

andreduce

costs.

Standardscanhelpestablishindustry-wide

safety

and

environmental

protocols.Accelerate

technical

innovation

throughR&D,

includingincriticaltechnologiesfor

nascent

electrolyzer

stacks

(e.g.,newdesignsandmaterials

for

anion-exchange

membrane

[AEM]electrolyzers)

tobringdown

costs

andmitigate

risksof

bottlenecks

insome

electrolyzer

technologies(e.g.,platinumgroupmetals

[PGMs]for

proton-exchange

membrane[PEM]

electrolyzers).

R&D

is

alsoneeded

to

bring

down

the

cost

of

carbon

capture,

utilization,

andstorage

(forreformation-based

production)

as

well

as

inend-use

applications

such

as

improvingfuel

celldurability.6.Expand

thehydrogen

workforce

with

the

engagement

of

companies

that

havepreexistingexpertiseinsafe

hydrogenhandling(e.g.,industrial

gas,

chemicals,oilandnaturalgas)aswell

as

labor

unionswith

theskilledworkforce

andrelevanttrainingprograms

torapidly

expand

the

workforce.

In2030,thirdpartyanalysis

suggests

that

thehydrogeneconomy

couldcreate

~100,000netnewdirectand

indirectjobs

relatedtothebuild-outof

newcapital

projects

andnewcleanhydrogen

infrastructure

(~450,000cumulativejob-years

through

2030).Directjobs

includeemploymentinfieldssuch

asengineeringandconstruction.

Indirectjobs

includerolesinindustrial-scalemanufacturing

andthe

rawmaterials

supply

chain.

Anadditional

~120,000

directandindirectjobs

relatedtotheoperationsandmaintenance

ofhydrogen

assets

couldalsobecreated

in2030

–these

would

not

all

benet

newjobsduetothe

broader

transitiontoanet

zero

economy,for

example,

current

gasstation

operatorstransitioningintohydrogen

refuelingstationoperators.22,2315Basedonthe

HydrogenCouncilrequired

investmentmethodology

using

the“Net

zero2050–highRE”demand

scenario16RawMaterials

include

platinum

groupmetals(PGMs),suchasiridium,

which

is

required

for

protonexchange

membrane

(PEM)electrolyzers1720–25GW

represents

anupperboundassuming

>90%of

clean

hydrogenproduction

through2030is

via

waterelectrolysis

andthat

theelectrolyzers

usedin

this

production

areexclusively

fromdomesticproduction.

SeeMethodology13in

ModelingAppendixfordetails

related

to

this

scenario.18The

U.S.currently

stores

25millionmetrictonnes

CO2peryeareconomy-wide,

Global

CCS

Institute,

public

announcements

as

of