2023年大学英语四级考试考前点题卷二

2023年大学英语四级考试考前点题卷二[问答题]1.TheImportanceofFrustrationEducatio（江南博哥）nAmongCollegeStudents提交答案[问答题]2.昆曲(KunquOpera)是中国传统戏剧中最受推崇的形式之一，至今已有600多年的历史。几百年来，昆曲在上海及长江三角洲下游地区发展繁荣。从16世纪到18世纪，昆曲一直主宰着中国戏曲。此外，昆曲还影响了许多其他的中国戏曲形式。例如，在京剧里，我们可以看到昆曲的影子。2001年，联合国教科文组织宣布昆曲为“人类口述和非物质文化遗产代表作”。提交答案共享题干题Mountingevidenceshowsthatbehavioral-activation(BA)therapyisjustaseffectiveascognitive-behavioraltherapy(CBT)intreatingdepression.UnlikeCBT，BAisanoutside-in26_____inwhichtherapistsfocusonmodifyingactionsratherthanthoughts."Theideaisthatwhatyoudoandhowyoufeelare27_____,"saysDavidRichards，ahealthservicesresearcherattheUniversityofExeter.Ifapatientvaluesnatureandfamily，forexample，atherapistmightencouragehimto28_____adailywalkintheparkwithhisgrandchildren，whichcouldcreatea(n)29_____tomorenegativepastimessuchasponderingonloss.BAhasexistedfordecades，andsomeofitselementsareusedinCBT，yetmore30_____scientificevidenceisneededtoassessitsrelativestrengthasastand-aloneapproach.Inarecentstudy，a31_____of18researchersledbyRichardsputBAandCBThead-to-head.They32_____440peoplewithdepressiontoabout16weeksofoneofthetwoapproaches，thenfollowedthepatients'progressat6，12and18monthsaftertreatmentbegan.As33_____inapaperpublishedintheLancet，theteamfoundthetreatmentstobeequallyeffective.

Inaddition，Richardsandhiscolleaguesfoundthat34_____healthworkerscouldprovideBAafterabrieftrainingperiod—makingit35_____cheapertoimplementthanCBT，whichrequireshighlyspecializedtherapists.Thatdistinctioncouldmaketheformeraboontodevelopingcountries，whereresourcesformentalhealthareespeciallyscarce.[单选题]1.空白处26.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]2..空白处27.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]3.空白处28.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]4.空白处29.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]5.空白处30.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]6.空白处31.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]7.空白处32.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]8.空白处33.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]9.空白处34.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechnique[单选题]10.空白处35.应填A.accessB.alternativeC.assignedD.collaborationE.involvedF.juniorGlinkedHrangeIregularlyJrevealedKrigorousLscheduleMscholarlyNsignificantlyOtechniqueUniversalHealthCare，Worldwide，IsWithinReach

(A)Bymanymeasurestheworldhasneverbeeninbetterhealth.Since2000thenumberofchildrenwhodiebeforetheyarefivehasfallenbyalmosthalf，t05.6m.Lifeexpectancyhasreached71，againoffiveyears.Morechildrenthaneverarevaccinated.Malaria，TBandHIV/AIDSareinretreat.

(B)Yetthegapbetweenthisprogressandthestillgreaterpotentialthatmedicineoffershasperhapsneverbeenwider.AtleasthalftheworldiswithoutaccesstowhattheWorldHealthOrganizationdeemsessential,includingantenatal，(产前的)care，insecticide-treatedbednets，screeningforcervicalcancer(子宫颈癌)andvaccinationsagainstdiphtheria(白喉)，tetanus(破伤风)andwhoopingcough.Safe，basicsurgeryisoutofreachfor5bnpeople.

(C)Thosewhocangettoseeadoctoroftenpayacripplingprice.Morethan800mpeoplespendover10%oftheirannualhouseholdincomeonmedicalexpenses;nearly180mspendover25%.Thequalityofwhattheygetinreturnisoftenwoeful.InstudiesofconsultationsinruralIndianclinics，just12-26%ofpatientsreceivedacorrectdiagnosis.Thatisaterriblewaste.Asthisweek'sspecialreportshows，thegoalofuniversalbasichealthcareissensible，affordableandpractical，eveninpoorcountries.Withoutit，thepotentialofmodemmedicinewillbesquandered.(D)Universalbasichealthcareissensibleinthewaythat，say，universalbasiceducationissensible—becauseityieldsbenefitstosocietyaswellastoindividuals.Insomequarterstheveryidealeadstoadangerouselevationofthebloodpressure，becauseitsuggestspaternalism(家长式统治)，coercionorworse.Thereisnohidingthatpublichealthinsuranceschemesrequiretherichtosubsidisethepoor，theyoungtosubsidisetheoldandthehealthytounderwritethesick.Anduniversalschemesmusthaveawayofforcingpeopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]11.Itisextremelywastefulthatpeoplecouldn'tgetsatisfyingtreatmentafterspendingafortune.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]12.Apartfromthegovernment，privateinsurancecompaniesandproviderscanalsocomeintoplayinuniversalhealthcare.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]13.MostofIndianandNigerianhealthexpenditureispaidbypatients.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoeswithoutessentialtreatment，thefruitsofcenturiesofmedicalsciencewillbewasted.Universalbasichealthcarecanhelprealiseitspromise.[单选题]14.TheeffectivemeasuresfoundbytheresearchledbyDeanJamisonwouldleadtoabigdropinthenumberofearlydeathsinpoorcountriesatlittlecost.A.A）B.B）C.C）D.D）E.E）F.F）GG）HH）II）JJ）KK）LL）peopletopay，throughtaxes，say，orbymandatingthattheybuyinsurance.(E)Butthereisaprincipled，liberalcaseforuniversalhealthcare.Goodhealthissomethingeveryonecanreasonablybeassumedtowantinordertorealisetheirfullindividualpotential.Universalcareisawayofprovidingitthatispro-gowth.Thecostsofinaccessible，expensiveandabjecttreatmentareenormous.Thesickstruggletogetaneducationortobeproductiveatwork.Landcannotbedevelopedifitisfullofdisease-carryingparasites.Accordingtoseveralstudies，confidenceabouthealthmakespeoplemorelikelytosetuptheirownbusinesses.(F)Universalbasichealthcareisalsoaffordable.Acountryneednotwaittoberichbeforeitcanhavecomprehensive，ifrudimentary，treatment.Healthcareisalabour-intensiveindustry，andcommunityhealthworkers，paidrelativelylittlecomparedwithdoctorsandnurses，canmakeabigdifferenceinpoorcountries.Thereisalsoalreadyalotofspendingonhealthinpoorcountries，butitisofteninefficient.InIndiaandNigeria，forexample，morethan60%ofhealthspendingisthroughout-of-pocketpayments.Moreservicescouldbeprovidedifthatmoney—andtheriskoffallingill—werepooled.(G)Theevidenceforthefeasibilityofuniversalhealthcaregoesbeyondtheoriesjottedonthebackofprescriptionpads.Itissupportedbyseveralpioneeringexamples.ChileandCostaRicaspendaboutaneighthofwhatAmericadoesperpersononhealthandhavesimilarlifeexpectancies.Thailandspends$220perpersonayearonhealth，andyethasoutcomesnearlyasgoodasintheOECD.Itsrateofdeathsrelatedtopregnancy，forexample，isjustoverhalfthatofAfrican-Americanmothers.Rwandahasintroducedultrabasichealthinsuranceformorethan90%ofitspeople;infantmortalityhasfallenfrom120per1,000livebirthsin2000tounder30lastyear.(H)Anduniversalhealthcareispractical.Itisawaytopreventfree-ridersfrompassingonthecostsofnotbeingcoveredtoothers，forexamplebycloggingupemergencyroomsorbyspreadingcontagiousdiseases.Itdoesnothavetomeanbiggovernment.Privateinsurersandproviderscanstillplayanimportantrole.(I)Indeedsuchapracticalapproachisjustwhatthelow-costrevolutionneeds.Take，forinstance，thedesignofhealth-insuranceschemes.Manycountriesstartbymakingasmallgroupofpeopleeligibleforalargenumberofbenefits，intheexpectationthatothergroupswillbeaddedlater.(Civilservantsare,mysteriously，commonbeneficiaries.)Thisisnotonlyunfairandinefficient，butalsoriskscreatingaconstituencyopposedtoextendinginsurancetoothers.Thebetteroptionistocoverasmanypeopleaspossible，eveniftheservicesavailablearesparse，asunderMexico'sSeguroPopularscheme.(J)Smallamountsofspendingcangoalongway.ResearchledbyDeanJamison，ahealtheconomist，hasidentifiedover200effectiveinterventions，includingimmunizationsandneglectedproceduressuchasbasicsurgery.Intotal，thesewouldcostpoorcountriesaboutanextra$1perweekperpersonandcutthenumberofprematuredeathstherebymorethanaquarter.Aroundhalfthatfundingwouldgotoprimaryhealthcentres，notcityhospitals，whichtodayreceivemorethantheirfairshareofthemoney.

(K)Consider，too，the$37bnspenteachyearonhealthaid.Since2000，thishashelpedsavemillionsfrominfectiousdiseases.Butinternationalhealthorganizationscandistortdomesticinstitutions，forexamplebysettingupparallelprogrammesorbydivertinghealthworkersintopetprojects.Abetterapproach，seeninRwanda，iswhenprogrammestargetingaparticulardiseasebringbroaderbenefits.OneexampleisthewaythattheGlobalFundtofightAIDS，TuberculosisandMalariafinancescommunityhealthworkerswhotreatpatientswithHIVbutalsothosewithotherdiseases.(L)EuropeanshavelongwonderedwhytheUnitedStatesshunstheefficienciesandhealthgainsfromuniversalcare，butitspotentialindevelopingcountriesislessunderstood.Solongashalftheworldgoes