刘意青《简明英国文学史》笔记和课后习题详解

绗?閮ㄥ垎銆€鍙や唬鍜屼腑涓栫邯鑻卞浗鏂囧(450-1485)绗?绔犮€€鍙よ嫳璇椂鏈熶笌銆婅礉濂ユ鐢€?/a>1.1銆€澶嶄範绗旇(450-1066)鈪?/span>.HistoricalSituation锛堣儗鏅煡璇嗭級CeltsstartedtomigratetotheBritishIslesinaroundBC600.Afterwards,JuliusCaesaroftheRomanEmpireledtroopstoinvadetheBritishIsles.Asaresult,CeltsweredefeatedandwereunderRoman鈥檚rulefromBC55toAD407.鍑皵鐗逛汉鍦ㄥ叕鍏冨墠600骞寸Щ灞呭ぇ涓嶅垪棰犲矝銆傚悗鏉ワ紝鍑拻澶у笣鐜囬缃楅┈鍐涢槦鍏ヤ镜锛屾墦璐ヤ簡鍑皵鐗逛汉锛屽湪鍏厓鍓?5骞村埌鍏厓407骞寸粺娌荤潃杩欓噷銆?/p>AftertheRomans,threeGermanictribes,namely,Angles,SaxonsandJutesattackedtheBritishIslesandlivedthere,whichhappenedinaroundAD450.Laterinthelate8thcentury,theDanesfromScandinaviabegantoplundertheIsles.缁х綏椹汉涔嬪悗锛屾潵鑷娲插ぇ闄嗙殑涓変釜閮ㄨ惤鈥斺€旂泿鏍奸瞾浜恒€佹拻鍏嬮€婁汉鍜屾湵鐗逛汉鈥斺€斿湪绾﹀叕鍏?50骞村叆渚典簡涓嶅垪棰犮€?涓栫邯鏈紝鏂牚鐨勭撼缁翠簹鍗婂矝鐨勪腹楹︿汉寮€濮嬫帬澶轰笉鍒楅宀涖€?/p>Thesignificanthistoricaleventthatfollowedwasthe1066NormanConquest.TheNormansfromnorthernFrancestruckEnglandandatthebattleofHastingswonadecisivevictoryundertheleadershipoftheDukeofNormandyknownasWilliamtheConqueror.鍚庢潵锛?066骞村彂鐢熶簡閲嶅ぇ鐨勫巻鍙蹭簨浠垛€斺€旇鏇煎緛鏈嶃€傛潵鑷硶鍥藉寳閮ㄧ殑璇烘浖搴曚汉瀵硅嫳鏍煎叞杩涜鏀诲嚮锛屽苟鍦ㄥ緛鏈嶈€呭▉寤夆€斺€斿叕鐖靛▉寤夌殑鐜囬涓嬪湪娴锋柉寤锋柉鎴樺焦鍙栧緱浜嗗帇鍊掓€ц儨鍒┿€?/p>鈪?/span>.LiteraryAchievements锛堟枃瀛︽垚灏憋級OldEnglishPoetry锛堝彜鑻辫璇楁瓕锛?/p>EnglishliteraturebeginswithAnglo-Saxons鈥?settlementinEngland.TheearlyEnglishliteraturemainlyincludedtheAnglo-Saxonpoetry.Theminstrelssungthosepoemstothechiefsandwarriorsinthefeastinghallasawayofpraisingoldheroes鈥?deeds.TheOldEnglishusedalliterationsandrhymesregularly.Meanwhile,metaphorsandunderstatementswerealsoemployed.Amongearlypoems,themostwidespreadoneisBeowulf.鑻卞浗鏂囧濮嬩簬鐩庢牸椴?鎾掑厠閫婁汉鍦ㄨ嫳鍥藉畾灞呮椂鏈熴€傚彜鑻卞浗鏂囧涓墍淇濈暀鐨勪綔鍝佸涓鸿瘲姝屾垨鑰呯泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婃父鍚熻瘲浜烘墍鍞辩殑姝屾洸锛岃繖浜涙父鍚熻瘲浜哄湪瀹翠細澶у巺閲屼负閭ｄ簺棣栭鍜屽媷澹瓕鍞卞彜鏃剁殑鑻遍泟浜嬭抗銆傚彜鑻辫涓湁瑙勫緥鍦拌繍鐢ㄤ簡澶撮煹鍜岄煹寰嬶紝鍚屾椂涔熺敤鍒颁簡姣斿柣鍜岃交鎻忔贰鍐欐墜娉曘€傛祦浼犳渶骞跨殑鏃╂湡鑻辫璇楁瓕鏄€婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬨€?/p>鈪?/span>.LiteraryTerms锛堟枃瀛︽湳璇級1Anglo-Saxonpoetry锛堢泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婅瘲姝岋級Poemsorsongsabouttheheroicdeedsoftheoldtime.TheyweresungbytheAnglo-Saxonminstrelstothechiefsandwarriorsinthefeasting-hall.ThetypicalAnglo-SaxonpoemisBeowulf.鏄敱鐩庢牸椴?鎾掑厠閫婃父鍚熻瘲浜哄悷鍞辩殑鍙や唬鑻遍泟浜嬭抗鐨勮瘲姝屾垨鑰呮瓕鏇层€傝繖浜涜瘲姝屾垨鑰呮瓕鏇蹭富瑕佹槸鍦ㄥ浼氬巺鍞辩粰棣栭鎴栬€呮澹滑銆備唬琛ㄨ瘲浣滄槸銆婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬨€?/p>2Alliteration锛堝ご闊碉級Alliterationistherepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.Generally,thereare4accentsinaline,andthreeaccentscanshowtheeffectsofalliteration.AlliterationisnoticeablyusedinBeowulf.灏辨槸璇楁瓕閲屽紑澶磋緟闊冲瓧姣嶇殑閲嶅銆備竴琛岃瘲姝岄噷涓€鑸湁4涓煶鑺傦紝涓変釜闊宠妭鑳藉鏄剧ず鍑哄ご闊电殑鏁堟灉銆傚湪銆婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬮噷瀵瑰ご闊垫湁鏄庢樉鐨勮繍鐢ㄣ€?/p>3Epic(orHeroicPoetry)锛堝彶璇楋級Itisnarrativepoetryinanoralformandismajesticinthemeandstyle.Epicscenteronlegendaryorhistoricaleventsthatbearnationaloruniversalsignificance,suchasactionofbroadsweepandgrandeur.Epicpoemspresentthenatureoridealsofanationatasignificantperiodofitshistory.鍙や唬姘戦棿鏂囧鐨勪竴绉嶄綋瑁侊紝閫氬父鎸囦互浼犺鎴栭噸澶у巻鍙蹭簨浠朵负棰樻潗鐨勫彜浠ｉ暱绡囨皯闂村彊浜嬭瘲銆傚彶璇椾富瑕佹瓕棰傛瘡涓皯鏃忓湪鍏跺舰鎴愬拰鍙戝睍杩囩▼涓垬鑳滄墍缁忓巻鐨勫悇绉嶈壈闅鹃櫓闃汇€佸厠鏈嶈嚜鐒剁伨瀹炽€佹姷寰″渚殑鏂椾簤鍙婂叾鑻遍泟涓氱哗銆?/p>鈪?/span>.MajorWritersandWorks锛堣嫳鍥芥棭鏈熶富瑕佷綔瀹跺強浣滃搧锛?/p>鈼咮eowulf銆婅礉濂ユ鐢€?/p>EnglishliteraturestartedwiththeAnglo-Saxonsettlement.BeowulfisnotonlyanAnglo-SaxonpoetrybutalsothenationalepicoftheBritishpeople.鑻卞浗鏂囧濮嬩簬鐩庢牸椴?鎾掑厠閫婁汉鐨勫畾灞呫€傘€婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬫槸涓€棣栫泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婅瘲姝岋紝鍚屾椂涔熸槸涓€棣栬嫳鍥戒汉姘戠殑鍥藉鍙茶瘲銆?/p>1TheStoryofBeowulf锛堛€婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬩富瑕佹儏鑺傦級BeowulfisaboutBeowulf鈥檚fightagainstmonstersGrendelandhismother,intheendhewinsthebattleandsucceedsinprotectinghispeople.璇ヤ功璁茶堪浜嗚礉濂ユ鐢繖浣嶈嫳鍕囩殑姝﹀＋涓庢€墿鏍煎叞鎴村拰浠栨瘝浜叉枟浜夊彇寰楄儨鍒╁苟淇濇姢浜嗕粬鐨勪汉姘戠殑鏁呬簨銆?/p>2AnalysisofItsContent锛堛€婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬪唴瀹硅瘎鏋愶級BeowulfisafolklegendthatAnglo-SaxonsbroughttoEnglandfromtheiroriginalhomes.ItsmainplotisbasedonfolklegendsofprimitiveNortherntribes.銆婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬫槸涓€閮ㄦ皯闂翠紶璇达紝鐢辩泿鏍奸瞾-鎾掑厠閫婁汉浠庝粬浠湰鍦熷甫鍒拌嫳鏍煎叞銆傚畠鐨勪富瑕佹晠浜嬫儏鑺傛潵婧愪簬鍘熷鍖楁閮ㄨ惤鐨勬皯闂翠紶璇淬€?/p>Beowulfisacourageousherowhosespiritanddeedsreflectthefeaturesofthetriballifeatthetime,whichisalsowherethehistoricalsignificanceofBeowulflies.璐濆ゥ姝︾敨鏄竴涓嫳闆勶紝浠栫殑绮剧鍜岃涓洪兘鍙嶆槧浜嗗綋鏃剁殑閮ㄨ惤鐢熸椿锛岃繖涓€鐐逛篃鏄畠鐨勫巻鍙叉剰涔夋墍鍦ㄣ€?/p>3ArtisticFeaturesofBeowulf锛堛€婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬬殑鏂囧鐗瑰緛锛?/p>(1)AlliterationisthemostnoticeableartisticcharacteristicofBeowulf.澶撮煹鐨勪娇鐢ㄦ槸銆婅礉濂ユ鐢€嬫渶涓烘樉钁楃殑鏂囧鐗瑰緛銆?/p>(2)Anotherliteraryfeatureisthefrequentuseofkennings.Forinstance,thesuniscalled鈥渢heworld鈥檚greatcandle鈥?澶氱敤澶嶅悎姣斿柣锛屽鎶婂お闃崇О涓衡