2023年研究生入学考试英语二历年高频考题带答案难题附详解

2023年研究生入学考试英语二历年高频考题带答案难题附详解（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.历年考点试题黑钻版(共50题)1.Inthe19thcentury,therewasahydraulicmodelofhowtobeagoodperson.Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou.Yourjob,ascaptainofyoursoul,istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck.Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness,temptation,greed,druguseandtheothersins.

Prayingcouldreallyhelp.Theycouldhelpyouidentifysin.Preacherscouldpersuadeyoutoexercisethewillpoweryouneedtoguardagainsttemptation.Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion.Youusuallycan'tchangeyourbehaviorbysimplyresolvingtodosomething.Ifthatweretrue,NewYear'sresolutionswouldactuallywork.

Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence.It'smorelikeamuscle,whichtireseasily.Peoplecanchangetheirlives,butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings,evenwithinourselves,arebeyondourdirectcontrol.2.Directions:YouareconcernedabouttheseriousconditionofairpollutioninBeijing.WriteanadvocationletteraboutgreencommunityontheInternetto

1)raisepublicawarenessoftheresponsibilitytoprotectenvironment;and

2)advocatetheconceptofgreencommutingtocallonthepublictoreduceusingcars.

Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.3.Directions:

Youarewritingamaster'sthesisandneedsomereferencematerials.WritealettertoProfessorRichardandaskforhishelp,forheisthedistinguishedauthorityandhaspublishedquiteafewimportantbooksrelatedtoyourthesis.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

Donotuseyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.4.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

某高校2013年和2018年本科毕业生去向统计5.Directions:

Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanessayto

1)describethechart,

2)stateyouattitudetowardtheevent,and

3)suggestcounter-measures.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

6.Americansofa"certainage"aboundattheupperlevelsofAmericangovernance.PresidentTrumpisthemostobviousexample.JustoverhalfofUSsenatorswillbe65orolderbytheendofthisyear.OntheSupremeCourt,fiveofninejusticesareover65.These"seniorcitizens"makecrucialdecisionsforthemajorityofAmericansyoungerthanthem.Justeightdecadesago,whentheSocialSecuritysystembegan,65wascodifiedasthestartof"oldage."Nowmanypeopleofthatyearmayfeelintheprimeoflife.

Measuredbyyearsalone,Americansareonaveragegettingolder.Apopularnotionisthatawarisbrewingbetweengenerations—youngworkingAmericansresentingthattheymustpaymoreintoSocialSecurityandMedicaretosupportanexpandingpackofolderAmericans.There'struthinthatsentiment.7.EconomicsisanimportantcomponentofthecoreMBAcurriculumbecauseeconomicprinciplesarebehindalmostallmanagerialactivities.Economistsatbusinessschoolsresearchandteachabouthowmarketswork;howscarceresourcesgetproduced,consumedandallocated;andhowvariousparticipantsintheeconomymakeoptimaldecisions.

Theseissueswillberelevanttomanagersinvirtuallyallaspectsoftheirworkfortherestoftheircareers.Thisistruebothatthebroadestlevels—suchasstrategicmanagement,finance,organizationaldesign,humanresources,andmanagingglobalorganizations—andalsowhentheydrilldownintomorespecificareas,suchasoptimizingprices,settingemployeecompensation,andanalyzinghowmodernmanagerialpracticesaffectafirm'sperformance.

Onerapidlygrowingareaofeconomicsthathasreceivedalotofattentionfrombusiness-schooleconomistsismarketdesign.Traditionally,economistsstudiedthepropertiesofexistingmarketinstitutions.Morerecently,however,theyhavetakenanactiverole,andhaveappliedeconomicanalysistodesignnewmarketsortoimproveexistingones.8.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)describethechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

9.Americansalesofenergydrinkswere$8.6billionin2012,about12timestheirleveladecadeearlier.RedBullisAmerica'sleaderwith36%ofsales.'Monsterhas29%;Rockstar,8%.MonsterEnergyandRockstarareservedinlargecanswith160mgofcaffeine.TheFDAsaysadultsshouldimbibenomorethan400mgaday.Morethanthatcanincreaseanxietyandbloodpressure.

Sofarcaffeinatedproductshavebeenlightlyregulated.TheFDA'sonlyexplicitruleforcaffeinedatesfromthe1950sandappliesonlytocola.Butin2010itwarnedthataddingcaffeinetoalcoholicdrinkspromoted"riskybehavior".

NowtheFDAisthreateningstrongerregulation.Monster'snetincomefellby17%inthefirstquarter,comparedwiththesametimelastyear,partlybecauseofregulatorytroubles.Somecomplainthattheaddedscrutinyissomewhatunfair.AlargecoffeefromStarbuckshasmorethantwiceasmuchcaffeineasacanofMonster.10.AtouchingmomentbetweenSantaClausandaWorldWarⅡveteraniswarmingheartsacrosstheUnitedStatesjustintimefortheholidays.GinaWilburwasdoingherChristmasshoppingatConcordMallinWilmington,Delaware,earlierthismonth.BeforeSantapassedbyher,heapproached93-year-oldveteranBobSmileyandbowedakneetohonorhim."Hestoppedshort,kneltdown,andthankedhimforhisservice.IheardSantatellingthegentlemanthatheknewotherswhohadserved.Heshookhishandwithgenuinegratitude,thankinghimforhisserviceandreturnedtothechildren.Bestmomentofmyday,"Wilburwrote.11.Theyteachyoutobeproudandunbendinginhonestfailure,buthumbleandgentleinsuccess,nottosubstitutewordsforaction,nottoseekthepathofcomfort,buttofacethestressandspurofdifficultyandchallenge;tolearntostandupinthestorm,buttohavecompassiononthosewhofall;tomasteryourselfbeforeyouseektomasterothers;tohaveaheartthatisclean,agoalthatishigh;tolearntolaugh,yetneverforgethowtoweep;toreachintothefuture,yetneverneglectthepast;tobeserious,yetnevertakeyourselftooseriously;tobemodestsothatyouwillrememberthesimplicityoftruegreatness,theopenmindoftruewisdom,themeeknessoftruestrength.

Theygiveyouatemperatewill,aqualityofimagination,avigoroftheemotions,afreshnessofthedeepspringsoflife,atemperamentalpredominanceofcourageovertimidity.12.Businessisguardingagainsthardertimes.Thebiggestproblemistheeurocrisis,whichiscausingdamagetoGermany'stradingpartners.Industrialordersfromtheeurozonesharplydeclinedby12.1%inSeptember.DemandwillalsobereducedfromAsiaandeasternEurope,whichhavebeenGermany'sfastest-growingmarkets.OnNovember9ththegovernment'sadvisorycouncilofeconomic"wisemen"predictedthatgrowthwouldshrinkfrom3%thisyearto0.9%in2012.

RisingunemploymentwouldjeopardiseMrsMerkel'schancesforre-electioninSeptember2013.Perhapsforthatreason,mosteconomistsarebettingthatGermanywilleventuallydowhateverisnecessarytoendthecrisis.ThesurestwayisfortheEuropeanCentralBanktobuythedebtoffragilecountrieslikeItaly,anotionthatterrifiesGermans,stillimpressedbytheirgrandparents'memoriesofhyperinflation.Ifthatiswhatthebank'snewpresidentdecidestodo,MrsMerkelmaynotstandintheway.13.Americansalesofenergydrinkswere$8.6billionin2012,about12timestheirleveladecadeearlier.RedBullisAmerica'sleaderwith36%ofsales.'Monsterhas29%;Rockstar,8%.MonsterEnergyandRockstarareservedinlargecanswith160mgofcaffeine.TheFDAsaysadultsshouldimbibenomorethan400mgaday.Morethanthatcanincreaseanxietyandbloodpressure.

Sofarcaffeinatedproductshavebeenlightlyregulated.TheFDA'sonlyexplicitruleforcaffeinedatesfromthe1950sandappliesonlytocola.Butin2010itwarnedthataddingcaffeinetoalcoholicdrinkspromoted"riskybehavior".

NowtheFDAisthreateningstrongerregulation.Monster'snetincomefellby17%inthefirstquarter,comparedwiththesametimelastyear,partlybecauseofregulatorytroubles.Somecomplainthattheaddedscrutinyissomewhatunfair.AlargecoffeefromStarbuckshasmorethantwiceasmuchcaffeineasacanofMonster.14.Directions:

TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.Writealettertoyourboss,Mr.Smith,tellinghimyourdecision,statingyourreason(s),andmakinganapology.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.15.Toconfirmthefinding,humanitywouldneedtomakeyetanothertriptoMars."Gettingthereandacquiringthefinalevidencethatthisisindeedalakewillnotbeaneasytask,"scientistssaid."Itwillrequireflyingarobottherewhichiscapableofdrillingthrough1.5kilometers[orabout1mile]ofice,andthiswillcertainlyrequiresometechnologicaldevelopmentsthatatthemomentarenotavailable."

Still,theresearchmarksanotherchapterinthestoryofwateronMars,whichstretchesbackbillionsofyearsago,whentheplanetwasstillyoung.Backthen,Marswasawateryworld.Theplanetwassurroundedbyawarm,thickatmosphere.Fluffycloudshunginthesky,andliquidwaterpooledonthesurface,sloshingaroundindeepcratersthatsitemptytoday.ResearchsuggeststhatMarsmayhavehadenoughwatertocoatafifthoftheplanet.16."Ithinktheworldinwhichweliveaswomenhasbecomesodivisive,sobloodthirstythatwomenwanttoexistbeyondthesereductiveinfluences,andcolourisonewayofdoingthis,"saysCave."Colourhasahugepositivepsychologicalimpact—itisashoutofindividuality—andIthinkwomenwantsomelifeandwonderandjoyandwildnessintheirlivesandcolourgivesthemthat."

Caveisfarfromaloneinusingemotionallanguageaboutcolour.Infact,oneofthemostfascinatingshiftsinourapproachtocolouristhewaywetalkaboutit.Inthe90s,colouranalysismeantfindingoutifyouwere"coolautumn"ora"warmspring"inordertobuyajumperthatwouldmakeyoureyessparkle.Now,colourchatrarelymentionsappearance,butisaboutpolitics,identityandmood.17.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET2.

18.Whatisartificialintelligencetoday?Roughlyspeaking,it'stechnologythattakesinhugeamountofinformationfromaspecificdomain(say,loanrepaymenthistories)andusesittomakeadecisioninaspecificcase(whethertogiveanindividualaloan)intheserviceofaspecifiedgoal(maximizingprofitsforthelender).Thesetoolscanoutperformhumanbeingsatagiventask.

ThiskindofA.I.isspreadingtothousandsofdomains(notjustloans),andasitdoes,itwilleliminatemanyjobs.Banktellers,customerservicerepresentatives,telemarketers,stockandbondtraderswillgraduallybereplacedbysuchsoftware.Overtimethistechnologywillcometocontrolsemiautonomousandautonomoushardwarelikeself-drivingcarsandrobots,displacingfactoryworkers,constructionworkers,drivers,deliveryworkersandmanyothers.19.Weareallbornwithacapacitytobecreative,andwegetitbeatoutofusinalotoftheschoolsthatwegoto.Wehavetorelearnit,andit'snotthathard.Howcanwebemorecreative?Creativityisallaboutmakingconnectionsandseeingpatterns.It'snotalightbulbthatgoesoffinyourhead.Beforethatlightbulbgoesoff,lotsofthingsarehappening.Lotsofideas.Weneedtimetostepbackandmakeconnectionsbetweenthosethings.Weneedtostopbeinghyper-connectedanddeliberatelytakeamomenttobemindfulaboutwhatwe'redoing.

Peopleoftenassociatecreativitywithsoloartists,butinfact,collaborationfosterscreativitymoreoftenthanworkingalone.Howso?Creativityissocial.It'sprobablynotreallyrequiredtohaveeveryoneintheoffice,butyoudoneedcertainpeopleinteracting.20.Directions:

Youarescheduledtoheadforajobinterviewtomorrowafternoon.However,youhavejustbeeninformedthattherewillbeanimportantlecturethen,andyoucan'texcuseyourself.Sowritealettertotheinterviewer:

1)Expressyourapology;

2)Explainthereasonwhyyoucan'tmeettheappointment;

3)Requestyourappointmentbescheduledforanothertime.

Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter,use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.21.ArecentUSstudyfoundthatpeoplewhoscorehighforextroversionratethemselvesasleanerandtallerthantheyactuallyare,withmaleextrovertsweighingmorethanintroverts.Conscientiousnessisassociatedwithahealthierweight,withthemostconscientious(inthetop25%)weighingonaveragealmost5kglessthantheleastconscientious(inthebottom25%).Participantsscoringlowonemotionalstabilitytendedtooverestimatetheirweight,althoughwomenwhogavethemselvesalowscoredidactuallyweighmorethanotherswithhigherscoresonthistrait.

Thesefindingsheldacrossalloftheethnicgroupsincludedinthestudy.Whilesomelinksareunsurprising(eg.conscientiouspeoplesticktotheirdiets),somearenotsoeasytoexplain.Why,forexample,doextrovertedmenweighmore?Isitbecausethey'realwaysinthepub?Ifso,perhapsthe"beergoggle"effectexplainswhytheyratethemselvesastallerandthinnerthantheyactuallyare.22.TheA-listwascreatedbyJamesUlmer,anentertainmentjournalist.Ulmercreatedthe"UlmerScale"todeterminebankablestars,actorswhoguaranteethesuccessofamoviesimplybyappearinginit.In2002,forexample,theUlmerScaleassessedactorTomCruiseat100pointsandthebudgetforhismovieMinorityReportwas$102million.Accordingtothescale,themovieshouldhavemade100%(Cruise=100points)or$102millionsimplybecauseTomCruisewasinthemovie.Inactualfact,themoviemadeover$300mworldwide.OtherbankablestarsthatyearwereTomHanksandJuliaRoberts.In2005,TomCruiseandTomHanksstilltoppedthelistwhileJuliaRobertsandNicoleKidmanweretheonlywomenintheTopTen.

Celebrityandfamearedirectlyrelatedtothemassmediathatreportonparticularindividuals.Thus,somecelebritiesarefamousworldwide(forexample,BradPittandMadonna)whileothersareonlyfamouswithintheircountryorregion.SomeexamplesofsuchfamouspeopleintheirowncountriesincludeJapanesemusicianAyumiHamasaki,KoreanactressHyunKyungOh,ThaientertainerBirdThongchaiMcintyre,andChineseastronautsYangLiwei,FeiJunlongandNieHaisheng.Celebritiescanincludenotonlymoviestarsandtelevisionactors,butalsopoliticians,televisionreportersandgameshowhosts,models,astronauts,athletes,andmusicians.23.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthebarchartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

2011—2016年中国网络购物用户规模图24.Foroveracentury,psychologistshavestudiedintelligencebyaskingpeoplequestions.Theirexamshaveevolvedintobatteriesoftests,eachprobingadifferentmentalability,suchasverbalreasoningormemorization.

Inasignificantadvanceinthestudyofmentalability,ateamofEuropeanandAmericanscientistsannouncedMondaythatithadidentified52geneslinkedtointelligenceinnearly80,000people.Thesegenesdonotdetermineintelligence,however.Theircombinedinfluenceisminuscule,theresearcherssaid,suggestingthatthousandsmorearelikelytobeinvolvedandstillawaitdiscovery.Justasimportant,intelligenceisprofoundlyshapedbytheenvironment.Still,thefindingscouldmakeitpossibletobeginnewexperimentsintothebiologicalbasisofreasoningandproblem-solving,expertssaid.Theycouldevenhelpresearchersdeterminewhichinterventionswouldbemosteffectiveforchildrenstrugglingtolearn."Thisrepresentsanenormoussuccess,"saidPaigeHarden,apsychologistattheUniversityofTexas,whowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.25.Directions:

Youaregoingtostudyataforeignuniversity.Writealetterinquiringaboutthespecificinformationasregardsaccommodation,feesandqualificationsthere.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.26.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)describethechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteatleast150words.

WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

27."Sustainability"hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalwayshavepersonalmeaning.Havingenduredapainfulperiodofunsustainabilityinhisownlifemadeitcleartohimthatsustainability-orientedvaluesmustbeexpressedthrougheverydayactionandchoice.

Ningrecallsspendingaconfusingyearinthelate1990ssellinginsurance.He'dbeenthroughthedot-cornboomandburstand,desperateforajob,signedonwithaBoulderagency.

Itdidn'tgowell."Itwasareallybadmovebecausethat'snotmypassion,"saysNing,whosedilemmaaboutthejobtranslated,predictably,intoalackofsales."Iwasmiserable.IhadsomuchanxietythatIwouldwakeupinthemiddleofthenightandstareattheceiling.Ihadnomoneyandneededthejob.Everyonesaid,'Justwait,you'llturnthecorner,giveitsometime.'"28.Climatechangeisthegreatestchallengefacinghumanity:drasticreductionofcarbonemissionsisvitalifwearetoavoidacatastrophethatdevastateslargepartsoftheworld.Governmentsandbusinesseshavebeenslowtoactandindividualsnowneedtotakethelead.

TheEarthcanabsorbnomorethan3tonsofcarbondioxideemissionseachyearforeverypersonontheplanetifwearetokeeptemperatureandrainfallchangewithintolerablelimits.Yetfromcarsandholidayflightstohouseholdappliancesandthefoodonourplates,Westernconsumerlifestylesleaveeachofusresponsibleforover12tonesofcarbondioxideayear—fourtimeswhattheEarthcanhandle.

Individualactionisessentialifwewanttoavoidclimatechaos.HowtoLiveaLow-CarbonLifeshowshoweasyitistotakeresponsibility,providingthefirstcomprehensive,one-stopreferenceguidetocalculatingyourCO:emissionsandreducingthemtoasustainable3tonsayear.29.Directions:

SupposeyourdepartmentisgoingtoholdaninternationalconferenceonTeachingEnglishasaForeignLanguage.WritealettertoProfessorJohnSmithto

1)makeaninvitation,and

2)brieflyintroducetheactivitiesoftheconference.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.30.Whowouldhavethoughtthat,globally,theITindustryproducesaboutthesamevolumeofgreenhousegasesastheworld'sairlinesdo—roughly2percentofallCO2emissions?

Manyeverydaytaskstakeasurprisingtollontheenvironment.AGooglesearchcanleakbetween0.2and7.0gramsofCO2,dependingonhowmanyattemptsareneededtogetthe"right"answer.Todeliverresultstoitsusersquickly,then,Googlehastomaintainvastdatacentresaroundtheworld,packedwithpowerfulcomputers.WhileproducinglargequantitiesofCO2,thesecomputersemitagreatdealofheat,sothecentresneedtobewellair-conditioned,whichusesevenmoreenergy.

However,Googleandotherbigtechprovidersmonitortheirefficiencycloselyandmakeimprovements.Monitoringisthefirststepontheroadtoreduction,butthereismuchmoretobedone,andnotjustbybigcompanies.31.Directions:

Supposeyouarealibrarianinyouruniversity.Writeanoticeofabout100words.Providingthenewly-enrolledinternationalstudentswithrelevantinformationaboutthelibrary.

YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwritetheaddress.32.WhenAmericansexpressindifferenceabouttheproblemofunequalincomes,it'susuallybecausetheyseetheUnitedStatesasalandofboundlessopportunity.Sure,you'llhearitsaid,ourcountryhasprettybigincomedisparitiescomparedwithWesternEurope.Andsure,thosedisparitieshavebeenwideninginrecentdecades.Butstarkeconomicinequalityisthepricewepayforlivinginadynamiceconomywithavenuestoadvancementthattheclass-boundOldWorldcanonlydreamabout.Wemayhavelessequalityofeconomicoutcomes,butwehavealotmoreequalityofeconomicopportunity.

Theproblemis,thisisn'ttrue.MostofWesternEuropetodayisbothmoreequalinincomesandmoreeconomicallymobilethantheUnitedStates.Anationthatpridesitselfonitslackofclassrigidityhas,inshort,becomesignificantlymoreeconomicallyrigidthanmanyotherdevelopedcountries.Howdidourperceptionofourselvesendupsoinconsistentwithreality?33.Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart,inwhichyoushould

1)interpretthechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

34.ItiseasytounderestimateEnglishwriterJamesHerriot.Hehadsuchapleasant,readablestylethatonemightthinkthatanyonecouldimitateit.HowmanytimeshaveIheardpeoplesay,"Icouldwriteabook.Ijusthaven'tthetime,"Easilysaid.Notsoeasilydone.JamesHerriot,contrarytopopularopinion,didnotfinditeasyinhisearlydaysof,asheputit,"havingagoatthewritinggame".Whileheobviouslyhadanabundanceofnaturaltalent,thefinal,polishedworkthathegavetotheworldwastheresultofyearsofpractising,re-writingandreading.Likethemajorityofauthors,hehadtosuffermanydisappointmentsandrejectionsalongtheway,butthesemadehimallthemoredeterminedtosucceed.Everythingheachievedinlifewasearnedthehardwayandhissuccessintheliteraryfieldwasnoexception.35.Teenagesmokinghaslongbeenoneofthemostseriouspublic-healthissues.SmokingistheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheUnitedStates,and9in10Americansmokershadtheirfirsttasteoftobaccobeforetheageof18.Althoughpoliciestocurbteensmokingshowedsignsofsuccessforatime,youthtobaccoratesremainedstagnantbetween2011and2015.Duringthisperiod,theuseofe-cigarettesamonghighschoolstudentsincreasedbyastaggering900percent.

Withthesestatisticsinmind,therecentdeclineinteentobaccoande-cigaretteuseisanencouragingsignalthatinterventionsmaybeworking.Itisdifficulttodeterminecausation,butexpertshaveattributedthedroptoarangeoffederal,stateandlocalpoliciesdesignedtodissuadeyoungadultsfromusingtobacco,suchasincreasingtobaccotaxesandexpandingantismokingordinancestoincludee-cigarettesandothernewproducts.36.Directions:

Writeane-mailtoaforeignteacherinyourcollege,invitinghim/hertobeaspeakerfortheupcomingacademicforum.

Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.

Donotwriteyouraddress.37.Directions:

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould

1)describethechart,and

2)giveyourcomments.

Youshouldwriteabout150wordsonANSWERSHEET2.

某高校学生利用互联网和图书馆进行学习的变化情况38.Americansofa"certainage"aboundattheupperlevelsofAmericangovernance.PresidentTrumpisthemostobviousexample.JustoverhalfofUSsenatorswillbe65orolderbytheendofthisyear.OntheSupremeCourt,fiveofninejusticesareover65.These"seniorcitizens"makecrucialdecisionsforthemajorityofAmericansyoungerthanthem.Justeightdecadesago,whentheSocialSecuritysystembegan,65wascodifiedasthestartof"oldage."Nowmanypeopleofthatyearmayfeelintheprimeoflife.

Measuredbyyearsalone,Americansareonaveragegettingolder.Apopularnotionisthatawarisbrewingbetweengenerations—youngworkingAmericansresentingthattheymustpaymoreintoSocialSecurityandMedicaretosupportanexpandingpackofolderAmericans.There'struthinthatsentiment.39.Knowingthatyouarepaidlessthanyourpeershastwoeffectsonhappiness.Thewell-knownoneisnegative:athinnerpaypacketharmsself-esteem.Thelesser-knownoneiscalledthe"tunneleffect":highincomesforpeersareseenasimprovingyourownchancesofsimilarriches,especiallyifgrowth,inequalityandmobilityarehigh.

ApaperauthoredbyTomDorsonoftheUniversityofStAndrewsseparatesthetwoeffectsusingdatafromhouseholdsurveysinGermany.Previousworkshowedthattheincomeofotherscanhaveasmall,orevenpositive,overalleffectonpeople'ssatisfactioninindividualfirms.ButMr.Dorson'steamhypothesizedthatolderworkers,wholargelyknowtheirlifetimeincomesalready,willenjoyamuchsmallertunneleffect.

Thedataconfirmthishypothesis.Thenegativeeffectonreportedlevelsofhappinessofbeingpaidlessthanyourpeersisnotvisibleforpeopleagedunder45.Itisonlythosepeopleover45,whencareershave"reachedastableposition",whosehappinessisharmedbythesuccessofothers.40.Tellingstoriesisasbasictohumanbeingsaseating.Moreso,infact,forwhilefoodmakesuslive,storiesarewhatmakeourlivesworthliving.Theyarewhatmakeourconditionhuman.

Thiswasrecognizedfromtheverybeginningsofwesterncivilization.Hesiodtellsushowthefoundingmythswereinvente