雅思ogtest8阅读答案passage3

雅思ogtest8阅读答案passage3原文题目及答案解析内容本文为大家带来雅思OGtest8阅读passage3原文题目及答案解析内容。Leftorright?Anoverviewofsomeresearchintoliberalization:thedominanceofonesideofthebodyovertheotherACreaturesacrosstheanimalkingdomhaveapreferenceforonefoot,eyeorevenantenna.Thecauseofthistrait,calledliberalization,isfairlysimple:onesideofthebrain,whichgenerallycontrolstheoppositesideofthebody,ismoredominantthantheotherwhenprocessingcertaintasks.Thisdoes,onsomeoccasions,lettheanimaldown:suchaswhenatoadfailstoescapefromasnakeapproachingfromtheright,justbecauseitsrighteyeisworseatspottingdangerthanitsleft.Sowhywouldanimalsevolveacharacteristicthatseemstoendangerthem?BFormanyyearsitwasassumedthatliberalizationwasauniquelyhumantrait,butthisnotionrapidlyfellapartasresearchersstarteduncoveringevidenceofliberalizationinallsortsofanimals.Forexample,inthe1970s,LesleyRogers,nowattheUniversityofNewEnglandinAustralia,wasstudyingmemoryandlearninginchicks.Shehadbeeninjectingachemicalintochicksbrainstostopthemlearninghowtospotgrainsoffoodamongdistractingpebbles,andwassurprisedtoobservethatthechemicalonlyworkedwhenappliedtothelefthemisphereofthebrain.Thatstronglysuggestedthattherightsideofthechicksbrainplayedlittleornoroleinthelearningofsuchbehaviours.Similarevidenceappearedinsongbirdsandratsaroundthesametime,andsincethen,researchershavebuiltupanimpressivecatalogueofanimalliberalization.CInsomeanimals,liberalizationissimplyapreferenceforasinglepaworfoot,whileinothersitappearsinmoregeneralpatternsofbehaviour.Theleftsideofmostvertebratebrains,forexample,seemstoprocessandcontrolfeeding.Sincethelefthemisphereprocessesinputfromtherightsideofthebody,thatmeansanimalsasdiverseasfish,toadsandbirdsaremorelikelytoattackpreyorfooditemsviewedwiththeirrighteye.Evenhumpbackwhalesprefertousetherightsideoftheirjawstoscrapesandeelsfromtheoceanfloor.DGeneticsplaysapartindeterminingliberalization,butenvironmentalfactorshaveanimpacttoo.Rogersfoundthatachick'sliberalizationdependsonwhetheritisexposedtolightbeforehatchingfromitsegg-ifitiskeptinthedarkduringthisperiod,neitherhemispherebecomesdominant.In2004,Rogersusedthisobservationtotesttheadvantagesofbrainbiasinchicksfacedwiththechallengeofmultitasking.Shehatchedchickswitheitherstrongorweakliberalization,thenpresentedthetwogroupswithfoodhiddenamongsmallpebblesandthethreateningshapeofafakepredatorflyingoverhead.Aspredicted,thebirdsincubatedinthelightlookedforfoodmainlywiththeirrighteye,whileusingtheothertocheckoutthepredator.Theweakly-lateralizedchicks,meanwhile,haddifficultyperformingthesetwoactivitiessimultaneously.ESimilarresultsprobablyholdtrueformanyotheranimals.In2006,AngeloBisazzaattheUniversityofPaduasetouttoobservethedifferencesinfeedingbehaviourbetweenstrongly-lateralizedandweakly-lateralizedfish.Hefoundthatstrongly-lateralizedindividualswereabletofeedtwiceasfastasweakly-lateralizedoneswhentherewasathreatofapredatorloomingabovethem.Assigningdifferentjobstodifferentbrainhalvesmaybeespeciallyadvantageousforanimalssuchasbirdsorfish,whoseeyesareplacedonthesidesoftheirheads.Thisenablesthemtoprocessinputfromeachsideseparately,withdifferenttasksinmind.FAndwhatofthoseanimalswhofavouraspecificsideforalmostalltasks?In2009,MariaMagatandCulumBrownatMacquarieUniversityinAustraliawantedtoseeiftherewasgeneralcognitiveadvantageinliberalization.Toinvestigate,theyturnedtoparrots,whichcanbeeitherstronglyright-orleft-footed,orambidextrous(withoutdominance).Theparrotsweregiventheintellectuallydemandingtaskofpullingasnackonastringuptotheirbeaks,usingaco-ordinatedcombinationofclawsandbeak.Theresultsshowedthattheparrotswiththestrongestfootpreferencesworkedoutthepuzzlefarmorequicklythantheirambidextrouspeers.GAfurtherpuzzleiswhyaretherealwaysafewexceptions,likeleft-handedhumans,whoarewireddifferentlyfromthemajorityofthepopulation?GiorgioVallortigaraandStefanoGhirlandaofStockholmUniversityseemtohavefoundtheanswerviamathematicalmodels.Thesehaveshownthatagroupoffishislikelytosurviveasharkattackwiththefewestcasualtiesifthemajorityturntogetherinonedirectionwhileaverysmallproportionofthegroupescapeinthedirectionthatthepredatorisnotexpecting.HThisimbalanceofliberalizationwithinpopulationsmayalsohaveadvantagesforindividuals.Whereasmostco-operativeinteractionsrequireparticipantstoreactsimilarly,therearesomesituations-suchasaggressiveinteractions-whereitcanbenefitanindividualtolaunchanattackfromanunexpectedquarter.Perhapsthiscanpartlyexplaintheexistenceofleft-handersinhumansocieties.Ithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestohand-to-handfighting,left-handersmayhavetheadvantageovertheright-handedmajority.Wheresurvivaldependsontheelementofsurprise,itmayindeedpaytobedifferent.Questions27-30Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-F,below.Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes27-30onyouranswersheet.27Inthe1970s,LesleyRogersdiscoveredthat28AngeloBisazza’sexperimentsrevealedthat29MagatandBrown’sstudiesshowthat30VallortigaraandGhirlanda’sresearchfindingssuggestthatAliberalizationismorecommoninsomespeciesthaninothers.Bitbenefitsapopulationifsomemembershaveadifferentliberalizationthanthemajority.Cliberalizationhelpsanimalsdotwothingsatthesametime.Dliberalizationisnotconfinedtohumanbeings.Ethegreaterananimal’sliberalization,thebetteritisatproblem-solving.Fstrongliberalizationmaysometimesputgroupsofanimalsindanger.Questions31-35Completethesummarybelow.ChooseONEWORDONLYfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes31-35onyouranswersheet.LesleyRogers’2004Experimentliberalizationisdeterminedbybothgeneticand31__________influences.Rogersfoundthatchickswhoseeggsaregiven32__________duringtheincubationperiodtendtohaveastrongerliberalization.Her2004experimentsetouttoprovethatthesechickswerebetterat33__________thanweaklylateralizedchicks.Asexpected,thestronglylateralizedbirdsintheexperimentweremoreabletolocate34__________usingtheirrighteye,whileusingtheirlefteyetomonitoranimitation35__________locatedabovethem.Questions36-40ReadingPassage3haseightparagraphs,A-H.Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes36-40onyouranswersheet.NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.36descriptionofastudywhichsupportsanotherscientist’sfindings37thesuggestionthatapersoncouldgainfromhavinganopposingliberalizationtomostofthepopulation38referencetothelargeamountofknowledgeofanimalliberalizationthathasaccumulated39researchfindingsthatwereamongthefirsttocontradictapreviousbelief40asuggestionthatliberalizationwouldseemtodisadvantageanimalsQuestion27答案：D关键词：LesleyRogers定位原文：B段最后两句“Thatstronglysuggestedthattherightside…animalliberalization.”解题思路：利用人名LesleyRogers作为关键词，定位到B段，关于LesleyRogers所做的实验发现，需要具体定位到B段最后2句话，“这有力地表明，在这些行为的学习中，小鸡的大脑右侧发挥了很少或没有作用。类似的证据在同一时期还出现在鸣禽和老鼠身上，自此研究人员就建立了一个可观的动物偏侧目录”。对照选项，D选项“偏侧现象不只出现在人类身上”是对定位句的大意概括。Question28答案：C关键词：AngeloBisazza定位原文：E段最后两句“Assigningdifferentjobstodifferentbrain…withdifferenttasksinmind.”解题思路：用人名AngeloBisazza作为关键词，定位到E段，关于AngeloBisazza所做的实验发现，需要具体定位到E段最后2句话，“给左右脑分配不同的任务，对于动物特别有利，比如鸟类或鱼类，它们的眼睛在头部两侧。这使他们能从两侧分别输入，使大脑处理不同的任务”。对照选项，C选项的“偏侧帮助动物在同一时间做两件事情”是对定位句的大意概括。Question29答案：E关键词：MagatandBrown定位原文：F段最后一句“Theresultsshowedthattheparrotswiththestrongestfootpreferencesworkedoutthepuzzlefarmorequicklythantheirambidextrouspeers.”解题思路：利用人名MagatandBrown作为关键词，定位到F段，关于Magat和Brown的研究发现，需要具体定位到F段的段尾句，注意这里的footpreference是指实验中鹦鹉的种类，在F段第3句中，…parrots,whichcanbeeitherstronglyright-orleft-footed,orambidextrous(鹦鹉有的左脚更灵便，有的右脚更灵便，或者双脚都灵便)。对照选项，E选项“动物偏侧越厉害，它的解决问题能力就越强”是对定位句的大意概括。Question30答案：B关键词：Vallortigara/Ghirlanda定位原文：G段最后一句“Thesehaveshownthatagroupoffish…thatthepredatorisnotexpecting.”解题思路：利用人名VallortigaraandGhirlanda作为关键词，定位到G段，关于其研究发现，需要具体定位到G段段尾句，“这些都表明，如果多数鱼转向一个方向，而鱼群中很少比例的鱼会在捕食者没想到的方向逃生，一群鱼就可能躲过鲨鱼攻击且产生最少数量的伤亡”。对照选项，B选项“偏侧对一个种群是有利的，如果一些种群成员和大多数成员的偏侧方向不同”是对定位句的大意概括。Question31答案：environmental关键词：LesleyRogers/2004/determined定位原文：D段第1句“Geneticsplaysapartindeterminingliberalization,butenvironmentalfactorshaveanimpacttoo.”解题思路：利用关键词determined定位到D段第1句。找到定位句后这题答案便不难做出，空内填入的单词应该是“environmental”。Question32答案：light关键词：LesleyRogers/2004/strongerliberalization定位原文：D段第2句“Rogersfoundthatachick'sliberalizationdependsonwhetheritisexposedtolightbeforehatchingfromitsegg-ifitiskeptinthedarkduringthisperiod,neitherhemispherebecomesdominant.”解题思路：利用关键词定位到D段第2句，“Rogers发现小鸡的脑偏侧取决于从鸡蛋孵化出来之前是否面向光，如果孵化期间其被置于黑暗中，则小鸡脑的两个半球都不会出现偏侧”。这里空内填入的是“light”。Question33答案：multitasking关键词：LesleyRogers/2004定位原文：D段第3句“In2004,Rogersusedthisobservationtotesttheadvantagesofbrainbiasinchicksfacedwiththechallengeofmultitasking.”解题思路：利用关键词定位到D段第3句，“在2004年，Rogers用这一观察，来测试具有脑偏侧的小鸡，在面临多重任务挑战时的优势”。bias在文中的意思是“偏向”。空内填入的应该是“multitasking”。Question34-35答案：34.food35.predator关键词：LesleyRogers/righteye/lefteye定位原文：D段倒数第2句话“Aspredicted,thebirdsincubatedinthelightlookedforfoodmainlywiththeirrighteye,whileusingtheothertocheckoutthepredator.”解题思路：利用关键词定位到D段倒数第2句话，“正如所预测的那样，在光中孵化的鸟类主要用右眼找食物，同时用左眼提防捕猎者”。monitor，监控，监督，监视。Question36答案：E关键词：supports定位原文：E段第1句“Similarresultsprobablyholdtrueformanyotheranimals.”解题思路：做这类题型最好提前速读各段短首1-2句，理解每段的大致内容，更加方便做题。题目句的关键词是supports，在迅速阅读每段前两句理解各段主旨的基础上，定位到E段第1句，“相似的结果也许也适用于其它动物”。在这段中AngeloBisazza所做的实验和上一段中Rogers做的实验，都证明了偏侧强的动物更能处理多重任务(multitasking)，即Angelo的实验发现支持了Rogers的实验发现，这个研究结果出现在E段最后2句话，“给左右脑分配不同的任务，对于动物特别有利，比如鸟类或鱼类，它们的眼睛在头部两侧。这使他们能从两侧分别输入，使大脑处理不同的任务”。Question37答案：H关键词：opposingliberalizationtomostofthepopulation定位原文：H段第1句“Thisimbalanceofliberalizationwithinpopulationsmayalsohaveadvantagesforindividuals.”H段倒数第2句“Ithasbeensuggestedthatwhenitcomestohand-to-handfighting,left-handersmayhavetheadvantageovertheright-handedmajority.”解题思路：题目的关键部分是opposingliberalizationtomostofthepopulation，在理解各段主旨的基础上，定位到H段第1句，“这种群体内的偏侧不平衡可能对个人有好处”。具体的一个好处，可以定位到H段倒数第2句，“有证据一直表明，当人们掰腕子的时候，左撇子要比右撇子的优势”。Question38答案：B关键词：knowledgeofanimalliberalization定位原文：B段段尾句“Similarevidenceappe