全国自考《英语写作》历年真题及详解

2015年10月全国自考《英语写作》真题及详解课程代码：00603I.Supplythemissingparagraph(20points)Thefollowingpassageisincompletewithoneparagraphmissing.Studythepassagecarefullyandwritethemissingparagraphinabout100words.Makesurethatyourtoneanddictionareinunitywiththepassageprovided.EnjoyingYourCampingTripEachyear,thousandsofpeoplechoosetospendtheirvacationscampinginthetentinthegreatoutdoors.Withproperplanningtheexperiencecanbegratifying.Evenwiththebestplanning,however,tentcampingcanbeanextremelyfrustratingexperienceduetouncontrolledfactorssuchasbadweather,wildlifeencounters,andequipmentfailures.Nothingcandampentheexcitedanticipationofcampingmorethanadark,rainyday.Afterreachingtheirdestination,campersmustthen“setupcamp”inthedownpour.Thisincludeskeepingtheinsideofthetentdryandfreefrommud,gettingthesleepingbagssituatedproperly,andprotectingfoodfromthedownpour.Windmixedwithraincanresultinfrigidtemperatures,causinganyoutsideactivitiestobedelayed.Often,tentsareblowndownbythewind,andcampershavetobeginthefrustratingtaskof“settingupcamp”inthedownpour.Anotherproblemlikelytobefacedduringacampingtripisrun-inswithwildlife,whichcanrangefrommildlyannoyingtodangerous.Minorinconveniencesincludemosquitoesandants.Theswarmingofmosquitoescanliterallydriveannoyedcampersindoors.Antsdonotusuallyattackcampers,butkeepingthemoutofthefoodcanbequiteaninconvenience.Inadditiontoswarmingthefood,antsinsideatentcancrawlintosleepingbagsandclothing.Althoughtheseinsectscauseminordiscomfort,somewildlifeencountersarepotentiallydangerous.Therearemanypoisonoussnakesinthewoods.Anencounterbetweenanunwarycamperandasurprisedsnakecanprovetobefatal.Perhapstheleastseriouscampingtroublesareequipmentfailures;thesetroublesoftenplaguepeoplecampingforthefirsttime.Theyarriveatthecampsiteatnightandhaphazardlysetuptheirtent.Theythensettledownforapeacefulnight’srest.Sometimeduringthenightthecampersareawakenedbyahugecrash.Thetenthasfallendown.Sleepily,theyproceedtosetupthetentintherain.Inthemorning,everyoneemergesfromthetent,exceptfortwo.Theirsleepingbagzippershavebeengottencaught.Finallyafterfifteenminutesofstruggling,theyfreethemselves,onlytorealizeanotherproblem.Theirsleepingbagshavebeentouchingthesidesofthetent.Sinceatentisonlywaterproofifthesidesarenottouched,thesleepingbagsandclothingarealldrenched.【答案】Thesethreetypesofcampingtroublescanstrikecampersalmostanywhere.Untilsomebrilliantscientistsinventaweathermachinetocontrolbadweatherorakindofwildlifedefenseequipment,unluckycamperswillcontinuetoshaketheirfistsinfrustration.Morelikely,equipmentwillcontinuetomalfunction.Evenso,campingcontinuestobeafavoritepastimeforpeopleallaroundtheworld.Ifyouwantcampingtobeahappyexperienceforyou,learntolaughatleakytents,badweather,andbugs,oryouwillfindyourselffrustratedandunhappy.II.Writeanoutline.(20points)Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandcomposea“topicoutline”forit.WhatMakesanExceptionalLeader?OnDecember14,1911,NorwegianexplorerRoaldAmundsenandhisteammadehistoryasthefirstexpeditiontoreachtheSouthPole.Thirty-fivedayslater,onJanuary17,1912,BritishexplorerRobertFalconScottreachedtheSouthPole,withfiveexhaustedmen.Nonesurvivedthebrutaljourneyhome.AnothernotedBritishexplorer,SirErnestShackleton,neverreachedtheSouthPole.WhilefailingtoachievethefirstoverlandcrossingofAntarctica,Shackletonsucceededinbringingall27membersofhisexpeditionpartysafelyhome,after634daysofunbelievablehardship.ThepolaradventuresofShackleton,Scott,andAmundsenprovidefundamentalleadershiplessonsforanyleader—nomatterwhatracemustberun.Effectiveleadershiprequiresaclearstrategicfocus.Withsingle-mindeddetermination,AmundsensethisplansandprioritiesonwinningtheracetotheSouthPole,forthegloryofstandingtherefirst.Scottlackedsuchfocus.Heassembledthebestscientificmindsandequipmentavailableforanunprecedentedresearchexpedition.Buthealsoaimedtoclaimthe“rewardofpriority”fortheBritishEmpire.Strivingforbothgoals,Scottfaileddoubly.Successfulleadersareopentonewideas.AsaNorwegian,AmundsenbeganwithanadvantageoverhisBritishrivals:comfortwithskiing.Yet,hecontinuedtorefinehisskills,importingideasfromtheEskimosanddevelopinganintegratedsetofcompetenciestestscientificmindsandequip,andcarefully-planneddiet,pace,andrest—forpolartravel.ScottandShackleton,however,weresurprisinglyresistanttotheuseofnovelmethods.Ultimately,bothreliedontheslow,exhaustingtechniqueofmanhauling.Leadersneedtodrawonthecollectivewisdomoftheteam.Asaleader,Scottbelieveditwashisuniqueresponsibilitytoanalyzesituationsanddrawconclusions,Hisdecisionwerecloselyheldandsometimesrevealedatthelastminute.InsharpcontrasttoScott,bothAmundsenandShackletonsoughtideasandopinionfromtheirmen.Throughthisprocess,AmundsenandShackletongaveteammembersasenseofcontrolandvalue,resultingingreaterownershipandcommitment.Thebestleadersforgestrongbonds.Despitetheirdifferencesinpersonality,theenthusiasticShackletonandtheunderstatedAmundsenhadstrikinglysimilarapproachestoleadership.Bothwereacutelysensitivetotheemotionsoftheirmenandskilledatmanagingconflict.Bothemphasizedindividualabilityaboverankorsocialstatus.Andbothparticipatedineverydayexpeditionlife,includingsimplechores.Thesebehaviors,bothpracticalandsymbolic,reinforcedthemessageofunity.AlthoughScottp.Bothwereacutelysensitivetotheemotionsoftheir,hisdetachment,emphasisonhierarchy,andone-sideddecision-makingstylecreatedbarrierstoteamunityanddamagedmorale.Flawsaside,Shackleton,Amundsen,andScottsharedqualities—exceptionalperseverance,determination,andcourage—thatarecrucialforanyleader.Leadershipsuccessisoftenrelativeandalwayspersonal.AmundsenledhisteamandlandedontheSouthPolesuccessfully;ScottandhismenreachedtheSouthPole,butnoneofthemsurvivedthejourneyhome;ShackletonfailedinachievinghisgoalofcrossingAntarctica,butheledhisteamtosafetythroughextremehardship.WasShackletonasuccessorafailureasaleader?Theanswerdependsonhowyoumeasuresuccess.TopicOutline【答案】TopicOutline:I.ThestoryofthreeexplorersprovidingleadershiplessonsforallleadersII.ComparablequalitiesofAmundsenandShackleton(1)Aclearstrategicfocus(2)Opentonewideas(3)Drawingonthecollectivewisdomoftheteam(4)ForgingstrongbondsIII.CommonqualitiessharedbythethreeexplorersIII.Composeanessay.(60points)Intheirsparetime,somepeoplepreferstayingathomeenjoyingthemselves,andsomelikegoingoutforfun.Whichdoyouprefer?Writea300-wordexpositoryessaytoexpressyouropinion.【参考范文】HowtoSpendSpareTimeWiththerapiddevelopmentofindustryandbusiness,Chinesepeoplearebecomingmoreandmoreoccupiedwiththeirworkandhardlyhavetimetorestandhavefun.Accustomedtobangingawayatworkdayafterday,lotsofpeoplehavenoideaastowhattodointheirsparetime.Asaresult,somepeoplehavenothingtodobuttostayathome.SomepeoplewhoprefertostayathomearecoachpotatoeswhojusthavestronginterestinwatchingTVorplayingcomputergames.Tothem,homeisthemostcomfortableplaceintheworld.Somemayhavebeenvictimizedbytheirdailydrudgeriesandhavelostinterestinalloutdooractivities.Asforthesepeople,theycanpickupalosthobbyorstartanewonetorefreshandenergizethemselves.Oncetheystepoutofthedoor,theywillfindtheworldisstillcolorfulandinteresting.Stillothersprefertohangoutwithfriendsintheirsparetime.Somegoouttosatisfytheirstomachs;somearefrequentKTVvisitors.Manygirlsliketogotomallsordepartmentstorestosearchoutbeautifulclothesand